HomeMy WebLinkAbout2660018 - F.I. Received Doc. - EIAR - Chapter 14 Climate, Environmental Impact Assessment Report
CHAPTER 14
CLIMATE
AUGUST 2026
VOLUME II
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT
Stream BioEnergy Ireland Limited
RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 14-1
Table of Contents
14 Climate .................................................................................................................................. 14-2
14.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 14-2
14.2 Expertise & Qualifications ..................................................................................................... 14-3
14.3 Proposed Project ................................................................................................................... 14-3
14.3.1 Renewable Biogas Plant Site ................................................................................................. 14-3
14.3.2 Linear Gas Grid Connection................................................................................................... 14-4
14.4 Aspects Relevant to this Assessment .................................................................................... 14-5
14.5 Methodology ......................................................................................................................... 14-5
14.5.1 Relevant Legislation & Guidance .......................................................................................... 14-5
14.5.2 Greenhouse Gas Assessment Methodology ....................................................................... 14-15
14.5.3 Climate Change Risk Assessment Methodology ................................................................. 14-20
14.5.4 Site Surveys/Investigations ................................................................................................. 14-22
14.5.5 Consultation ........................................................................................................................ 14-22
14.6 Difficulties Encountered ...................................................................................................... 14-22
14.7 Baseline Environment ......................................................................................................... 14-22
14.7.1 Current GHG Baseline ......................................................................................................... 14-22
14.7.2 Future GHG Baseline ........................................................................................................... 14-23
14.7.3 Current CCRA Baseline ........................................................................................................ 14-24
14.7.4 Future CCRA Baseline .......................................................................................................... 14-25
14.8 The ‘Do Nothing’ Scenario .................................................................................................. 14-29
14.8.1 Renewable Biogas Plant Site ............................................................................................... 14-29
14.8.2 Linear Gas Grid Connection................................................................................................. 14-29
14.9 Potential Significant Effects ................................................................................................ 14-29
14.9.1 Greenhouse Gas Assessment .............................................................................................. 14-29
14.9.2 Climate Change Risk Assessment ........................................................................................ 14-37
14.9.3 Cumulative Effects .............................................................................................................. 14-39
14.9.4 Summary ............................................................................................................................. 14-41
14.10 Mitigation Measures ........................................................................................................... 14-41
14.10.1 Renewable Biogas Plant Site ............................................................................................... 14-41
14.10.2 Gas Grid Connection ........................................................................................................... 14-43
14.11 Residual Impact Assessment ............................................................................................... 14-43
14.11.1 Summary of Post-mitigation Effects ................................................................................... 14-44
14.11.2 Cumulative Residual Effects ................................................................................................ 14-44
14.12 Risk of Major Accidents or Disasters ................................................................................... 14-45
14.13 Worst Case Scenario ........................................................................................................... 14-45
14.14 Interactions ......................................................................................................................... 14-45 RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 14-2
14.15 Monitoring .......................................................................................................................... 14-45
14.16 Summary of Mitigation and Monitoring ............................................................................. 14-45
14.17 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................... 14-46
14.18 References and Sources ...................................................................................................... 14-48
Table of Figures
Figure 14.1 1900-2023 Temperature (°C) Temperature Anomalies (differences from 1961-1990) 14-25
Figure 14.2 Representative Concentration Pathways associated emission levels .......................... 14-26
Figure 14.3 Change of climate variables for Ireland for different Global warming thresholds ....... 14-27
Figure 14.4 Annualised GHG Emissions by Life-Cycle Stage ............................................................ 14-32
Figure 14.5 Total Annualised GHG Emissions and Offsets ............................................................... 14-33
Table of Tables
Table 14-1 5-Year Carbon Budgets 2021-2025, 2026-2030 and 2031-2025 ...................................... 14-9
Table 14-2 Sectoral Emission Ceilings 2030 ....................................................................................... 14-9
Table 14-3 GHGA – Scenarios for Assessment ................................................................................. 14-16
Table 14-4 Significance Criteria for GHGA ....................................................................................... 14-19
Table 14-5 Vulnerability Matrix ....................................................................................................... 14-21
Table 14-6 Trends in Total National GHG Emissions 2021 – 2024 ................................................... 14-23
Table 14-7 Greenhouse Gas Assessment for Proposed Development Lifetime .............................. 14-34
Table 14-8 Estimated GHG emissions relative to sectoral budgets and GHG baseline ................... 14-36
Table 14-9 Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment ..................................................................... 14-38
Table 14-10 Summary of Construction and Operational Phase Likely Significant Effects in the absence
of mitigation ..................................................................................................................................... 14-41
Table 14-11 Summary of Construction Phase Effects Post Mitigation ............................................ 14-44
Table 14-12 Summary of Construction Phase Mitigation and Monitoring ...................................... 14-45
Table 14-13 Summary of Operational Phase Mitigation and Monitoring ....................................... 14-46
14 Climate
14.1 Introduction
This chapter of the EIAR was prepared to assess the potential significant effects of the proposed
project on climate and the potential significant effects of climate change hazards on the project. A full
description of the project is available in Chapter 2 Project Description. RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 14-3
The climate assessment is divided into two distinct sections – a greenhouse gas assessment (GHGA)
and a climate change risk assessment (CCRA).
▪ Greenhouse Gas Emissions Assessment (GHGA) – Quantifies the GHG emissions from a project
over its lifetime. The assessment compares these emissions to relevant carbon budgets,
targets and policy to contextualise magnitude.
▪ Climate Change Risk Assessment (CCRA) – Identifies the impact of a changing climate on a
project and receiving environment. The assessment considers a projects vulnerability to
climate change and identifies adaptation measures to increase project resilience.
It should be read in conjunction with Chapter 6 Material Assets: Traffic and Transport, Chapter 8
Material Assets: Waste and Chapter 10 Water and Hydrology .
14.2 Expertise & Qualifications
This chapter of the EIAR has been prepared by Dr. Jovanna Arndt of AWN Consulting, a Trinity
Consultants Company.
Dr. Jovanna Arndt holds a BSc. in Environmental Science and a Ph.D. in Atmospheric Chemistry from
University College Cork. She is an Associate Member of both the Institute of Air Quality Management
and the Institute of Environmental Sciences. She has carried out air quality and climate assessment
for over 8 years and been involved in the preparation of EIARs for the following shortlist of relevant
renewable energy projects:
▪ Codling Wind - Park Offshore Wind Farm (Planning ref. 320768)
▪ Bord Na Móna - Cúil Na Móna Anaerobic Digestion Facility (Planning ref. 309293)
▪ Nua Bioenergy - Lisheen Mine Site biomethane and bio-based fertilizer production facility
(Planning ref. 2460936)
▪ Stream BioEnergy Ireland Ltd. - renewable biogas plant Little Island, Co. Cork (Planning ref.
255034)
14.3 Proposed Project
The “proposed development” for which the Applicant seeks planning permission comprises the
development of a Renewable Biogas Plant and alterations to the local road to facilitate access.
The overall “project” subject to Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) also includes the Linear Gas
Grid Connection, which forms part of the wider development but lies outside the planning application
boundary.
The following is a summary of the Proposed Project. Please refer to Chapter 2 of this EIAR for the
detailed description.
14.3.1 Renewable Biogas Plant Site
The project consists of the construction and operation of a Renewable Biogas Plant and associated
infrastructure. The principal elements of the plant comprise a main process building where the RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 14-4
feedstock for the anaerobic digestion (AD) process is received. An odour control system with a
dispersion stack will treat the air from the building. The feedstock passes to the AD tanks located
within a bunded tank farm. There is a combined heat and power (CHP) building within which a gas
fired CHP engine will generate electricity for the plant's energy needs. A Biogas Upgrade and
Treatment Plant will be installed to produce biomethane (a renewable natural gas) that will be
exported via a Gas Grid Entry Unit to the national gas grid. A CO2 Liquefaction plant will be installed to
capture the carbon dioxide in the biogas, turning it into liquid CO₂. A Dryer Building is proposed, where
the digestate will be dried, and a Pellet Hall will be constructed, where the digestate pellets will be
stored prior to removal from the site for use as a natural fertiliser product. Ancillary elements include
a gas dome, tanks to store incoming liquid feedstock, freshwater, firewater, and fuel, a backup gas
flare, a backup generator, a plant building, and a control building. Widening of the local road, berms,
a new site entrance, weighbridges, wheel washes, parking, lighting and all ancillary development
works and services also form part of the development.
A high-level process flow follows.
14.3.2 Linear Gas Grid Connection
A gas transmission pipeline will provide a physical connection between the Renewable Biogas Plant
and the existing national gas network in Dromore West. Co. Monaghan. While the development of the
gas grid is not part of the planning application, as Gas Networks Ireland will deliver it, it is included in
the EIAR for assessment purposes, as it forms part of the overall project for the EIA Directive. The
works comprise the laying of an underground pipeline over approximately 3.5km within the public
road corridor. RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 14-5
14.4 Aspects Relevant to this Assessment
During the construction phase engine emissions from site vehicles and machinery have the potential
to impact climate through the release of Carbon Dioxide (CO2) and to a lesser extent, other greenhouse
gases (GHGs). Embodied carbon of materials used in the construction of the development along with
site activities will impact climate. Impacts to climate are assessed against Ireland’s obligations under
the EU 2030 GHG targets and sectoral emissions ceilings.
During the operational phase of the proposed development GHG emissions, the release of CO2, and
savings (through the avoidance of more carbon intensive processes) have the potential to impact
climate. GHG emissions will occur from vehicles accessing the site, as well has the operation of the
CHP and boiler. Savings of CO2 will occur via the production of renewable biomethane from organic
wastes, replacing conventional natural gas in the gas network, where biomethane has a lower carbon
intensity than natural gas. Savings will also be achieved through to the use of organic wastes as
feedstock, where emissions are avoided due to the material not being applied directly to land as a
fertiliser, such as composting. Additionally, the use of digestate from the anaerobic digestion process
as biofertiliser will provide a lower carbon intensity alternative to synthetic fertilisers, while the
biogenic liquid CO2 captured from the digestion process will provide an alternative to liquid CO2
derived from more carbon intensive processes. Operational phase impacts will be long-term in
duration. In addition, the vulnerability of the proposed development in relation to future climate
change must be considered during the operational phase.
14.5 Methodology
14.5.1 Relevant Legislation & Guidance
14.5.1.1 Guidance
The principal guidance and best practice documents used to inform the assessment of potential
impacts on climate are summarised below. In addition to specific climate guidance documents, the
following guidelines were considered and consulted in the preparation of this chapter:
▪ Guidelines on the Information to be Contained in Environmental Impact Assessment Reports
(hereafter referred to as the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Guidelines) (EPA, 2022);
and
▪ Environmental Impact Assessment of Projects – Guidance on the preparation of the
Environmental Impact Assessment Report (European Commission, 2017).
The assessment has made reference to national guidelines where available, in addition to
international standards and guidelines relating to the assessment of climate impacts. These are
summarised below:
▪ Transport Infrastructure Ireland (TII) PE-ENV-01104: Climate Guidance for National Roads,
Light Rail and Rural Cycleways (Offline & Greenways) – Overarching Technical Document (TII,
2022a); RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 14-6
▪ Transport Infrastructure Ireland (TII) PE-ENV-01105: Climate Assessment Standard for
Proposed National Roads (TII, 2022b);
▪ Transport Infrastructure Ireland (TII) GE-ENV-01106: TII Carbon Assessment Tool for Road and
Light Rail Projects and User Guidance Document (TII, 2024);
▪ Institute of Environmental Management & Assessment (IEMA) Environmental Impact
Assessment Guide to: Assessing GHG Emissions and Evaluating their Significance (hereafter
referred to as the IEMA 2022 GHG Guidance) (IEMA, 2022);
▪ IEMA Environmental Impact Assessment Guide to: Climate Change Resilience and Adaptation
(hereafter referred to as the IEMA 2020 EIA Guide) (IEMA, 2020a);
▪ IEMA GHG Management Hierarchy (hereafter referred to as the IEMA 2020 GHG Management
Hierarchy) (IEMA, 2020b);
▪ IEMA Principles Series: Climate Change Mitigation & EIA (IEMA, 2010);
▪ Carbon Management in Infrastructure and Built Environment - PAS 2080 (BSI, 2023); and
▪ Technical Guidance on the Climate Proofing of Infrastructure in the Period 2021-2027
(European Commission, 2021a).
14.5.1.2 Legislation
14.5.1.2.1 International Legislation & Policy
The Paris Agreement (UNFCCC, 2015), which entered into force in 2016, is an important milestone in
terms of international climate change agreements and includes an aim of limiting global temperature
increases to no more than 2°C (degrees Celsius) above pre-industrial levels with efforts to limit this
rise to 1.5°C. Nationally determined contributions (NDCs) are at the heart of the Paris Agreement and
the achievement of these long-term goals. NDCs comprise the efforts and actions by each country to
reduce national emissions and adapt to the impacts of climate change. The Paris Agreement requires
each country to prepare the NDCs that it intends to achieve, updating and enhancing the NDCs every
5 years. Countries are required to implement mitigation measures, with the aim of achieving the
objectives of such contributions. Each of the EU Member States submit their own NDCs, which
contribute to the overall EU NDC.
The European Green Deal, published by the European Commission in December 2019, provides an
action plan which aims for the EU to be climate neutral by 2050. The EU Green Deal highlights that
further decarbonisation of the energy sector is critical to reach climate objectives in 2030 and 2050.
The European Green Deal has increased the GHG emissions reduction 2030 target to at least 55% in
comparison to 1990 levels.
On 14 July 2021, the European Commission adopted a series of legislative proposals setting out how
it intends to achieve climate neutrality in the EU by 2050, including the intermediate target of at least
a 55% net reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 2030. The package of proposals is known as the
‘Fit for 55’ package.
The package includes revisions to the legislation put forward as part of the Climate and Energy
Framework 2021-2030, including the EU Emissions Trading System (ETS), Effort Sharing Regulation,
transport and land use legislation, setting out in real terms the ways in which the Commission intends
to reach EU climate targets under the European Green Deal. RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 14-7
The EU ETS was launched in 2005 as the world’s first international company- level ‘cap-and trade’
system for reducing emissions of greenhouse gases cost-effectively. The EU ETS regulates the GHG
emissions of larger industrial emitters including electricity generation, cement manufacturing and
heavy industry.
Under this new package of legislative proposals, the sectors of the Irish economy covered by the
current ETS must reduce emissions by 42% by 2030 compared to 2005 levels by increasing annual
emissions reduction to 4.2% per annum.
The non-ETS sector includes all domestic GHG emitters which do not fall under the ETS scheme and
thus includes GHG emissions from transport, residential and commercial buildings and agriculture.
These sectors must reduce emissions by 42% by 2030 compared to 2005 levels.
Regulation (EU) 2021/1119 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 June 2021 establishing
the framework for achieving climate neutrality and amending Regulations (EC) No 401/2009 and (EU)
2018/1999 (‘European Climate Law’) writes into law the goal set out in the European Green Deal for
Europe’s economy and society to become climate-neutral by 2050. The law also sets the intermediate
target of reducing net greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by at least 55% by 2030, compared to 1990
levels.
The 2021 EU Strategy on Adaptation to Climate Change sets out the pathway to prepare for the
unavoidable impacts of climate change. The aim is that “by 2050, when we aim to have reached climate
neutrality, we will have reinforced adaptive capacity and minimised vulnerability to climate impacts…”
Adaptation refers to measures that can reduce the negative impact of climate change by, for example,
ensuring a project is resilient to future increases in storm frequency and rainfall levels.
The EU has adopted integrated monitoring and reporting rules to ensure progress towards its 2030
climate and energy targets and its international commitments under the 2015 Paris Agreement.
Climate is also addressed specifically in Directive 2014/52/EU of the European Parliament and of the
Council of 16 April 2014 amending Directive 2011/92/EU on the assessment of the effects of certain
public and private projects on the environment. Recital (7) of Directive 2014/52/EU states that:
“Over the last decade, environmental issues, such as resource efficiency and sustainability, biodiversity
protection, climate change, and risks of accidents and disasters, have become more important in policy
making. They should therefore also constitute important elements in assessment and decision-making
processes”.
Recital (13) of Directive 2014/52/EU states that:
“Climate change will continue to cause damage to the environment and compromise economic
development. In this regard, it is appropriate to assess the impact of projects on climate (for example
greenhouse gas emissions) and their vulnerability to climate change”.
Additionally Annex IV requires the following to be considered within Environmental Impact
Assessment: RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
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▪ Paragraph 4: “A description of the factors specified in Article 3(1) likely to be significantly
affected by the project: population, human health, biodiversity (for example fauna and flora),
land (for example land take), soil (for example organic matter, erosion, compaction, sealing),
water (for example hydromorphological changes, quantity and quality), air, climate (for
example greenhouse gas emissions, impacts relevant to adaptation), material assets, cultural
heritage, including architectural and archaeological aspects, and landscape”.
▪ Paragraph 5 (f): “A description of the likely significant effects of the project on the environment
resulting from, inter alia: the impact of the project on climate (for example the nature and
magnitude of greenhouse gas emissions) and the vulnerability of the project to climate
change”.
14.5.1.2.2 National Legislation
In 2015, the Climate Action and Low Carbon Development Act 2015, as amended (the 2015 Act)
(Government of Ireland, 2015) was enacted. The purpose of the 2015 Act is to enable Ireland ‘o as to
reduce the extent of further global warming, pursue and achieve, by no later than the end of the year
2050, the transition to a climate resilient, biodiversity rich, environmentally sustainable and climate
neutral economy (in this Act referred to as the "national climate objective").”(3.(1) of No. 46 of 2015).
The 2015 Act made provision for a national mitigation plan, and a national adaptation framework. In
addition, the 2015 Act provided for the establishment of the Climate Change Advisory Council with
the function to advise and make recommendations on the preparation of the national mitigation and
adaptation plans and compliance with existing climate obligations.
The first Climate Action Plan (CAP) was published by the Irish Government in June 2019 (Government
of Ireland, 2019). The Climate Action Plan 2019 outlined the then current status across key sectors
including Electricity, Transport, Built Environment, Industry and Agriculture and outlined the various
broadscale measures required for each sector to achieve ambitious decarbonisation targets. The 2019
CAP also detailed the required governance arrangements for implementation including carbon-
proofing of policies, establishment of carbon budgets, a strengthened Climate Change Advisory
Council and greater accountability to the Oireachtas. The fifth and most recent climate action plan,
CAP25, was published in April 2025 (Government of Ireland, 2025a).
Following on from Ireland declaring a climate and biodiversity emergency in May 2019, and the
European Parliament approving a resolution declaring a climate and environment emergency in
Europe in November 2019, the Government approved the publication of the General Scheme in
December 2019, followed by the publication of the Climate Action and Low Carbon Development
(Amendment) Act 2021 (hereafter referred to as the 2021 Climate Act), in March 2021, which
amended the 2015 Act. The 2021 Climate Act was signed into Law on the 23rd July 2021, giving
statutory effect to the core objectives stated within the CAP.
The purpose of the 2021 Climate Act (Government of Ireland, 2021) is to provide for the approval of
plans “for the purpose of pursuing the transition to a climate resilient, biodiversity rich and climate
neutral economy by no later than the end of the year 2050”. The 2021 Climate Act also provides for
“carbon budgets and a decarbonisation target range for certain sectors of the economy”. The 2021
Climate Act defines the carbon budget as “the total amount of greenhouse gas emissions that are
permitted during the budget period”. RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 14-9
In relation to carbon budgets, the 2015 Act states “A carbon budget, consistent with furthering the
achievement of the national climate objective, shall be proposed by the Climate Change Advisory
Council, finalised by the Minister and approved by the Government for the period of 5 years
commencing on the 1 January 2021 and ending on 31 December 2025 and for each subsequent period
of 5 years (in this Act referred to as a ‘budget period’)”. The carbon budget is to be produced for 3
sequential budget periods, as shown in Table 14-1. The carbon budget can be revised where new
obligations are imposed under the law of the European Union or international agreements or where
there are significant developments in scientific knowledge in relation to climate change. In relation to
the sectoral emissions ceiling, the Minister for the Environment, Climate and Communications (the
Minister for the Environment) shall prepare and submit to government the maximum amount of GHG
emissions that are permitted in different sectors of the economy during a budget period and different
ceilings may apply to different sectors. The sectorial emission ceilings for 2030 are published in CAP25
(Table 14-2).
Table 14-1 5-Year Carbon Budgets 2021-2025, 2026-2030 and 2031-2025
Budget Period Carbon Budget Reduction Required
2021-2025 295 Mt CO2e Reduction in emissions of 4.8% per annum for the first budget
period.
2026-2030 200 Mt CO2e Reduction in emissions of 8.3% per annum for the second budget
period.
2031-2035 151 Mt CO2e Reduction in emissions of 3.5% per annum for the third provisional
budget.
Table 14-2 Sectoral Emission Ceilings 2030
Sector Baseline
(MtCO2e)
Carbon Budgets (MtCO2e) 2030 Emissions
(MtCO2e)
Indicative
Emissions %
Reduction in Final
Year of 2025 –
2030 Period
(Compared to
2018)
2018 2021-2025 2026-2030
Electricity 10 40 20 3 75
Transport 12 54 37 6 50
Built Environment –
Residential
7 29 23 4 40
Built Environment –
Commercial
2 7 5 1 45
Industry 7 30 24 4 35
Agriculture 23 106 96 17.25 25
Other (F-gases,
waste, petroleum
refining)
2 9 8 1 50
Land Use, Land-use
Change and
Forestry (LULUCF)
5 Reflecting the continued volatility for LULUCF baseline emissions to 2030 and
beyond, CAP25 puts in place ambitious activity targets for the sector reflecting
an EU-type approach.
Total 68
Unallocated Savings - - 26 -5.25 - RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
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Sector Baseline
(MtCO2e)
Carbon Budgets (MtCO2e) 2030 Emissions
(MtCO2e)
Indicative
Emissions %
Reduction in Final
Year of 2025 –
2030 Period
(Compared to
2018)
2018 2021-2025 2026-2030
Legally Binding
Carbon Budgets and
2030 Emission
Reduction Targets
- 295 200 - 51
14.5.1.3 Policy
14.5.1.3.1 Greenhouse Gas Assessment Policy
14.5.1.3.1.1 National Policy
In December 2023, CAP24 was published, establishing key actions to deliver a 51% reduction in GHG
emissions by 2030 (compared to 2018 levels) and achieve climate neutrality by 2050 (Government of
Ireland, 2023). The updated and current CAP25, published in April 2025 (Government of Ireland,
2025a), builds on the progress of the previous four iterations of the CAP, with CAP23 first publishing
carbon budgets and sectoral emission ceilings, and reaffirms Ireland’s climate ambition, with a focus
on delivery, implementation and measurable outcomes, particularly ahead of the second carbon
budget period (2026–2030). 2025 is the last year in the first 5-year carbon budget period. During the
initial 5-year budget period the average annual reduction required was 4.8%, this increases to 8.3% in
the second budget period (2026-2030). CAP25 retains the high-impact sectors where the biggest
savings can be achieved, while emphasising public sector leadership and green procurement. These
sectors include renewable energy; energy efficiency of buildings; transport; sustainable farming;
sustainable business; and land-use change.
CAP25 also includes targeted actions to decarbonise industrial heat and support the transition to
carbon-neutral manufacturing processes. Public sector leadership is strengthened through a new
Buying Greener: Green Public Procurement Strategy and Action Plan (2024–2027) (Government of
Ireland, 2024a) the development of mandatory Climate Action Roadmaps, and enhanced emissions
monitoring and reporting across government operations. The government has reinforced the public
sector’s responsibility to lead by example, particularly through climate-proofing operations and
sustainable procurement initiatives. To support innovation and ensure future economic resilience, IDA
Ireland continues to attract and support businesses investing in climate technologies and low-carbon
solutions.
CAP25 highlights a significant 17% reduction in electricity emissions in early 2024, with wind power
supplying nearly 40% of Ireland’s total electricity demand and over 100,000 rooftop microgenerators
connected to the grid. Investments are ongoing in grid reinforcement, offshore wind development,
and interconnectors with France and the UK to enhance renewable generation capacity. According to
legal and policy analysts, these developments place Ireland among the top countries globally in per
capita wind generation, while continuing to expand domestic and community-based renewable
energy. EirGrid, Enterprise Ireland and IDA Ireland have recently signed an MoU to collectively support
offshore wind development in Ireland. RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 14-11
CAP25 also reinforces targets first outlined in CAP24 to reduce the embodied carbon of construction
materials, with a 10% reduction by 2025 and 30% reduction by 2030 for materials produced and used
in Ireland. Cement and high embodied carbon construction materials can be reduced through product
substitution, reduced clinker content in cement and uptake of low-carbon construction methods,
including those outlined in the Construction Industry Federation 2021 report Modern Methods of
Construction (Construction Industry Federation, 2021). There also remains scope for the construction
industry to use more timber in construction. In 2022, 24% of new construction in Ireland was built
using timber frames to satisfy the demand for housing. Public bodies are now required under the
Public Sector Mandate to use best practice project design to reduce embodied carbon; procure
concretes with clinker replacements (lower carbon); and require that large construction projects
produce a whole life cycle GHG emissions assessment. Further guidance on how the built environment
can contribute to a circular, low-carbon economy is detailed in the recently published A Roadmap for
a Resource Efficient Circular Built Environment.
Furthermore, CAP25 advances sector-specific measures in green procurement, electrification of
transport and heat, and just transition (with the introduction of a Just Transition Commission) to
support vulnerable communities and ensure equitable decarbonisation. While transport emissions
increased by 0.3%, electric vehicles and the expanded use of biofuels are highlighted as the most
effective short- to medium-term strategies for emissions reductions in the sector. The Climate Action
Plan 2025 Annex of Actions (Government of Ireland, 2025a) states goals specific to biomethane of 1
Terawatt hour (TWh) by 2025 and construction of 20 anaerobic digestor plants of scale. The proposed
development represents 12% of the 1 TWh by 2025 goal. Also outlined in CAP25 is the introduction of
the Renewable Heat Obligation (RHO), which will obligate suppliers over a certain threshold to ensure
a proportion of the energy they supply is renewable, and it will incentivise the production of
indigenously produced biomethane.
2024 saw the publication of Ireland’s National Biomethane Strategy (DAFM and DECC, 2024). This is
Ireland’s first major policy statement on biomethane and is an important milestone in the
development of an indigenous sector. The Strategy sets out twenty-five actions to be delivered in the
coming years to enable the development of the sector and to achieve the government’s target of 5.7
TWh of indigenously produced biomethane by 2030. The proposed development represents 2% of the
5.7 TWh by 2030 goal. The publication of this Strategy was coupled with the launch of grant aid
towards development of the sector which is expected to drive expansion of the anaerobic digestion
sector towards achieving the 2030 target.
Biomethane that satisfies the Renewable Energy Directive’s life cycle sustainability criteria can be
classified as “a zero-carbon rated fuel”. Biomethane can therefore directly contribute to meeting
Ireland’s decarbonisation targets.
In April 2023, the Government published its Long-term Strategy on Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Reductions (Government of Ireland, 2024b). This strategy provides a long-term plan on how Ireland
will transition towards net carbon zero by 2050, achieving the interim targets set out in the Climate
Action Plan. RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 14-12
The National Planning Framework (Government of Ireland, 2025b), is the long-term, 20-year strategy
for strategic planning and sustainable development of our urban and rural areas to 2040. It sets out
the following climate-related objectives relevant for the proposed development:
▪ National Policy Objective 30: Facilitate the development of the rural economy, in a manner
consistent with the national climate objective, through supporting a sustainable and
economically efficient agricultural and food sector, together with forestry, fishing and
aquaculture, energy and extractive industries, the bio-economy and diversification into
alternative on-farm and off-farm activities, while at the same time noting the importance of
maintaining and protecting biodiversity and the natural landscape and built heritage which
are vital to rural tourism.
▪ National Policy Objective 66: The planning system will be responsive to our national
environmental challenges and ensure that development occurs within environmental limits,
having regard to the medium and longer-term requirements of all relevant environmental and
climate legislation and the sustainable management of our natural capital.
▪ National Policy Objective 67: Support the circular and bio economy including in particular
through greater efficiency in land and materials management, promoting the sustainable re-
use and refurbishment of existing buildings and structures while conserving cultural and
natural heritage, the greater use of renewable resources and by reducing the rate of land use
change from urban sprawl and new development.
▪ National Policy Objective 69: Reduce our carbon footprint by integrating climate action into
the planning system in support of national targets for climate policy mitigation and adaptation
objectives, as well as targets for greenhouse gas emissions reductions as expressed in the most
recently adopted carbon budgets.
▪ National Policy Objective 70: Promote renewable energy use and generation at appropriate
locations within the built and natural environment to meet national objectives towards
achieving a climate neutral economy by 2050.
Additionally, the Northern & Western Regional Assembly Regional Spatial And Economic Strategy
2020-2032 (Government of Ireland, 2019) provides a high-level development framework for the
Northern and Western Region, of which County Monaghan is a part, that supports the implementation
of the National Planning Framework (NPF) and the relevant economic policies and objectives of
Government. This strategy outlines the following Regional Policy Objectives (RPO) which are
particularly relevant for the proposed development:
▪ RPO 4.27: It is an objective to support the National Policy Statement on the Bioeconomy (2018),
and the exploration of opportunities in the circular resource-efficient economy, including
undertaking a bioeconomy feasibility study for this region. This feasibility study will aim to
identify (and map) areas of potential growth to inform the National Transition Agenda,
enabling a Low Carbon, resilient nation.
▪ RPO 4.28: To support the potential creation of appropriately scaled local multi-feedstock bio-
refining hubs across the region as well as potential creation of bio-districts/clusters.
▪ RPO 4.29: The Assembly supports the future-proofing of infrastructure planning to allow for
the potential upgrading of existing industrial sites to bio-refining plants while also supporting
the use of bio-renewable energy for the sustainable production of bio-based products. RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 14-13
▪ RPO 8.5: To support the build-out of the gas supply network into Counties Sligo, Roscommon,
Donegal and Leitrim and in additional locations in the remainder of the region.
▪ RPO 8.6: Facilitate the delivery and expansion of natural gas infrastructure throughout the
region and have regard to the location of existing gas infrastructure in assessing potential
developments.
▪ RPO 8.7: Encourage and support innovative partnerships extending the gas network in the
region, including the potential for gas to grid injection facilities along with anaerobic digestion
facilities.
14.5.1.3.1.2 Local Policy
The Monaghan County Council (MCC) Climate Action Plan 2024-2029 (MCC, 2024) outlines the
Council's commitment to achieving significant reductions in GHG emissions while preparing for the
impacts of climate change. It further states that it is part of longer-term efforts to support the delivery
of the climate neutrality objective at local and community levels. The Climate Action Plan provides a
mechanism for bringing together both adaptation and mitigation actions to help drive positive climate
action and outcomes across the local authority and its administrative area.
In relation to renewable energy development, Strategic Goal 1 Built Environment and Transport of the
plan is to “increase our energy efficiency, reduce our reliance on fossil-based fuels, and positively
influence the actions of others within our community.”
In relation to waste management, Action No. SRM2 under Strategic Goal 5 Sustainability and Resource
Management of the plan is to “support National Waste Management plan for the reduction of waste
and other initiatives that promote the transition to a circular economy and as per the objectives of the
new national waste management plan.” Action No. SRM3 relates specifically to biomethane, stating
the plan will “support the development of biomethane potential within the county to generate
sustainable energy and reduce the impact of organic manures on the environment. Whilst also
advocating and exerting influence to ensure anaerobic digestion related development and activities
promote climate action co-benefits and do not contravene relevant environmental protection criteria
or cause significant negative environmental effects”.
14.5.1.3.2 Climate Change Vulnerability Policy
The second National Adaptation Framework (NAF) (Government of Ireland, 2024c) was published in
June 2024 in line with the five-year requirement of the 2015 Climate Act. The plan provides a whole
of government and society approach to climate adaptation in Ireland in order to reduce Irelands
vulnerability to climate change risks including extreme weather events, flooding, drought, loss of
biodiversity, sea level rise and increased temperatures. Similar to the “Just Transition” when
considering carbon emissions, the NAF aims for “Just Resilience” stating that:
“A climate resilient Ireland will have a reduced reliance on fossil fuel, it will have widely accessible
electrified public transport and will have transitioned towards sustainable agricultural practices such
as agroforestry and organic farming.”
The NAF highlights that there is a projected increased frequency of droughts, coupled with higher
evapotranspiration rates, which could cause reduced river flow, groundwater recharge, and reservoir
refill capacity, leading to potential water supply shortages. The NAF warns that national long-term RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 14-14
water supply projects must be planned for within budgets to ensure the adaptation required to make
Ireland resilient by 2050 and beyond is funded. With respect to the water sector the 2nd NAF states
that the potential adaptation measures for the transport sector, which is led by the Department of
Transport, are:
▪ Projected extreme precipitation may increase pluvial and fluvial flooding, impacting the
transport sector with service disruptions, hazardous driving conditions, and bridge scour;
▪ Intensified windstorms may disrupt transport hubs, causing delays and cancellations, and
affecting transport networks with fallen trees and debris;
▪ Sea level rise and intensified storms may significantly impact transport infrastructure in low-
lying coastal areas, eroding coastlines, and estuaries; and
▪ Heatwaves and drought may degrade transport infrastructure, affecting road surfaces and
rails, and require temperature control measures in hubs.
The National Climate Change Risk Assessment (NCCRA) was published in June 2025 (EPA, 2025c). The
NCCRA was required to be developed under Action 457 from the 2021 CAP (Government of Ireland,
2021). Action 457 seeks to “Further develop Ireland’s national climate change risk assessment capacity
to identify the priority physical risks of climate change to Ireland’. The NCCRA uses definitions of the
risk determinants from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Risk Framework (IPCC,
2023):
▪ Hazard - the potential occurrence of a natural or human-induced physical event or trend or
physical impact that may cause loss of life, injury, or other health impacts, as well as damage
and loss to property, infrastructure, livelihoods, service provision, ecosystems, and
environmental resources
▪ Exposure - the presence of people, livelihoods, species or ecosystems, environmental
functions, services, and resources, infrastructure, or economic, social, or cultural assets in
places and settings that could be adversely affected
▪ Vulnerability - the propensity or predisposition to be adversely affected. Vulnerability
encompasses a variety of concepts including sensitivity
▪ Risk - the potential for adverse consequences for human or ecological systems.
When considering risk, the NCCRA assesses exposure and vulnerability for two future climate change
scenarios or Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs):
▪ RCP4.5 was selected as it represents a scenario aligned with the global temperature trajectory.
▪ RCP8.5 was selected as it represents a high-emissions scenario and achieves the highest level
of modelled temperature increases by the end of the century. Consequently, this scenario will
result in the highest level of physical risk for Ireland, and the greatest requirement for
adaptation.
These scenarios align with a conservative approach to assess risks to Ireland and assumes global
emission reduction targets are not met. This aligns with the principle of precaution as stated in the
NAF (DECC 2024). In addition to the future climate scenarios, the NCCRA assesses the risk from the
future climate during the following timeframes:
▪ Present (~2030) RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 14-15
▪ Medium term (~2050)
▪ Long term (~2100).
The Monaghan County Council Climate Action Plan 2024-2029 highlights the increasing risks posed by
climate change to the county’s infrastructure, residents, and businesses, particularly from extreme
weather events such as flooding, heatwaves, and droughts. Pluvial and fluvial flooding are identified
as significant risks due more intense rainfall events. Without mitigation, these events are projected to
lead to the inundation of properties, damage to infrastructure, and disruptions to transport networks.
Key climate mitigation actions within the plan include developing and implementing flood-relief
measures, including:
▪ “Ensure sustained services delivery by all core Council functions by incorporating climate
considerations and preparedness into emergency and service delivery planning.
▪ Ensure all core Council services are adaptable to a changing climate.
▪ Ensure adaptation to climate change is mainstreamed and has a strong foundation in local
level policies of Monaghan County Council.
▪ Manage and reduce risk of flooding to properties and infrastructure around the county.
▪ Understand by way of continuous review of data and information, the current and future
impacts of extreme weather events and climate change.
▪ Promote natural and nature-based solutions to help build resilience.
▪ Support and create climate awareness and resilience in communities and business”.
14.5.2 Greenhouse Gas Assessment Methodology
As per the EU guidance document Guidance on Integrating Climate Change and Biodiversity into
Environmental Impact Assessment (European Commission, 2013) the climate baseline is first
established with reference to EPA data on annual GHG emissions (see Section 14.7.1).
The GHG assessment accounts for various components relating to the project during different life
stages to determine the total impact of the development on climate. The reference study period (i.e.
the assumed building life expectancy) for the purposes of the assessment is 30 years. Embodied
carbon emissions are attributed to four main categories, taken from BS EN 15978. The categories are:
▪ Product Stages (Category A1 to A3) The carbon emissions generated at this stage arise from
extracting the raw materials from the ground, their transport to a point of manufacture and
then the primary energy used (and the associated carbon impacts that arise) from
transforming the raw materials into construction products.
▪ Construction (Category A4 to A5) These carbon impacts arise from transporting the
construction products to site, and their subsequent processing and assembly into the building.
▪ Use Stage (Category B1 to B7) This covers a wide range of sources from the GHG emissions
associated with the operation of the building (B1), maintenance (B2), repair (B3),
refurbishment (B4) and replacement (B5) of materials, and operational energy use (B6) and
water use (B7).
▪ End of Life Stages (Category C1 to C4) The eventual deconstruction and disposal of the existing
building at the end of its life takes account of the on-site activities of the demolition RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
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contractors. No ‘credit’ is taken for any future carbon benefit associated with the reuse or
recycling of a material into new products.
Reasonable conservative estimates have been used in this assessment where necessary to provide an
estimate of the GHGs associated with the proposed development.
The assessment takes into account two different scenarios for feedstock volumes, which affect the
amount of transport required, and the volume of biomethane and biogenic CO2 produced. The
quantities are shown below in Table 14-3.
Table 14-3 GHGA – Scenarios for Assessment
Effects Scenario 1 Scenario 2
Poultry Manure (tonnes/yr) 80,000 94,000
Cattle Manure (HGV) (tonnes/yr) 5,000 -
Cattle Manure (Tractor & Trailor) (tonnes/yr) 5,000 5,000
Agri-Food Waste (tonnes/yr) 9,000 -
Liquefied Carbon Dioxide (tonnes/yr) 13,000 15,000
Biomethane Export (m3/yr) 10,800,000 12.300,000
Flared Gas (Assume 2% of exported CH4) (m3/yr) 216,000 246,000
The GHGA has also taken the renewable biogas plant site and the gas grid connection elements of the
proposed development into account, as described in the following sections.
14.5.2.1 Construction Phase
PE-ENV-01104 (TII, 2022a) recommends the calculation of the construction stage GHG emissions and
embodied carbon using the TII Online Carbon Tool (TII, 2024). Embodied carbon refers to the sum of
the carbon needed to produce goods or services. It incorporates the energy needed in the mining or
processing of raw materials, the manufacturing of products and the delivery of these products to site.
The purpose of the embodied carbon assessment is to engage the design team in the consideration of
embodied carbon at an early stage in the development and mitigate embodied carbon. This
engagement aims to ensure carbon savings are made and to assist in aligning the project to Ireland’s
CAP goal of Net Carbon Zero by 2050.
The TII Online Carbon Tool (TII, 2024) has been commissioned by TII to assess GHG emissions
associated with road or rail projects in Ireland. The TII Carbon Tool (TII, 2024) uses emission factors
from recognised sources including the Civil Engineering Standard Method of Measurement (CESSM)
Carbon and Price Book database (CESSM, 2013), which can be applied to a variety of developments,
not just road or rail. The tool aligns with PAS 2080.
The quantification of construction phase GHG emissions has considered the following:
▪ Topsoil clearance for the renewable biogas plant site.
▪ Excavation activities for the renewable biogas plant site and excavation activities for the gas
grid connection.
▪ Materials required for the construction of the renewable biogas plant site e.g. concrete, steel
etc. Quantities are based on data from construction of similar facilities in the Applicant's RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 14-17
ownership and estimated total gross floor area of buildings and tanks. Materials for the gas
grid connection pipeline have also been taken into account.
▪ Construction waste reuse, recycling or disposal.
▪ Transport (by heavy duty vehicles (HGV)) of construction materials and waste to a waste
facility estimated to be within 30km of the proposed development. This includes the off-site
transport of approximately 18,600 m³ of surplus excavated soil and stone arising from
construction of the Renewable Biogas Plant.
▪ Transport of construction staff has also been considered (estimated to be within 30km of the
proposed development).
Quantification of the GHG emissions associated with the gas grid connection has been estimated as
part of this impact assessment, based on professional experience of similar projects.
14.5.2.2 Operational Phase
14.5.2.2.1 GHG Emissions
The quantification of operational phase GHG emissions has considered the following for the
renewable biogas plant site:
▪ Transport (by heavy duty vehicles (HGV)) of feedstock from local sources to the proposed
development, as well as transport of product to various destinations. Factors from the TII
Carbon Tool have been used to quantify the transport emissions.
▪ Gas consumption (m3 per annum) by the dryer, 2 no. CHPs and boiler (assumed continuous
year round) for power and heat generation, as well as by infrequent flare use (assumed 2% of
the exported biomethane production) have been quantified using the 2024 SEAI carbon
intensity for natural gas of 1.993 gCO2e/m3 (SEAI, 2025). Diesel usage has also been quantified
using factors from the TII Carbon Tool.
▪ Anticipated use of consumables at the plant have been considered using factors based on data
from similar facilities in the Applicant's ownership.
No significant emissions are predicted for the gas grid connection.
14.5.2.2.2 GHG Emissions Offsets
The GHG emissions associated with the construction and operation of the development will be offset
by the production of the biogas and its conversion into renewable biomethane for direct injection into
the national gas distribution system. Quantities of poultry manure, cattle manure and agri-food
organic waste annually, as shown above in Table 14-3, will be used as feedstock to generate between
10,800,000 and 12,300,000 m3 of biomethane per year.
Biomethane has a lower carbon intensity than natural gas, therefore the provision of biomethane in
the national gas distribution system will displace an equivalent amount of natural gas and therefore,
result in carbon savings when compared to the equivalent amount of natural gas. As per Annex VI of
Directive (EU) 2018/2001 of the European parliament and of the council of 11 December 2018 on the
promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources (recast) biomethane from biowaste off gas
combustion has a default a carbon intensity factor of 14 gCO2e/MJ. For comparison the carbon
intensity of natural gas is 94 gCO2e/MJ. The GHG emissions savings associated with the annual volume RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 14-18
of biomethane produced by the proposed development and the equivalent amount of natural gas
were quantified to demonstrate the beneficial impact of the proposed development.
GHG savings from the use of ammonium sulphate and digestate fibre and pellets as biogenic fertiliser
as an alternative to artificial fertiliser were also quantified. Approximately 9,000 tonnes of ammonium
sulphate, 7,000 tonnes of digestate pellets and 60,000 tonnes of digestate fibre are expected annually
from the anaerobic digestion process, which is available for use as biofertiliser.
The GHGA also considers the capture of up to 15,000 tonnes of CO2 from the digestion process which
will directly replace of CO2 from a more fossil fuel intensive process currently used by an industry
partner.
Poultry manure will be sourced from the significant concentration of poultry farms in County
Monaghan and surrounding areas. Cattle manure will be sourced from cattle farms in the immediate
surrounding area, while the agri-food organic waste will be sourced from food and poultry processing
plants in the surrounding area. The transport of poultry manure in particular to the proposed
development will occur over a shorter distance (c.30 km) relative to the current transport required to
dispose of this waste, which according to a study conducted by Fehily Timoney on behalf of Monaghan
County Council (2021) is currently required to be transported as far as mid-Wicklow. This represents
avoided GHG emissions due to the proposed development.
The use of poultry manure as feedstock for the proposed development will result in avoided CO₂e
emissions as this manure will no longer be spread on land directly. Storage of the manure on farms
prior to land-spreading releases GHGs such as methane and nitrous oxide (N2O) as a result of bacterial
activity. Manure storage practices such as slatted tanks, lagoons, pits etc. result in higher GHG
emissions compared to anaerobic digestion and subsequent digestate management by a facility such
as the proposed development. The emissions offset due to this avoided activity have been quantified
using information and emissions factor supplied by the applicant.
14.5.2.3 Significance Criteria for GHGA
The Transport Infrastructure Ireland (TII) guidance document entitled PE-ENV-01104 Climate
Guidance for National Roads, Light Rail and Rural Cycleways (Offline & Greenways) – Overarching
Technical Document (TII, 2022a) outlines a recommended approach for determining the significance
of both the construction and operational phases of a development.
The significance of GHG effects set out in PE-ENV-01104 (TII, 2022a) is based on IEMA guidance (IEMA,
2022) which is consistent with the terminology contained within Figure 3.4 of the EPA’s (2022)
Guidelines on the information to be contained in Environmental Impact Assessment Reports.
The 2022 IEMA Guidance (IEMA, 2022) sets out the following principles for significance:
▪ When evaluating significance, all new GHG emissions contribute to a negative environmental
impact; however, some projects will replace existing development or baseline activity that has
a higher GHG profile. Therefore, the significance of a project’s emissions should be based on
its net impact over its lifetime, which may be positive, negative or negligible;
▪ Where GHG emissions cannot be avoided, the goal of the EIA process should be to reduce the
project’s residual emissions at all stages; and RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 14-19
▪ Where GHG emissions remain significant, but cannot be further reduced, approaches to
compensate the project’s remaining emissions should be considered.
The criteria for determining the significance of effects are a two-stage process that involves defining
the magnitude of the impacts and the sensitivity of the receptors (i.e. Ireland’s National GHG targets).
In relation to climate, there is no project specific assessment criteria, but the project will be assessed
against the recommended TII significance determination. This takes account of any embedded or
committed mitigation measures that form part of the design which should be considered.
TII (TII 2022a) states that professional judgement must be taken into account when contextualising
and assessing the significance of a project's GHG impact. TII reference the IEMA guidance (2022) which
states that the crux of assessing significance is “not whether a project emits GHG emissions, nor even
the magnitude of GHG emissions alone, but whether it contributes to reducing GHG emissions relative
to a comparable baseline consistent with a trajectory towards net zero by 2050”.
Significance is determined using the criteria outlined in Table 14-4 (derived from Table 6.7 of PE-ENV-
01104 (TII 2022a)) along with consideration of the following two factors:
▪ The extent to which the trajectory of GHG emissions from the project aligns with Ireland’s
GHG trajectory to net zero by 2050; and
▪ The level of mitigation taking place.
Table 14-4 Significance Criteria for GHGA
Effects Significance
Level
Description
Significant
adverse
Major adverse ▪ The project’s GHG impacts are not mitigated.
▪ The project has not complied with do-minimum standards set through
regulation, nor provided reductions required by local or national policies; and
▪ No meaningful absolute contribution to Ireland’s trajectory towards net zero.
Moderate
adverse
▪ The project’s GHG impacts are partially mitigated.
▪ The project has partially complied with do-minimum standards set through
regulation, and have not fully complied with local or national policies; and
▪ Falls short of full contribution to Ireland’s trajectory towards net zero.
Not
significant
Minor adverse ▪ The project’s GHG impacts are mitigated through ‘good practice’ measures.
▪ The project has complied with existing and emerging policy requirements; and
▪ Fully in line to achieve Ireland’s trajectory towards net zero.
Negligible ▪ The project’s GHG impacts are mitigated beyond design standards.
▪ The project has gone well beyond existing and emerging policy requirements;
and
▪ Well ‘ahead of the curve’ for Ireland’s trajectory towards net zero.
Beneficial Beneficial ▪ The project’s net GHG impacts are below zero and it causes a reduction in
atmosphere GHG concentration.
▪ The project has gone well beyond existing and emerging policy requirements;
and
▪ Well ‘ahead of the curve’ for Ireland’s trajectory towards net zero, provides a
positive climate impact.
Ireland’s carbon budgets can also be used to contextualise the magnitude of GHG emissions from the
proposed development (TII, 2022a). The approach is based on comparing the net proposed
development GHG emissions to the relevant carbon budgets (DECC, 2023a). With the publication of RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 14-20
the Climate Action Act in 2021 and the Climate Action Plan 2025, sectoral carbon budgets have been
published for comparison with the net GHG emissions from the proposed development over its
lifespan. The aim of the carbon budgets is to ensure we are on a trajectory to meet the National
Climate Objective of Net Zero by 2050.
Additionally, CAP25 outlines goals of 1 TWh of biomethane production by 2025, while CAP24 and the
National Biomethane Strategy aim for 5.7 TWh by 2030.
14.5.3 Climate Change Risk Assessment Methodology
The assessment involves determining the vulnerability of the proposed development to climate
change. This involves an analysis of the sensitivity and exposure of the development to climate hazards
which together provide a measure of vulnerability.
PE-ENV-01104 (TII, 2022a) states that the CCRA is guided by the principles set out in the overarching
best practice guidance documents:
▪ Technical Guidance on the Climate Proofing of Infrastructure in the Period 2021-2027
(European Commission, 2021a); and
▪ The Institute of Environmental Management and Assessment, Environmental Impact
Assessment Guide to: Climate Change Resilience and Adaptation (2nd Edition) (IEMA, 2020).
The baseline environment information provided in Section 14.7, including future climate change
modelling and input from other experts working on the proposed development (i.e. hydrologists) are
used to assess the likelihood of a climate risk.
First an initial screening CCRA based on the operational phase is carried out, according to the TII
guidance PE-ENV-01104. This is carried out by determining the sensitivity of proposed development
assets (i.e. receptors) and their exposure to climate change hazards.
The proposed development asset categories must be assigned a level of sensitivity to climate hazards.
PE-ENV-01104 (TII, 2022a) provides the list of asset categories and climate hazards to be considered.
The asset categories will vary by development type and need to be determined on a development by
development basis.
▪ Asset Categories Pavements; drainage; structures; utilities; landscaping; signs, light posts,
buildings, and fences.
▪ Climate Hazards Flooding (coastal, pluvial, fluvial); extreme heat; extreme cold; wildfire;
drought; extreme wind; lightning and hail; landslides; fog.
The sensitivity is based on a High, Medium or Low rating with a score of 1 to 3 assigned as per the
criteria below.
▪ High Sensitivity The climate hazard will or is likely to have a major impact on the asset
category. This is a sensitivity score of 3.
▪ Medium Sensitivity It is possible or likely the climate hazard will have a moderate impact on
the asset category. This is a sensitivity score of 2. RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
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▪ Low Sensitivity It is possible the climate hazard will have a low or negligible impact on the
asset category. This is a sensitivity score of 1.
Once the sensitivities have been identified the exposure analysis is undertaken. The exposure analysis
involves determining the level of exposure of each climate hazard at the project location irrespective
of the project type. For example, flooding could be a risk if the project location is next to a river in a
floodplain. Exposure is assigned a level of High, Medium or Low as per the below criteria.
▪ High Exposure It is almost certain or likely this climate hazard will occur at the project location,
i.e. might arise once to several times per year. This is an exposure score of 3.
▪ Medium Exposure It is possible this climate hazard will occur at the project location, i.e. might
arise a number of times in a decade. This is an exposure score of 2.
▪ Low Exposure It is unlikely or rare this climate hazard will occur at the project location, i.e.
might arise a number of times in a generation or in a lifetime. This is an exposure score of 1.
Once the sensitivity and exposure are categorised, a vulnerability analysis is conducted by multiplying
the sensitivity and exposure to calculate the vulnerability.
14.5.3.1 Significance Criteria for CCRA
The CCRA involves an initial screening assessment to determine the vulnerability of the proposed
development to various climate hazards. The vulnerability is determined by combining the sensitivity
and the exposure of the proposed development to various climate hazards.
Vulnerability = Sensitivity x Exposure
The vulnerability assessment takes any proposed mitigation into account. Table 14-5 details the
vulnerability matrix; vulnerabilities are scored on a high, medium and low scale.
TII guidance (TII, 2022a) and the EU technical guidance (European Commission, 2021a) note that if all
vulnerabilities are ranked as low in a justified manner, no detailed climate risk assessment may be
needed. Therefore, the impact from climate change on the proposed development can be considered
to be not significant.
However, where residual medium or high vulnerabilities exist the assessment may need to be
progressed to a detailed climate change risk assessment and further mitigation implemented to
reduce risks. An assessment of construction phase CCRA impacts is only required according to the TII
guidance (TII, 2022a) if a detailed CCRA is required.
Table 14-5 Vulnerability Matrix
Exposure
High (3) Medium (2) Low (1)
Sensitivity High (3) 9 - High 6 – High 3 - Medium
Medium (2) 6 - High 4 - Medium 2 - Low
Low (1) 3 - Medium 2 – Low 1 - Low
RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 14-22
The screening CCRA, detailed in Section 14.9.2.2, did not identify any residual medium or high risks to
the proposed development as a result of climate change. Therefore, a detailed CCRA for the
construction and operational phase were scoped out.
While a CCRA for the construction phase was not required, best practice mitigation against climate
hazards is still recommended in Section 14.10.
14.5.4 Site Surveys/Investigations
No surveys were required as part of the climate assessment.
14.5.5 Consultation
A pre-planning meeting was held with Monaghan County Council in advance of lodging the planning
application. During this consultation, the Planning Authority indicated in-principal support for the
proposed development.
It was also acknowledged that the proposed facility will require an Industrial Emissions (IE) Licence
from the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). As such, operational emissions, will fall within the
remit of the EPA for regulation and control. This regulatory context was noted by the Planning
Authority.
Further details of the meeting and the issues discussed are set out in the Planning Statement
submitted under separate cover.
14.6 Difficulties Encountered
There were no difficulties encountered when compiling this assessment.
14.7 Baseline Environment
PE-ENV-01104 (TII, 2022a) states that a baseline climate scenario should identify, consistent with the
study area for the project, GHG emissions without the project for both the current and future baseline.
Ireland declared a climate and biodiversity emergency in May 2019 and in November 2019 there was
European Parliament approval of a resolution declaring a climate and environment emergency in
Europe. This, in addition to Ireland’s current failure to meet its EU binding targets under Regulation
2018/842 (European Union, 2018) results in changes in GHG emissions either beneficial or adverse
being of more significance than previously considered prior to these declarations.
14.7.1 Current GHG Baseline
Data published in July 2025 (EPA, 2025a), indicates that Ireland exceeded, without the use of
flexibilities, its 2024 annual limit set under EU’s Effort Sharing Decision (ESD) (406/2009/EC) by 1.03
Mt CO2e. However, the 2024 emissions represent the second consecutive year in which Ireland’s RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 14-23
emission were below (-4.2%) 1990 levels. ETS (Emissions Trading Scheme) emissions decreased (-1.1%)
and ESR (Effort Sharing Regulation) emissions decreased (-2.2%). Ireland’s target is an emission
reduction of 626 kt of CO2e by 2030 on an average baseline of 2016 to 2018.
The EPA estimate that 2024 total national GHG emissions, excluding LULUCF, have decreased by 2.0%
on 2023 levels to 53.82 Mt CO2e, with a 0.7 Mt CO2e (-8.9%) reduction in electricity industries alone.
This was driven by a 39.7% share of energy from renewables in 2024 and the complete phase-out of
peat for electricity generation. Manufacturing combustion and industrial processes decreased by 4.6%
to 6.0 Mt CO2e in 2024 due to declines in fossil fuel usage. The sector with the highest emissions in
2024 was agriculture at 37.9% of the total, followed by transport at 20.8%. For 2024, total national
emissions (including LULUCF) were 57.53 Mt CO2e (EPA, 2025a) (Table 14-6).
The current estimates of National greenhouse gas emissions (including LULUCF) in 2024 are 12.0%
below 2018, well off the National Climate ambition of a 51% reduction by 2030. The data indicate that
from 2021- 2024 Ireland has used 79% (186 Mt CO2e) of the 295 Mt CO2e Carbon Budget for the five-
year period 2021-2025. This leaves 21% of the budget available for 2025, requiring a substantial 17.5%
annual emissions reduction for 2025 to stay within budget.
Table 14-6 Trends in Total National GHG Emissions 2021 – 2024
Sector Note 1 2021 2022 2023 2024
Total Budget
(Mt CO2e)
(2021-2025)
% Budget
2021-2025
Used
Annual
Change
2023 to 2024
Electricity 9.89 9.69 7.57 6.95 40 85.25% -8.19%
Transport 11.09 11.76 11.8 11.65 54 85.74% -1.27%
Buildings
(Residential) 6.87 5.75 5.35 5.61 29 81.31% 4.86%
Buildings
(Commercial and
Public)
1.44 1.45 1.39 1.49 7 82.43% 7.19%
Industry 7.09 6.62 6.31 6.01 30 86.77% -4.75%
Agriculture 21.94 21.78 20.72 20.41 106 80.05% -1.50%
Other Note 2 1.86 1.93 1.81 1.63 9 80.33% -9.94%
LULUCF 4.63 3.98 3.89 3.89 – – 0
Total including
LULUCF 64.82 62.99 58.83 57.64 295 82.81% -2.04%
Note 1: Reproduced from latest emissions data on the EPA website (EPA, 2025a).
Note 2: Other includes Petroleum refining, F-Gases and Waste (emissions from solid waste disposal on land, solid waste
treatment (composting and anaerobic digestion), wastewater treatment, waste incineration and open burning of waste).
14.7.2 Future GHG Baseline
The future baseline with respect to the GHGA can be considered in relation to the future climate
targets which the assessment results will be compared against. In line with TII (TII, 2022) and ISEP GHG
guidance (ISEP, 2022) the future baseline is a trajectory towards net zero by 2050, “whether it [the
project] contributes to reducing GHG emissions relative to a comparable baseline consistent with a
trajectory towards net zero by 2050”. RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 14-24
The future baseline will be determined by Ireland meeting its targets set out in the CAP25, and future
CAPs, alongside binding 2030 and net zero by 2050 EU targets. In order to meet the commitments
under the Paris Agreement, the European Union (EU) enacted ‘Regulation (EU) 2018/842 on binding
annual GHG emission reductions by Member States from 2021 to 2030 contributing to climate action
to meet commitments under the Paris Agreement and amending Regulation (EU) No. 525/2013’
(hereafter referred to as the Regulation) (European Union, 2018). The Regulation aims to deliver,
collectively by the EU in the most cost-effective manner possible, reductions in GHG emissions from
the Emission Trading Scheme (ETS) and non-ETS sectors amounting to 43% and 30%, respectively, by
2030 compared to 2005. The Regulation was amended in April 2023 and Ireland must now limit its
greenhouse gas emissions by at least 42% by 2030. The ETS is an EU-wide scheme which regulates the
GHG emissions of larger industrial emitters including electricity generation, cement manufacturing
and heavy industry. The non-ETS sector includes all domestic GHG emitters which do not fall under
the ETS scheme and thus includes GHG emissions from transport, residential and commercial buildings
and agriculture.
In May 2025, the EPA released the report Ireland’s Greenhouse Gas Emissions Projections 2024-2055
(EPA, 2025b), which includes total projected emissions and a breakdown of projected emissions per
sector under the ‘With Existing Measures’ and ‘With Additional Measures’ scenarios. The EPA
projections indicate that currently implemented measures (With Existing Measures) will achieve a
reduction of 10% on 2005 levels by 2030, significantly short of the 42% reduction target. If measures
in the higher ambition (With Additional Measures) scenario are implemented, EPA projections show
that Ireland can achieve a reduction of 22% by 2030, still short of the 42% reduction target.
14.7.3 Current CCRA Baseline
The region of the proposed development has a temperate, oceanic climate, resulting in mild winters
and cool summers. The Met Éireann weather station at Dublin Airport is the nearest, representative,
weather and climate monitoring station to the proposed development with meteorological data
recorded for the 30-year period from 1991 to 2020. The historical regional weather data for Dublin
Airport meteorological station is representative of the current climate in the region of the proposed
development. The data for the 30-year period from 1991 to 2020 indicates that the wettest months
at Dublin Airport meteorological station were October and November, and the driest month on
average was March (Met Éireann, 2025a). July was the warmest month with a mean temperature of
19.5 Celsius. January was the coldest month with a mean temperature of 8 Celsius.
Met Éireann’s 2024 Climate Statement (Met Éireann, 2025) states 2024’s average shaded air
temperature in Ireland is provisionally 10.72°C, which is 1.17°C above the 1961-1990 long-term
average. This makes 2024 the fourth warmest year on record, 0.49 °C cooler than 2023, the warmest
year on record. The majority of annual rainfall totals across the country were below their Long-term
Average 1981-2010. Six stations (Mace Head, Co. Galway, Sherkin Island, Co. Cork, Dunsany, Co.
Meath, Gurteen, Co. Tipperary, Athenry, Co. Galway and Finner, Co. Donegal) had their highest mean
wind for August on record (record lengths ranging between 13 and 20 years) (see Figure 14.1). RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 14-25
Figure 14.1 1900-2023 Temperature (°C) Temperature Anomalies (differences from 1961-1990)
Recent weather patterns and records of extreme weather events recorded by Met Éireann have been
reviewed. Considering the 2024 data, Met Éireann states that the latest Irish climate change
projections indicate further warming in the future, including warmer winters. The record
temperatures mean the likelihood of extreme weather events occurring has increased. This will result
in longer dry periods and heavy rainfall events. Storm surges and coastal flooding due to sea level rise.
Compound events, where coastal surges and extreme rainfall events occur simultaneously will also
increase. Met Éireann has high confidence in maximum rainfall rates increasing but not in how the
frequency or intensity of storms will change with climate change.
14.7.4 Future CCRA Baseline
Impacts as a result of climate change will evolve with a changing future baseline. Changes have the
potential to include increases in global temperatures and increases in the number of rainfall days per
year. Therefore, it is expected that the baseline climate will evolve over time and consideration is
needed with respect to this within the design of the proposed development.
Ireland has seen increases in the annual rainfall in the north and west of the country, with small
increases or decreases in the south and east (EPA, 2021b). The EPA have compiled a list of potential
adverse impacts as a result of climate change including the following which may be of relevance to
the proposed development (EPA, 2021b):
▪ More intense storms and rainfall events;
▪ Increased likelihood and magnitude of river and coastal flooding;
▪ Water shortages in summer in the east;
▪ Adverse impacts on water quality; and
▪ Changes in distribution of plant and animal species. RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 14-26
TII’s guidance document PE-ENV-01104 (TII 2022a) states that for future climate change a moderate
to high Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) should be adopted. RPC4.5 is considered
moderate, while RPC8.5 is considered high. Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) describe
different 21st century pathways of GHG emissions depending on the level of climate mitigation action
undertaken.
National Framework for Climate Services (NFCS) was founded in June 2022 to streamline the provision
of climate services in Ireland and will be led by Met Éireann. The aim of the NFCS is to enable the co -
production, delivery and use of accurate, actionable and accessible climate information and tools to
support climate resilience planning and decision making. In addition to the NFCS, further work has
been ongoing into climate projects in Ireland through research under the TRANSLATE project.
TRANSLATE (Met Éireann, 2024a) has been led by climate researchers from University of Galway –
Irish Centre for High End Computing (ICHEC), and University College Cork – SFI Research Centre for
Energy, Climate and Marine (MaREI), supported by Met Éireann climatologists. TRANSLATE’s outputs
are produced using a selection of internationally reviewed and accepted models from both CORDEX
and CMIP5. Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) provide a broad range of possible futures
based on assumptions of human activity. The modelled scenarios include for “least” (RCP2.6), “more”
(RCP4.5) or “most” (RCP8.5) climate change, see Figure 14.2.
Source: TRANSLATE project storymap (Met Éireann 2024a)
Figure 14.2 Representative Concentration Pathways associated emission levels
TRANSLATE (Met Éireann, 2024c) provides the first standardised and bias-corrected national climate
projections for Ireland to aid climate risk decision making across multiple sectors (for example,
transport, energy, water), by providing information on how Ireland’s climate could change as global
temperatures increase to 1.5˚C ,2˚C, 2.5˚C, 3˚C or 4˚C. Projections broadly agree with previous projections
for Ireland. Ireland’s climate is dominated by the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC),
a large system of ocean currents – including the Gulf Stream – characterised by a northward flow of
warm water and a southward flow of cold water. Due to the AMOC, Ireland does not suffer from the
extremes of temperature experienced by other countries at a similar latitude. Recent studies have
projected that the AMOC could decline by 30 – 40 % by 2100, resulting in cooler North Atlantic Sea
surface temperatures (SSTs) (Met Éireann, 2024c). Met Éireann projects that Ireland will nevertheless RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 14-27
continue to warm, although the AMOC cooling influence may lead to reduced warming compared with
continental Europe. AMOC weakening is also expected to lead to additional sea level rise around
Ireland. With climate change Ireland’s temperature and rainfall will undergo more and more
significant changes e.g. on average summer temperature could increase by more than 2°C, summer
rainfall could decrease by 9% while winter rainfall could increase by 24% (see Figure 14.3). Future
projects also include a 10-fold increase in the frequency of summer nights (values > 15°C) by the end
of the century, a decrease in the frequency of cold winter nights and an increase in the number of
heatwaves. A heatwave in Ireland is defined as a period of 5 consecutive days where the daily
maximum temperature is greater than 25°C.
Source: TRANSLATE project storymap (Met Éireann, 2024c)
Figure 14.3 Change of climate variables for Ireland for different Global warming thresholds
The TRANSLATE research report (Met Éireann, 2024c) finds that night-time temperatures will warm
more than day-time temperatures, with temperatures increases across all seasons but the highest in
the summer (with an increase of 0.5°C to 3.5°C). Autumn is projected to have the highest increase in
average minimum temperatures (with an increase of 1.1°C to 4.4°C). The variance is dependent on the
scenario that is being reviewed. While these temperatures are projected across all of Ireland, they
increase most in the east of the country compared to the west. With respect to rainfall, increases of
4% to 38% are projected, however this will not be spread across the year as during summer months
there are projected decreases in rainfall beyond the 2°C warming scenario.
In January 2024 the EPA published Ireland’s Climate Change Assessment Synthesis Report (EPA, 2024e)
which contained four volumes:
▪ Volume 1: Climate Science: Ireland in a Changing World
▪ Volume 2: Achieving Climate Neutrality by 2050
▪ Volume 3: Being Prepared for Ireland’s Future Climate
▪ Volume 4: Realising the Benefits of Transition and Transformation RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 14-28
This report reinforces the existing and future risks arising from climate change. Volume 1 (EPA, 2024e)
states that under Early action, the temperature increase averaged across the island of Ireland relative
to the recent past (1976 to 2005) would reach 0.91°C (0.44 to 1.10°C) by mid-century before falling
back to 0.80°C (0.34 to 1.07°C) at the end of the century. Whereas under Late action, by the end of
the century it is projected that the temperature increases could be 2.77°C (2.02 to 3.49°C). Heat
extremes will become more frequent and more severe and cold extremes will become less frequent
and less severe with further warming.
Precipitation was 7% higher over the period 1991 to 2020 than over the 1961 to 1990 period. The
average future predicted increase in precipitation is <10% in annual mean accumulated. By 2100
projected additional rises in sea level range from 0.32 to 0.6m under early action to 0.63 to 1.01m
under late action scenarios, with greater storm surges potentially effecting critical infrastructure along
the coastline. Projections of changes in storminess are highly uncertain and translate into large
uncertainties in future frequency and intensity of extreme waves.
Volume 3 of Ireland’s Climate Change Assessment Synthesis Report (EPA, 2024e) discusses how water
supplies will face growing pressures resulting in increased water demand and how options need to be
developed, including potential new sources. The report states the key role of critical infrastructure for
delivering public services, economic development and a sustainable environment. These are exposed
to a range of climate extremes. Failures in critical infrastructure can cascade across other sectors and
present a multi-sector risk due to climate change.
The report references the EPA’s Critical Infrastructure Vulnerability to Climate Change report (EPA,
2021a) as the most substantial research project in Ireland to date on climate change and critical
infrastructure which assesses the future performance of Ireland’s critical infrastructure when climate
is considered. The Critical Infrastructure Vulnerability to Climate Change report states with respect to
water availability and quality, that flood risk and heatwaves have a medium vulnerability index and
the underground supply network has a high vulnerability to snowstorms and cold spells. However,
while the vulnerability is high, the exposure is likely to reduce due to future climate change resulting
in less cold weather events. The risk assessment highlights the co-dependence of the water sector to
the energy sector, and how vulnerability in the energy sector may have cascading impacts.
Volume 4 of Ireland’s Climate Change Assessment Synthesis Report (EPA, 2024e) calls for system
change, including a transformation of urban settings. Stating that meaningful urban transformation
can create a better living environment while simultaneously reducing emissions.
The projections were echoed by the Updated High-resolution Climate Projections for Ireland Research
Report: 471 (EPA, 2024f) which was in broad agreement with previous research. The future autumn
and winter months are projected to be up to 10% wetter, while summer is projected to be up to 8%
drier. RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 14-29
14.8 The ‘Do Nothing’ Scenario
14.8.1 Renewable Biogas Plant Site
Under the “Do Nothing” scenario, no industrial-scale anaerobic digestion (AD) facility is developed on
the Renewable Biogas Plant Site and the existing use of the land remain largely unchanged, i.e. in
agricultural use. However, the county faces a critical poultry waste management challenge, with high
concentrations of production that cannot be addressed at scale by small, dispersed measures alone.
The proposed development represents the only proven large-scale solution currently implemented in
the country. The gas grid in Co. Monaghan is extremely limited. While this particular site may remain
undeveloped, it is very likely that a facility of similar scale will be developed locally, as the
management must be addressed to ensure a viable poultry industry, protect water quality, and
manage environmental pressures.
14.8.2 Linear Gas Grid Connection
No gas grid installation over the 3.5 km road would occur under the “Do Nothing” scenario.
Consequently, there would be no disruption to the road corridor, and no temporary disturbance
associated with construction activities such as earthworks.
In the Do Nothing Scenario the potential impacts of GHG emissions discussed in the below sections
will not occur. If the proposed development is not constructed the operational GHG emissions or
offsets associated with the proposed development will not occur, directly impacting Ireland’s
trajectory to net zero by 2050 and its ability to meet sectoral targets for electricity, agriculture and
waste as set out in CAP25. Decarbonising sectors which currently rely on natural gas with biomethane
(i.e. heat and temperature), as well as agriculture by reducing its reliance on synthetic fertilisers, is a
key strategy in CAP25. The Do Nothing scenario, without the GHG emissions savings potential of the
proposed development, will therefore have a direct, long-term and negative effect on climate.
14.9 Potential Significant Effects
14.9.1 Greenhouse Gas Assessment
There is the potential for greenhouse gas emissions to atmosphere during the construction and
operational phases of the proposed development, as well as emissions offsets as a result of the
operational phase. As per the TII guidance (2022), the significance of the effect of GHG emissions on
climate is assessed for the total GHG emissions across all proposed development stages (Section
14.5.2) in both Scenario 1 and Scenario 2 (as described in Section 14.5.2).
As outlined in Section 14.5.2, the following assessment considers the impacts associated with the
renewable biogas plant site and estimates the quantification of the GHG emissions associated with
the gas grid connection. RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 14-30
14.9.1.1 Construction Phase Emissions
Embodied carbon is carbon dioxide emitted during the manufacture, transport and construction of
building materials, together with site activities. The most significant proportion of carbon emissions
tend to occur during the construction phase because of embodied carbon in construction materials
and emissions from construction activities, however this is not always the case depending on the end
purpose of the development. The construction phase assessment is broken down into the following
stages as per Section 14.5.2:
▪ Product stage (A1 – A3);
▪ Transportation to site (A4); and
▪ Site operations (construction activities) (A5).
The construction phase GHG emissions comprise stages A1 – A5 and include the site clearance,
earthworks, construction materials, the transport of the materials to site, construction activities and
construction waste disposal and transport. The construction phase emissions primarily include the
construction of any buildings on site and transport emissions.
Table 14-7 outlines the construction stage emissions under each category. The construction phase is
predicted to result in approx. 14,678 tCO2e, of which materials contribute 90% of these emissions. In
the case of the overall lifecycle of the proposed development, construction phase emissions are a
minor fraction of the overall project GHG emissions (489 tCO2e from the construction phase
annualised relative to 14,384 – 14,395 tCO2e emitted annually by the operational phase). The
construction phase emissions are discussed further in the context of total proposed development GHG
emissions and the relevant sectoral emissions in Section 14.8.1.3.
14.9.1.2 Operational Phase Emissions
The operational phase GHG emissions comprise the Use Stage stages B4 – B7, and include operational
energy use, chemical additives, diesel usage, and transport of the feedstock to the site and product
off site.
The GHG assessment has highlighted the areas where the highest GHG emissions occur, specifically as
a result of the continuous combustion of gas by the CHPs, boiler, dryer to heat and power the site,
and infrequently by the flare, comprising 46% of total annual operational GHG emissions from the
proposed development (see Table 14-7). The operational phase emissions are discussed further in the
context of total proposed development GHG emissions and the relevant sectoral emissions in Section
14.9.1.4.
14.9.1.3 Operational Phase Emissions Offsets
The GHG emissions associated with the construction and operation of the development will be offset
by the production of the biogas and its conversion into renewable biomethane for direct injection into
the national gas distribution system. Between approx. 21,888 and 24,928 tCO2e can be avoided
annually by displacing natural gas by biomethane from the proposed development.
GHG savings from digestate use as biogenic (ammonium sulphate) fertiliser and biogenic digestate
fertiliser as an alternative to artificial fertiliser were also quantified. Approximately 635 tCO2e and
7,569 tCO2e can be avoided annually by using biogenic ammonium sulphate and digestate fertiliser, RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 14-31
respectively, from the proposed development instead of synthetic fertiliser produced from more
carbon intensive processes.
The proposed development will use poultry manure as the primary feedstock, thereby diverting this
manure from being spread onto agricultural land where it emits the GHG nitrous oxide (N2O). This
represents a total emissions avoidance of between 7,426 and 8,725 tCO2e annually.
The proposed development will capture and liquefy between 13,000 and 15,000 tonnes of CO2 from
the digestion process and will directly replace CO2 from a more fossil fuel intensive process (such as
fertiliser production), which is an equivalent to an emissions offset of between 13,000 and 15,000
tCO2e annually.
14.9.1.4 Total GHG Emissions Over Construction and Operational Phases
Figure 14.4, Figure 14.5 and Table 14-7 show the annual GHG emissions and offsets for the proposed
development in both Scenario 1 and Scenario 2 (as described in Section 14.5.2).
The largest source of GHG emissions from the proposed development is from the continuous
combustion of natural gas by the CHPs, boiler, dryer to heat and power the site, and infrequently by
the flare. These sources contribute 46% of the annual GHG emissions from the proposed
development.
The largest impact in terms of GHG emissions offsets is from the displacement of fossil fuel methane
(natural gas) by the biomethane produced by the proposed development, which will avoid between
approx. 21,888 and 24,928 tCO2e annually. The emissions from the construction phase are
comparatively very small and would be paid back in less than a month by the operational phase
emissions offsets. The annual emissions from operation of the proposed development would be paid
back in less than 4 months by the operational phase emissions offsets. RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 14-32
Figure 14.4 Annualised GHG Emissions by Life-Cycle Stage RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 14-33
Figure 14.5 Total Annualised GHG Emissions and Offsets
RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 14-34
Table 14-7 Greenhouse Gas Assessment for Proposed Development Lifetime
Stage
GHG
Assessment
Category
Elements Considered
Annualised Predicted
GHG Emissions
(tCO2e)
Relevant
Sector for
Carbon
Budget
Comparison
Scenario
1
Scenario
2
Construction Phase
A5 Clearance Site preparation and topsoil clearance 0.1 0.1 Industry
A1-A3 Materials
Building materials, concrete, steel etc. Based
on data from construction of similar facilities in
Applicant's ownership, and estimated total
gross floor area of buildings and tanks
441 441 Industry
A4 Material
Transport HGV and LGV trips 36 36 Transport
A5
Excavation Rock, topsoil and other excavation 4 4 Industry
Construction
Worker Travel to
Site
Car trips by construction staff, assumed 30 km
per trip 6 6 Transport
Construction
Waste Disposal Mixed construction and demolition waste 0.2 0.2 Waste
Construction
Waste Transport
HGV transport of waste offsite (assumed
within 30km of the site) 2 2 Transport
Operational Phase
B1 Operational
Materials Use
Chemical additives, engine & general
lubrication oil 1,342 1,342 Transport
B4-B5 Operational
Energy
Gas consumption by dryer, boiler and CHPs
(assumed continuous), and flare (intermittent
throughout the year), plus diesel usage
12,789 12,702 Industry
B6 Operational
Transport HGV trips for feedstock, digestate and CO2. 265 281 Electricity
Emissions Offsets
CO2
Offsets
Operational
Biogas
Production GHG
Offset
Methane emissions avoidance from feedstock
and displacement of fossil fuel methane as
combustion fuel
-21,888 -24,928 Electricity
Operational
Biogenic CO2
GHG Offset
Liquefied CO2 captured from digestion process
offsetting CO2 derived from fossil fuel intensive
processes
-13,000 -15,000 Industry
Operational
Biogenic
Fertiliser GHG
Offset
Avoided emissions from replacing artificial
fertiliser with biogenic ammonium sulphate
fertiliser
-635 -635 Agriculture
Operational
Digestate
Fertiliser Value
GHG Offset
Avoided emissions from replacing artificial
fertiliser with biogenic digestate fertiliser -7,569 -7,569 Agriculture
Avoided Nitrous
Oxide (N2O)
Emissions
Avoided emissions of N2O from use of manure
as feedstock, instead of N2O being released
by manure spreading on agricultural land
-7,426 -8,725 Agriculture
Avoided agri-
food waste GHG
emissions
Avoided emissions from use of agri-food
waste as feedstock for the proposed
development (includes reduced transport
-117 0 Transport RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 14-35
Stage
GHG
Assessment
Category
Elements Considered
Annualised Predicted
GHG Emissions
(tCO2e)
Relevant
Sector for
Carbon
Budget
Comparison
Scenario
1
Scenario
2
distance to waste facility and avoided waste
disposal)
Totals
Scenario 1 Scenario 2
Total Construction Phase Emissions 489 tCO2e annualised 489 tCO2e annualised
Total Operational Phase Emissions 14,395 tCO2e (annually) 14,384 tCO2e (annually)
Total Emissions Offsets -50,635 tCO2e (annually) -56,857 tCO2e (annually)
Total Annual Emissions
Includes GHG emissions offsets by using waste feedstock to
produce biogas, displacement of fossil methane by biogas,
digestate as biofertiliser and biogenic CO2
-35,751 tCO2e (annually) -42,473 tCO2e (annually)
In Table 14-8, predicted annual GHG emissions have been compared against the carbon budget for
the electricity, transport, industry and waste sectors in 2030 (DECC, 2023a), against Ireland’s total
GHG emissions in 2024, against Ireland’s EU 2030 target of a 42% reduction in ETS sector emissions
(Electricity falls under ETS) based on 2005 levels (12.95 Mt CO2e) and against Ireland’s EU 2030 target
of a 42% reduction in non-ETS sector emissions (i.e. categories other than Electricity) based on 2005
levels (27.7 Mt CO2e) (set out in Regulation EU 2018/842 of the European Parliament and of the
Council).
The proposed development is estimated to result in total annual GHG emissions of between 14,884
and 14,873 tCO2e, which is equivalent to 0.03% of Ireland’s total 2024 GHG emissions. The proposed
development is also estimated to result in total annual GHG emissions offsets of between -50,635 and
-56,857 tCO2e, which is equivalent to -0.1% of Ireland’s total 2024 GHG emissions i.e. the offset
represents a reduction of national GHG emissions by these percentages. This takes account of the
GHG emissions offsets from using feedstock to produce biogas, thereby avoiding methane emissions,
and displacement of fossil methane by biomethane, thereby avoiding use of the more carbon intensive
natural gas, as well as digestate biofertiliser and biogenic CO2.
Total annual emissions which fall under ETS (i.e. electricity generation or consumption) are approx.
0.1% of Ireland’s ETS 2030 target, while emissions offsets which fall under ETS equate to
approximately -0.2% of Ireland’s ETS 2030 target.
Total annual emissions which fall under non-ETS (i.e. all categories other than electricity) are
approximately 0.003% of Ireland’s non-ETS 2030 target, while the emissions offset in this category
equates to approx. -0.1% of Ireland’s non-ETS 2030 target.
The total annualised electricity-related (i.e. energy production and consumption) GHG emissions are
approx. 0.4% of the 2030 Electricity sector budget, while the emissions offset in this category equates
to approx. -0.7% of the 2030 Electricity sector budget.
The total annualised waste-related GHG emissions are approx. 0.00002% of the 2030 Waste sector
budget. These emissions originate from the construction phase – there are no significant waste-RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 14-36
related emissions predicted during the operational phase. The emissions offset in this category
equates to approx. -0.01% of the 2030 Waste sector budget.
The total annualised industry-related GHG emissions are approx. 0.01% of the 2030 Industry sector
budget, while the emissions offset in this category equates to approx. -0.3% of the 2030 Industry
sector budget.
The total annualised transport-related GHG emissions are approx. 0.01% of the 2030 Transport sector
budget, while the emissions offset in this category equates to approx. -0.001% of the 2030 Transport
sector budget.
The total annual agriculture-related emissions offset equates to approx. -0.05% of the 2030
Agriculture sector budget.
Table 14-8 Estimated GHG emissions relative to sectoral budgets and GHG baseline
Target/Sectoral Budget
(tCO2e)
Proposed
Develop-
ment
Annualised Development
GHG Emissions (tCO2e)
% of
Relevant
Target/
Budget
Annualised Development
GHG Offsets (tCO2e)
% of
Relevant
Target/
Budget Scenario 1 Scenario 2 Scenario 1 Scenario 2
Ireland's
2024 Total
GHG
Emissions
(existing
baseline)
58,896,000 Total 14,885 14,874 0.03% -50,635 -56,857 -0.1%
Non ETS
2030 Target 27,721,670 Total (non
Electricity) 754 770 0.003% -28,747 -31,929 -0.1%
ETS 2030
Target 12,953,240 Total
Electricity 12,789 12,761 0.1% -21,888 -24,928 -0.2%
2030 Sectoral
Budget
(Industry
Sector)
4,000,000 Total
Industry 445 445 0.01% -13,000 -15,000 -0.3%
2030 Sectoral
Budget
(Transport
Sector)
6,000,000 Total
Transport 309 325 0.01% n/a n/a n/a
2030 Sectoral
Budget
(Electricity
Sector)
3,000,000 Total
Electricity 12,789 12,761 0.4% -21,888 -24,928 -0.7%
2030 Sectoral
Budget
(Waste
Sector)
1,000,000 Total
Waste 0.2 0.2 0.00002% -117 n/a -0.01%
2030 Sectoral
Budget
(Agriculture
Sector)
17,250,000 Total
Agriculture n/a n/a n/a -8,061 -9,360 -0.05%
14.9.1.5 GHGA Significance of Effects
The TII guidance states that the following two factors should be considered when determining
significance:
▪ The extent to which the trajectory of GHG emissions from the project aligns with Ireland’s
GHG trajectory to net zero by 2050; and
▪ The level of mitigation taking place. RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 14-37
The proposed development will result in GHG emissions offsets through using feedstock to produce
biogas and in turn biomethane for distribution into the national gas network, thereby avoiding use of
the more carbon intensive natural gas. The use of digestate biofertiliser instead of synthetic, the use
of manure as a feedstock instead of spreading on agricultural land and the capture of biogenic CO2
also provide emissions offsets.
This is a positive impact on Ireland’s greenhouse gas emissions, in line with the goals of CAP24 and
CAP25 (where the development will provide over 12% of the 2025 biomethane production target), the
National Biomethane Strategy (where the development will provide over 2% of the 2030 biomethane
production target) and Ireland’s GHG net zero by 2050 trajectory.
The level of mitigation described in Section 14.10 has been taken into account when determining the
significance of the proposed development’s GHG emissions. According to the TII significance criteria
described in Section 14.5.2.3 and Table 14-4, the significance of the GHG emissions during the
construction and operational phase is beneficial.
In accordance with the EPA guidelines (EPA, 2022), the above significance equates to a significance of
effect of GHG emissions during the construction and operational phase which is direct, long-term,
positive and slight, which is overall not significant in EIA terms.
14.9.2 Climate Change Risk Assessment
14.9.2.1 Construction Phase
A detailed CCRA of the construction phase has been scoped out for the renewable biogas plant site
and gas grid connection, as discussed in Section 14.5.3. However, consideration has been given to the
proposed development’s vulnerability to the following climate change hazards with best practice
mitigation measures proposed in Section 14.10:
• Flood Risk due to increased precipitation, and intense periods of rainfall. This includes fluvial
and pluvial flooding;
• Increased temperatures potentially causing drought, wildfires and prolonged periods of hot
weather;
• Reduced temperatures resulting in ice or snow; and
• Major Storm Damage – including wind damage.
14.9.2.2 Operational Phase
In order to determine the vulnerability of the proposed development to climate change the sensitivity
and exposure of the development to various climate hazards must first be determined. The following
climate hazards have been considered in the context of the proposed development: flooding (coastal,
pluvial, fluvial); extreme heat; extreme cold; wildfire; drought; extreme wind; lightning, hail and fog.
Wildfire and landslides were not considered relevant to the proposed development due to the
proposed development location and have been screened out of the assessment.
The sensitivity of the proposed development to the above climate hazards is assessed irrespective of
the proposed development location. Table 14-9 details the sensitivity of the proposed development
on a scale of high (3), medium (2) and low (1). Once the sensitivity has been established the exposure RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 14-38
of the proposed development to each of the climate hazards is determined, this is the likelihood of
the climate hazard occurring at the proposed development location and is also scored on a scale of
high (3), medium (2) and low (1). The product of the sensitivity and exposure is then used to determine
the overall vulnerability of the proposed development to each of the climate hazards. The results of
the vulnerability assessment are detailed in Table 14-9.
This CCRA has taken the renewable biogas plant site and gas grid connection elements into account.
Table 14-9 Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment
Climate Hazard Sensitivity Exposure Vulnerability
Flooding (Coastal, Pluvial, Fluvial) 1 (Low) 2 (Medium) 2 (Low)
Extreme Heat 1 (Low) 2 (Medium) 2 (Low)
Extreme Cold 1 (Low) 2 (Medium) 2 (Low)
Drought 1 (Low) 1 (Low) 1 (Low)
Extreme Wind 1 (Low) 1 (Low) 1 (Low)
Lightning & Hail 1 (Low) 1 (Low) 1 (Low)
Fog 1 (Low) 1 (Low) 1 (Low)
The sensitivity and exposure of the area was determined with reference to a number of online tools
and with input from the various discipline specialists on the project team. It was concluded that the
proposed development does not have any significant vulnerabilities to the identified climate hazards
as described in the below sections. All vulnerabilities are classified as low.
14.9.2.2.1 Flooding
A Flood Risk Assessment (FRA) was undertaken by AWN Consulting and is submitted as part of this
planning application (Appendix 10.2 of Chapter 10 Water and Hydrology of this EIAR). This document
was reviewed to inform the climate change vulnerability assessment and assess the potential for
flooding at the proposed development site.
The FRA has concluded that the proposed development site is located in Flood Zone C (zone of lowest
flood risk, where the probability of flooding is less than 0.1%), and is therefore at low risk of fluvial
flooding.
In terms of pluvial flooding (from surface water runoff), the FRA concludes the following:
“Surface water discharge from all areas will be collected and directed to an attenuation/rainwater
harvesting system. Collected rainwater will be utilised in the wheel washing and floor washing
processes. Excess surface water will be attenuated in an underground tank and discharged from the
site to an approved location at greenfield runoff rates. The network will be designed to cater for a 1 in
100-year event with a 30% addition to account for climate change.”
The FRA also concludes that the site is at low risk of groundwater flooding.
It can be concluded that overall, the proposed development has low vulnerability to flood risk.
14.9.2.2.2 Extreme Wind, Fog, Lightning & Hail
In relation to extreme winds, buildings and structures shall be designed to the appropriate standards
to account for the relevant wind loadings events for RCP4.5 and RCP8.5. If required as part of the RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
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building design, lightning protection shall be provided for. Hail and fog are not predicted to
significantly affect the development buildings or plant due to their design.
It can be concluded that overall, the proposed development has low vulnerability to extreme wind,
fog, lightning and hail.
14.9.2.2.3 Extreme Temperatures (Heat & Cold) & Drought
Extreme temperatures, both extreme heat and extreme cold, have the potential to impact the building
materials and some related infrastructure. However, high quality, durable building materials will be
selected for the proposed development at the detailed design stage. Throughout detailed design
phase, the architects will be using guidance documents to inform with design detail decisions
including; the EU Commission Technical Guidance on Adapting Buildings to Climate Change (European
Commission (2021a), and the latest available IPCC report. In addition, should updated EuroCodes be
published prior to completion of detailed design, which will include consideration for climate impacts,
these design standards will be taken into account.
14.9.2.2.4 Wildfires
In relation to wildfires, the Think Hazard! tool developed by the Global Facility for Disaster Reduction
and Recovery (GFDRR, 2025), indicates that the wildfire hazard is classified as medium for the
Monaghan area. This means that there is between a 10% to 50% chance of experiencing weather that
may cause disruptions and low but tangible risk of life and property loss in any given year. Future
climate modelling indicates that there could be an increase in the weather conditions which are
favourable to fire conditions, these include increases in temperature and prolonged dry periods.
However, due to the project location in a predominantly agricultural area, the risk of wildfire is
significantly lessened and it can be concluded that the proposed development is of low vulnerability
to wildfires.
14.9.2.2.5 Summary
Overall, the proposed development has at most low vulnerabilities to the identified climate hazards.
Therefore, no detailed risk assessment is required.
14.9.2.3 CCRA Significance of Effects
With design mitigation in place, there are no significant risks to the proposed development as a result
of climate change. In accordance with the EPA Guidelines (EPA, 2022), the significance of effect of the
impacts to the proposed development as a result of climate change are direct, long-term, negative
and imperceptible, which is overall not significant in EIA terms.
14.9.3 Cumulative Effects
With respect to the requirement for a cumulative assessment the IEMA (IEMA, 2022) and TII (TII,
2022a) guidance on which the assessment is based states that:
“the identified receptor for the GHG Assessment is the global climate and impacts on the receptor from
a project are not geographically constrained, the normal approach for cumulative assessment in EIA is
not considered applicable. By presenting the GHG impact of a project in the context of its alignment to
Ireland’s trajectory of net zero and any sectoral carbon budgets, this assessment will demonstrate the RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
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potential for the project to affect Ireland’s ability to meet its national carbon reduction target. This
assessment approach is considered to be inherently cumulative”.
As per the above, the cumulative impact of the proposed development in relation to GHG emissions
is considered direct, long-term, positive and significant.
14.9.3.1 Digestate
While the proposed development does not include the land spreading of digestate, land spreading of
digestate produced at the proposed development is considered a reasonably foreseeable indirect
activity associated with the future operation of the facility, and has been considered accordingly
within this chapter of the EIAR.
The overall climate impact of digestate spreading depends on multiple variables, including the method
of application (e.g. surface spreading vs. injection), local soil and climatic conditions, and the baseline
(existing) fertiliser regime for the relevant lands that the digestate would replace at the relevant time.
For reasons already explained at Chapter 2, it is not feasible to identify the specific locations, timing,
method, application rates, and characteristics of individual third party land parcels on which digestate
will be applied by third party landowners and occupiers are. As such, it is not possible to undertake a
site-specific quantitative assessment of potential GHG emissions from land spreading of digestate
produced by the proposed development.
Nonetheless, provided the land spreading activity is undertaken in accordance with the Good
Agricultural Practice framework (as defined at Chapter 2), the following will control and minimise the
risk of GHG emissions:
• Maximum digestate application rates;
• Prohibited spreading periods (e.g. during winter months);
• The use of low emission spreading techniques,
• Requirements for soil condition and weather suitability;
Furthermore, the use of use of digestate from the proposed development is likely to displace the
existing baseline production and use of chemical fertilisers (a highly energy-intensive process) and
would help to close the nutrient loop in a circular economy framework. According to the Anaerobic
Digestion and Bioresources Association, “1 tonne of artificial fertiliser replaced with digestate, saves
1 tonne of oil and 7 tonnes of CO2 emissions” , resulting in GHG emissions reductions of an estimated
476,000 t-CO2e/annum.
Given these factors, while some localised GHG emissions may arise indirectly from digestate
application, these are considered to be effectively mitigated through regulatory compliance. The
overall climate impact is not considered to be significant, and in cumulative terms, the use of digestate
is likely to result in net positive climate outcomes relative to the baseline alternative of unmanaged
organic waste disposal or exclusive reliance on artificial fertilisers. RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 14-41
In conclusion, land spreading of digestate is well-regulated and aligns with national and EU climate
policy objectives. No significant adverse cumulative or indirect impacts on climate are anticipated, and
some positive impacts may arise through avoided emissions and reduced fertiliser dependency.
14.9.4 Summary
The following table summarises the identified likely significant effects on climate due to the proposed
development before mitigation measures are applied.
Table 14-10 Summary of Construction and Operational Phase Likely Significant Effects in the
absence of mitigation
Aspect
Likely
Significant
Effect
Quality Significance Extent Probability Duration Type
All elements
of the
proposed
development
(Biogas
Plant and
Gas Grid)
GHG
emissions and
savings from
construction
and operation
Positive Not significant -
slight National Likely Long-term Direct
Climate
change and
related
vulnerability of
the proposed
development
Negative Not significant -
imperceptible Local Likely Long-term Direct
14.10 Mitigation Measures
14.10.1 Renewable Biogas Plant Site
14.10.1.1 Incorporated Design Mitigation
A number of measures have been incorporated into the design of the development to mitigate against
the impacts of future climate change. For example, adequate attenuation and drainage have been
incorporated into the design of the development to avoid potential flooding impacts as a result of
increased rainfall events in future years. These measures have been considered when assessing the
vulnerability of the proposed development to climate change (Section 14.9.2).
An Energy & Sustainability report has been prepared by Metec and is submitted separately with this
planning application. This report has been reviewed in order to inform this assessment. As per the
Energy & Sustainability report, the proposed development will comply with Part L 2022 (Buildings
Other Than Dwellings). As part of the development’s efforts to further reduce energy consumption,
the project is targeting a minimum A3 BER (Building Energy Rating) across the development.
The development design has followed the “Be Mean, Be Lean, Be Green” energy hierarchy approach
which includes: RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 14-42
▪ Using less resources (“Be Mean”) – this is achieved through high-performance U-values,
improved air tightness and improved thermal transmittance and thermal bridging design.
▪ Using resources efficiently (“Be Lean”) – this is achieved through installation of low energy
plant, increased use of natural ventilation where feasible, increased use of natural daylight
where feasible and use of energy efficient LED lighting where artificial lighting is required.
▪ Using renewable technologies (“Be Green”) – various renewable technologies are being
investigated for the proposed development and will be fully developed during the detailed
design. Such options include combined heat and power (CHP), air source heat pump, VRF heat
pump and solar photovoltaics.
Additionally, the proposed development incorporates electric vehicle charging and bicycle parking and
water efficiency measures (such as low consumption sanitary fittings) will be incorporated into the
development design.
These measures will aid in reducing the impact to climate during the operational phase of the
proposed development in line with the goals of the Climate Action Plan.
14.10.1.2 Construction Phase Mitigation
Embodied carbon of materials and GHG emissions associated with construction activities will be the
primary source of climate impacts during the construction phase. Best practice measures to reduce
the GHG emissions of the construction works include:
▪ Appointing a suitably competent contractor who will undertake waste audits detailing
resource recovery best practice and identify materials can be reused/recycled;
▪ Materials will be reused on site where possible;
▪ Prevention of on-site or delivery vehicles from leaving engines idling, even over short periods;
▪ Ensure all plant and machinery are well maintained and inspected regularly;
▪ Minimising waste of materials due to poor timing or over ordering on site will aid to minimise
the embodied carbon footprint of the site; and
▪ Sourcing materials locally where possible to reduce transport related CO2 emissions.
In terms of impact on the proposed development due to climate change, during construction the
Contractor will be required to mitigate against the effects of extreme rainfall/flooding through site
risk assessments and method statements. The Contractor will also be required to mitigate against the
effects of extreme wind/storms, temperature extremes through site risk assessments and method
statements. All materials used during construction will be accompanied by certified datasheets which
will set out the limiting operating temperatures. Temperatures can affect the performance of some
materials, and this will require consideration during construction. During construction, the Contractor
will be required to mitigate against the effects of fog, lighting and hail through site risk assessments
and method statements.
14.10.1.3 Operational Phase Mitigation
The proposed development by design will reduce GHG emissions during the operational phase as
follows: RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 14-43
▪ The proposed development will use organic waste as the feedstock in Scenario 1, thereby
diverting this waste stream from composting. This represents a total emissions avoidance of
between 2,060 tCO2e over the 30 year lifetime of the proposed development, or 69 tonnes
annually (if avoidance of composting disposal of organic waste is assumed).
Measures have been incorporated into the of the development to mitigate the impacts of future
climate change. For example, adequate attenuation and drainage have been incorporated to avoid
potential flooding impacts due to increased rainfall events in future years. These measures have been
considered when assessing the vulnerability of the proposed development to climate change (see
Section 14.9.2.2).
14.10.2 Gas Grid Connection
The climate effects of the gas grid connection have been assessed as part of the overall project. These
works are outside the control of the applicant, and any mitigation identified for them is presented as
recommended rather than committed. As part of the separate consenting process for the gas grid
connection, it is expected that Gas Networks Ireland will implement similar construction and
operational phase mitigation measures as outlined above in Sections 14.10.1 and Error! Reference
source not found. for the renewable biogas plant site.
The GHG emissions associated with in particular the excavation activities, materials required for
construction of the grid connection and transport of materials and staff can be mitigated with
measures similar to those outlined in Sections 14.10.1 and Error! Reference source not found., which
are typical for the industry and this type of development. Additionally as a public sector body, Gas
Networks Ireland will have obligations under the Buying Greener: Green Public Procurement Strategy
and Action Plan 2024-2027 (Government of Ireland, 2024a) to prioritise procurement of goods and
services with lower associated GHG emissions, which if implemented will reduce the impact of the
construction and operation of the gas grid connection.
14.11 Residual Impact Assessment
The impact to climate as a result of a proposed development must be assessed as a whole for all
phases. The proposed development will result in GHG emissions offsets through using feedstock to
produce biogas and in turn biomethane for distribution into the national gas network, thereby
avoiding use of the more carbon intensive natural gas. The use of digestate biofertiliser instead of
synthetic, the use of manure as a feedstock instead of spreading on agricultural land and the capture
of biogenic CO2 also provide emissions offsets. Emissions offset from these activities total between
50,635 and 56,857 tCO2e annually.
This is a positive impact on Ireland’s greenhouse gas emissions, in line with the goals of CAP24 and
CAP25 (where the development will provide over 12% of the 2025 biomethane production target), the
National Biomethane Strategy (where the development will provide over 2% of the 2030 biomethane
production target) and Ireland’s GHG net zero by 2050 trajectory. TII reference the IEMA guidance
which states that the crux of assessing significance is “not whether a project emits GHG emissions, nor
even the magnitude of GHG emissions alone, but whether it contributes to reducing GHG emissions
relative to a comparable baseline consistent with a trajectory towards net zero by 2050”. RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 14-44
As per the assessment criteria in Table 14.3, the residual impact of the proposed development in
relation to GHG emissions is beneficial.
In accordance with the EPA guidelines (EPA, 2022), the above significance equates to a significance of
effect of GHG emissions during the construction and operational phase, which is direct, long-term,
positive and slight, which is overall not significant in EIA terms.
In relation to climate change vulnerability, it has been assessed that there are no significant risks to
the proposed development as a result of climate change. The residual effect of climate change on the
proposed development is considered direct, long-term, negative and imperceptible, which is overall
not significant in EIA terms.
14.11.1 Summary of Post-mitigation Effects
The following table summarises the identified likely significant residual effects during the construction
and operational phases of the proposed development following the application of mitigation
measures.
Table 14-11 Summary of Construction Phase Effects Post Mitigation
Aspect
Likely
Significant
Effect
Quality Significance Extent Probability Duration Type
All elements
of the
proposed
development
(Biogas
Plant and
Gas Grid)
GHG
emissions and
savings from
construction
and operation
Positive Not significant -
slight National Likely Long-term Direct
Climate
change and
related
vulnerability of
the proposed
development
Negative Not significant -
imperceptible Local Likely Long-term Direct
14.11.2 Cumulative Residual Effects
With respect to the requirement for a cumulative assessment the IEMA (IEMA, 2022) and TII (TII,
2022a) guidance on which the assessment is based states that:
“the identified receptor for the GHG Assessment is the global climate and impacts on the receptor from
a project are not geographically constrained, the normal approach for cumulative assessment in EIA is
not considered applicable. By presenting the GHG impact of a project in the context of its alignment to
Ireland’s trajectory of net zero and any sectoral carbon budgets, this assessment will demonstrate the
potential for the project to affect Ireland’s ability to meet its national carbon reduction target. This
assessment approach is considered to be inherently cumulative”.
As per the above, the cumulative impact of the proposed development in relation to GHG emissions
is considered direct, long-term, positive and significant. RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 14-45
14.12 Risk of Major Accidents or Disasters
As detailed in Section 14.9.2.2, climate change has the potential to alter weather patterns and increase
the frequency of rainfall in future years. However, the potential for flooding on site has been reviewed
and adequate attenuation and drainage have been provided for to account for increased rainfall in
future years. All climate change-related risks were categorised as ‘low’ as per Section 14.9.2.2.
There are no additional likely risks of major accidents and disasters in relation to climate associated
with the proposed development. Appropriate control measures (such as tank design and lightning
protection) will be in place to ensure unplanned GHG emissions are avoided.
14.13 Worst Case Scenario
A worst-case assessment has been undertaken to evaluate the maximum credible effects of the
proposed development. This considers the full extent, scale, and all operational elements. As a result,
Section 14.9 details the worst-case impact for the proposed development.
The assessment focuses on effects under normal operational conditions and excludes low-probability
events, such as major accidents or disasters, as set out above.
Therefore, the residual effects assessment is representative of the worst case scenario.
14.14 Interactions
Please refer to Chapter 18.
14.15 Monitoring
There is no monitoring required for the construction or operational phases based on this assessment.
However, in order to operate (pending planning permission) the proposed development will be
subject to an Industrial Emissions (IE) Licence, which is regulated by the EPA. As part of this IE licence,
GHG emissions will be quantified and reported to the EPA on an annual basis, and the EPA may impose
licence conditions relating to energy use, energy efficiency and measures to reduce GHG emissions.
14.16 Summary of Mitigation and Monitoring
The following table summarises the Construction Phase mitigation and monitoring measures.
Table 14-12 Summary of Construction Phase Mitigation and Monitoring
Aspect Likely
Significant Effect
Mitigation Monitoring
All elements of
the proposed
development
(Biogas Plant
and Gas Grid)
Impact of
proposed
development
greenhouse gas
▪ Appointing a suitably competent contractor who will
undertake waste audits detailing resource recovery
best practice and identify materials can be
reused/recycled;
▪ Materials will be reused on site where possible;
No monitoring
proposed. RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 14-46
Aspect Likely
Significant Effect
Mitigation Monitoring
emissions on
climate.
▪ Prevention of on-site or delivery vehicles from
leaving engines idling, even over short periods;
▪ Ensure all plant and machinery are well maintained
and inspected regularly;
▪ Minimising waste of materials due to poor timing or
over ordering on site will aid to minimise the
embodied carbon footprint of the site; and
▪ Sourcing materials locally where possible to reduce
transport related CO2 emissions.
Vulnerability of
proposed
development to
future climate
change.
▪ Contractor will be required to mitigate against the
effects of extreme rainfall/flooding, extreme
winds/storms, temperature extremes, fog, lightning
and hail through site risk assessments and method
statements.
▪ All materials used during construction will be
accompanied by certified datasheets which will set
out the limiting operating temperatures.
No monitoring
proposed.
The following Table summarises the Operational Phase mitigation and monitoring measures.
Table 14-13 Summary of Operational Phase Mitigation and Monitoring
Aspect Likely Significant Effect Mitigation Monitoring
All elements of the
proposed development
(Biogas Plant and Gas
Grid)
Impact of proposed
development greenhouse
gas emissions on climate.
Incorporated design mitigation relating
to operational energy usage. See
Section 14.10 for further details.
No monitoring
proposed.
Vulnerability of proposed
development to future
climate change.
Incorporated design mitigation
regarding drainage design, building
design. See Section 14.10 for further
details.
No monitoring
proposed.
14.17 Conclusion
This chapter has reviewed and analysed the potential and the predicted impacts of the proposed
development with regards to climate. These impacts have been considered for both the construction
and operational phases of the proposed development. The cumulative impact of the proposed
development and surrounding developments have also been considered.
From the assessment completed, the proposed development is anticipated to deliver annual
greenhouse gas emissions offsets of between approx. -50,635 and -56,857 tCO2e per annum through
using feedstock to produce biogas, thereby avoiding methane emissions, and displacement of fossil
methane by biomethane, thereby avoiding use of the more carbon intensive natural gas, as well as
digestate biofertiliser and biogenic CO2. These GHG offsets represent a 0.1% reduction in emissions
relative to Ireland’s 2024 national GHG emissions, and a 0.1% reduction in emissions which contribute RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 14-47
to the 2030 electricity sectoral budget. Note that CAP25 targets the construction of 20 anaerobic
digestor plants of scale. The offsets associated with the proposed development together with similar
offsets achievable by these other target plants therefore have the potential to make a significant
contribution to national GHG reduction targets.
This is a positive impact on Ireland’s greenhouse gas emissions, in line with the goals of CAP24 and
CAP25, where the development will provide over 12% and 2% of the 2025 and 2030 biomethane
production targets, respectively. The biomethane produced by the development can be classified as
“a zero-carbon rated fuel” if it satisfies the Renewable Energy Directive’s life cycle sustainability
criteria, and will therefore directly contribute to meeting Ireland’s decarbonisation targets.
The development is also fully in line with national planning objectives (through the National Planning
Framework and the Northern & Western Regional Assembly Regional Spatial And Economic Strategy
2020-2032, which directly support circular and bioeconomy, the creation of appropriately scaled local
multi-feedstock bio-refining hubs across the region as well as creation of bio-districts/clusters, the
build-out of the gas supply network in the region, and encourage and support innovative partnerships
extending the gas network in the region, including the potential for gas to grid injection facilities along
with anaerobic digestion facilities.
The proposed development, through its GHG emissions savings potential, will make an important
contribution both annually and over its lifetime to Ireland meeting its legal obligations under EU
climate law to achieve the net carbon zero target for 2050. Anaerobic digestors are a key action in
terms of national policy and decarbonising energy production, without which Ireland will struggle to
achieve Ireland’s GHG targets. The proposed development should therefore be considered an
essential installation in aiding Ireland’s legal climate compliance and combatting the national climate
emergency.
Certain industrial sectors, as well as some residential areas in Ireland are reliant on the natural gas
network for heating and energy production, with few technologies available to offset and displace
fossil gas. Biomethane is uniquely suited to displace carbon intensive fossil gas in the grid, directly
addressing emissions from hard-to-abate sectors such as heat and transport. Domestic biomethane
production also helps to increase Ireland’s energy security through the use of domestic resources to
reduce reliance on foreign energy imports. These specific benefits highlight the unique advantages
offered by anaerobic digestion technology, which cannot be so comprehensively achieved through
other alternatives. The plant will produce stable and valuable sustainable fertilisers which will offset
carbon intensive artificial fertiliser, and can be used locally, encouraging a local market to use less
carbon intensive products in agriculture and enabling local farmers to deliver net zero farming.
Provided all mitigation measures as set out in this chapter are implemented, the overall predicted
effect of the proposed development on GHG emissions is direct, positive, long-term and slight, while
the effect of climate change risk on the proposed development is direct, negative, long-term and
imperceptible.
RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
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14.18 References and Sources
Civil Engineering Standard Method of Measurement (CESSM) (2013) Carbon and Price Book database.
Construction Industry Federation (2021) Modern Methods of Construction
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (2020a) State of the Irish Environment Report (Chapter 2:
Climate Change)
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (2020b) Research 339: High-Resolution Climate Projections
for Ireland – A Multi-Model Ensemble Approach
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (2021) What impact will climate change have for Ireland?
[Online] Available at https://www.epa.ie/environment-and-you/climate-change/what-impact-will-
climate-change-have-for-ireland/ [Date Accessed: October 2025]
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (2022) Guidelines on the Information to be Contained in
Environmental Impact Assessment Reports
Environmental Protection Agency (2025a) Ireland's Final Greenhouse Gas Emissions 1990-2024
EPA (2025b) Ireland’s Greenhouse Gas Emissions Projections 2024-2055
European Commission (2013) Guidance on Integrating Climate Change and Biodiversity into
Environmental Impact Assessment
European Commission (2014) 2030 Climate and Energy Policy Framework
European Commission (2017) Environmental Impact Assessment of Projects: Guidance on the
preparation of the Environmental Impact Assessment Report
European Commission (2021a) Technical guidance on the Climate Proofing of Infrastructure in the
Period 2021-2027
European Commission (2021b) 2030 EU Climate Target Plan
European Commission (2021b) Forging a climate-resilient Europe - the new EU Strategy on Adaptation
to Climate Change.
European Union (2018) Regulation 2018/842 on binding annual greenhouse gas emission reductions
by Member States from 2021 to 2030 contributing to climate action to meet commitments under the
Paris Agreement and amending Regulation (EU) No. 525/2013
Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery (GFDRR) (2025) Think Hazard!
Government of Ireland (2015) Climate Action and Low Carbon Development Act
Government of Ireland (2018) Climate Action Plan 2019
Government of Ireland (2019) Northern & Western Regional Assembly Regional Spatial And Economic
Strategy 2020-2032
Government of Ireland (2020) Climate Action Plan 2021
Government of Ireland (2021) Climate Action and Low Carbon Development (Amendment) Act 2021
(No. 32 of 2021)
Government of Ireland (2022) Climate Action Plan 2022 RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
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Government of Ireland (2023a) Climate Action Plan (CAP) 2024
Government of Ireland (2024a) Buying Greener: Green Public Procurement Strategy and Action Plan
(2024–2027)
Government of Ireland (2024b) Long-term Strategy on Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reductions
Government of Ireland (2024c) National Adaptation Framework (NAF)
Government of Ireland (2024d) National Biomethane Strategy
Government of Ireland (2025a) Climate Action Plan (CAP) 2025
Government of Ireland (2025b) National Planning Framework (First Revision)
Institute of Sustainability & Environmental Professionals (ISEP) (formerly known as IEMA) (2020a)
Environmental Impact Assessment Guide to: Climate Change Resilience and Adaptation
Institute of Sustainability & Environmental Professionals (ISEP) (formerly known as IEMA) (2020b) GHG
Management Hierarchy
Institute of Sustainability & Environmental Professionals (ISEP) (formerly known as IEMA) (2022)
Environmental Impact Assessment Guide to: Assessing GHG Emissions and Evaluating their
Significance
Met Éireann (2024a) TRANSLATE: One Climate Resource for Ireland. [Online] Available at:
https://www.met.ie/science/translate [Date Accessed: October 2025]
Met Éireann (2024b) Ireland’s 30-year Climate Averages [Online] Available at:
https://www.met.ie/climate/30-year-averages [Date Accessed: October 2025]
Met Éireann (2024c). TRANSLATE research report.
Met Éireann (2025) 2024 Climate Statement
Monaghan County Council (MCC) (2024) Monaghan County Council Climate Change Action Plan 2024
-2029
Sustainable Energy Authority of Ireland (SEAI) (2024). Conversion Factors. Available from: seai.ie/data-
and-insights/seai-statistics/conversion-factors/ [Date Accessed: October 2025]
The Geological Society of Ireland (GSI) (2025) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping Database
Transport Infrastructure Ireland (2022a) PE-ENV-01104: Climate Guidance for National Roads, Light
Rail and Rural Cycleways (Offline & Greenways) – Overarching Technical Document
Transport Infrastructure Ireland (2022b) PE-ENV-01106: Air Quality Assessment of Specified
Infrastructure Projects
Transport Infrastructure Ireland (2025) GE-ENV-01106: TII Carbon Assessment Tool for Road and Light
Rail Projects and User Guidance Document
Transport Infrastructure Ireland (2024) TII Road Emissions Model (REM): Model Development Report
– GE-ENV-01107
Fehily Timoney (2021) Baseline Study Poultry Sector, Co. Monaghan
RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
CHAPTER 15
CULTURAL HERITAGE:
BUILT HERITAGE & ARCHAEOLOGY
VOLUME II
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT
Stream BioEnergy Ireland Limited
AUGUST 2026
RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 15-1
Table of Contents
15 Cultural Heritage: Built Heritage & Archaeology .................................................................. 15-5
15.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 15-5
15.1.1 Expertise & Qualifications ..................................................................................................... 15-5
15.2 Proposed Project ................................................................................................................... 15-6
15.2.1 Renewable Biogas Plant Site ................................................................................................. 15-6
15.2.2 Linear Gas Grid Connection................................................................................................... 15-7
15.2.3 Aspects Relevant to this Assessment .................................................................................... 15-7
15.3 Methodology ......................................................................................................................... 15-8
15.3.1 Relevant Legislation & Guidance .......................................................................................... 15-8
15.3.2 Desktop Study ..................................................................................................................... 15-10
15.3.3 Site Surveys / Investigations ............................................................................................... 15-10
15.3.4 Study Area (Zone of Influence) ........................................................................................... 15-11
15.3.5 Consultation ........................................................................................................................ 15-15
15.3.6 Impact Assessment Methodology ....................................................................................... 15-15
15.4 Difficulties Encountered ...................................................................................................... 15-16
15.5 Baseline Environment ......................................................................................................... 15-16
15.5.1 Cultural Heritage Context ................................................................................................... 15-16
15.5.2 Archaeological Heritage (Designated Assets) ..................................................................... 15-53
15.5.3 Architectural Heritage (Designated Assets) ........................................................................ 15-67
15.5.4 Undesignated Cultural Heritage .......................................................................................... 15-72
15.6 The ‘Do Nothing’ Scenario .................................................................................................. 15-75
15.6.1 Renewable Biogas Plant Site ............................................................................................... 15-75
15.6.2 Linear Gas Grid Connection................................................................................................. 15-75
15.7 Potential Significant Effects ................................................................................................ 15-75
15.7.1 Construction Phase ............................................................................................................. 15-75
15.7.2 Operational Phase ............................................................................................................... 15-76
15.7.3 Cumulative Effects .............................................................................................................. 15-78
15.7.4 Summary ............................................................................................................................. 15-78
15.8 Mitigation Measures ........................................................................................................... 15-79
15.8.1 Renewable Biogas Plant Site ............................................................................................... 15-79
15.8.2 Linear Gas Grid Connection................................................................................................. 15-81
15.9 Residual Impact Assessment ............................................................................................... 15-81
15.9.1 Construction Phase ............................................................................................................. 15-81
15.9.2 Operational Phase ............................................................................................................... 15-81
15.9.3 Cumulative Effects .............................................................................................................. 15-82 RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 15-2
15.9.4 Summary of Post-mitigation Effects ................................................................................... 15-82
15.9.5 Cumulative Residual Effects ................................................................................................ 15-83
15.10 Risk of Major Accidents or Disasters ................................................................................... 15-83
15.11 Worst Case Scenario ........................................................................................................... 15-83
15.12 Interactions ......................................................................................................................... 15-83
15.13 Monitoring .......................................................................................................................... 15-83
15.14 Summary of Mitigation and Monitoring ............................................................................. 15-83
15.15 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................... 15-84
15.15.1 Renewable Biogas Plant Site ............................................................................................... 15-85
15.15.2 Linear Gas Grid Connection................................................................................................. 15-85
15.16 References and Sources ...................................................................................................... 15-86
15.16.1 Documentary References .................................................................................................... 15-86
15.16.2 Online Sources .................................................................................................................... 15-88
Table of Figures
Figure 15-1 Study area for proposed renewable biogas plant site .................................................. 15-12
Figure 15-2 Comparative ZVT showing potential visibility of proposed development in a bare ground
scenario and with existing screening ............................................................................................... 15-13
Figure 15-3 Study area for proposed linear gas grid connection .................................................... 15-14
Figure 15-4 Excerpt of the Down Survey map showing the approximate location of the proposed
Renewable Biogas Plant ................................................................................................................... 15-21
Figure 15-5 Excerpt of the First Edition six-inch OS map showing the location of the proposed
renewable biogas plant site and soil location area.......................................................................... 15-23
Figure 15-6 Excerpt of the OS six-inch historic map showing the approximate location of the proposed
linear gas grid connection, with relevant features highlighted and detail in insets ........................ 15-24
Figure 15-7 Excerpt of the OS 25-inch historic map showing the approximate location of the proposed
renewable biogas plant site ............................................................................................................. 15-26
Figure 15-8 Excerpt of the OS 25-inch historic map showing the approximate location of the proposed
linear gas grid connection, with relevant features highlighted ....................................................... 15-27
Figure 15-9 Aerial imagery (OSi 1995) of the proposed development site ..................................... 15-28
Figure 15-10 Satellite imagery (Google Earth Pro 2024) of the proposed site ................................ 15-29
Figure 15-11 Previous archaeological investigations in the vicinity of the proposed development site
......................................................................................................................................................... 15-30
Figure 15-12 Townland boundaries within and around proposed development site ..................... 15-32
Figure 15-13 Fields assessed during site inspection of proposed biogas plant site, showing cultural
heritage receptors in its vicinity ....................................................................................................... 15-33
Figure 15-14 Google StreetView imagery of Laganeers Bridge, facing west ................................... 15-41 RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 15-3
Figure 15-15 NIAH record photograph of Dartrey Estate entrance gateway (NIAH Ref. 41402216) .. 15-
42
Figure 15-16 Google StreetView imagery of Dartrey Estate entrance gateway (NIAH Ref. 41402216),
facing south ...................................................................................................................................... 15-43
Figure 15-17 Summary interpretation of geophysical survey results (after Leigh 2024) ................ 15-45
Figure 15-18 Test trench layout over geophysical survey results (Coen 2024) ............................... 15-48
Figure 15-19 Details of Archaeological Area 1 in Trench 6 (Coen 2024) ......................................... 15-49
Figure 15-20 Location of test trenches within proposed development site ................................... 15-52
Figure 15-21 Detail of T1 showing archaeological features (Baldwin 2026) ................................... 15-53
Figure 15-22 Recorded monuments within study area for proposed development site ................ 15-54
Figure 15-23 Recorded hilltop enclosure (MO022-008) as visible on current aerial imagery ......... 15-55
Figure 15-24 Locations of recorded monuments assessed for visual impact .................................. 15-57
Figure 15-25 Photomontage showing existing view (top) and view of proposed biogas plant to north-
east of recorded hilltop enclosure post-mitigation (bottom) .......................................................... 15-61
Figure 15-26 Photomontage showing existing view (top) and view of proposed biogas plant to north-
east of recorded stone row post-mitigation (bottom) .................................................................... 15-62
Figure 15-27 Recorded monuments along proposed linear gas grid connection route .................. 15-66
Figure 15-28 NIAH sites within study area for the proposed renewable biogas plant site ............. 15-68
Figure 15-29 Protected Structures within study area for the proposed linear gas grid connection ... 15-
69
Figure 15-30 NIAH sites within study area for the proposed linear gas grid connection ................ 15-71
Figure 15-31 Undesignated cultural heritage within study area for the proposed renewable biogas
plant site .......................................................................................................................................... 15-73
Figure 15-32 Undesignated cultural heritage sites within study area for the proposed linear gas grid
connection ....................................................................................................................................... 15-74
Figure 15-33 Landscaping proposed for biogas plant site ............................................................... 15-80
RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 15-4
Table of Tables
Table 15.1 Placenames within the study area ................................................................................. 15-31
Table 15.2 Details of trenches excavated under Licence No. 24E01224 ......................................... 15-46
Table 15.3 Details of trenches excavated under Licence No. 26E0370 ........................................... 15-50
Table 15.4 Recorded monuments within 1km of proposed renewable biogas plant site ............... 15-54
Table 15.5 Summary of Construction Phase Likely Significant Effects in the absence of mitigation .. 15-
78
Table 15.6 Summary of Operational Phase Likely Significant Effects in the absence of mitigation 15-78
Table 15.7 Summary of Construction Phase Effects Post Mitigation .............................................. 15-82
Table 15.8 Summary of Operational Phase Effects Post Mitigation ................................................ 15-82
Table 15.9 Summary of Construction Phase Mitigation and Monitoring ........................................ 15-83
Table 15.10 Summary of Operational Phase Mitigation and Monitoring ........................................ 15-84
RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 15-5
15 Cultural Heritage: Built Heritage & Archaeology
15.1 Introduction
This chapter of the EIAR was prepared to assess the potential significant effects of the proposed
project on the cultural heritage, archaeology and architectural heritage environment (‘cultural
heritage’1 hereafter) within the site for the proposed Biogas Plant located in Magheranakelly
townland, Drum, Co. Monaghan and a Linear Gas Grid Connection along the R188 and R189 public
roads (‘proposed dproject’ hereafter).The purpose of the study is to assess the possible significance
of the receiving cultural heritage environment and to identify and evaluate the significance of the
impact of the proposed development on this environment and to suggest any mitigation measures
that might be appropriate.
It should be read in conjunction with Appendices 15.1 – 15.5.
15.1.1 Expertise & Qualifications
This chapter of the EIAR has been prepared by Dr Karen O’Toole and Dr Clare Crowley of Courtney
Deery Heritage Consultancy.
Dr O’Toole has a BA in Archaeology and History from University College Dublin (2017), an MSc in
Experimental Archaeology and Material Cultural from University College Dublin (2018), and a PhD in
Archaeology from University College Dublin (2024). Dr O’Toole has over 7 years’ experience in the field
of Cultural Heritage (archaeology, built heritage, history, and folklore). She has carried out numerous
surveys and evaluations of archaeological and historic monuments, buildings, sites, and landscapes,
for the purposes of academic research, conservation, assessment, management, and development
control. She provides advice, assessment, management, protection, and promotion for heritage
related issues. She has undertaken a variety of Cultural Heritage studies and assessments, including
EIAR research and fieldwork and been involved in the preparation of EIARs for the following projects:
▪ National Cricket Centre, Sport Ireland Campus, Co. Dublin (Planning Ref.
FW25A/0173E)
▪ Lissenhall Park and Ride, Lissenhall Little, Swords, Co. Dublin (Planning Ref.
F25A/0710E)
▪ Kellystown LRD, Co. Dublin (Planning Ref. FW25A/0418E and FW25A/0419E)
Dr Crowley is a Cultural Heritage Consultant, Senior Archaeologist, and EIA Manager at Courtney Deery
Heritage Consultancy Ltd. She has over 25 years’ experience in the field of Cultural Heritage
(archaeology, built heritage, history, folklore). She is experienced in the management and production
of Cultural Heritage EIAs for large-scale infrastructural projects (such as roads, wind farms, solar PV
farms, and gas and water pipeline schemes, including SIDs) from the scoping stage through to oral
hearing.
1 Cultural Heritage is a broad term that includes Archaeological Heritage, Built (Architectural) Heritage, Portable
Heritage, Intangible Heritage, and other resources inherited from the past by contemporary society. RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 15-6
15.2 Proposed Project
The “proposed development” for which the Applicant seeks planning permission comprises the
development of a Renewable Biogas Plant and alterations to the local road to facilitate access.
The overall “project” subject to Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) also includes the Linear Gas
Grid Connection, which forms part of the wider development but lies outside the planning application
boundary.
The following is a summary of the Proposed Project. Please refer to Chapter 2 of this EIAR for the
detailed description.
15.2.1 Renewable Biogas Plant Site
The project consists of the construction and operation of a Renewable Biogas Plant and associated
infrastructure. The principal elements of the plant comprise a main process building where the
feedstock for the anaerobic digestion (AD) process is received. An odour control system with a
dispersion stack will treat the air from the building. The feedstock passes to the AD tanks located
within a bunded tank farm. There is a combined heat and power (CHP) building within which a gas
fired CHP engine will generate electricity for the plant's energy needs. A Biogas Upgrade and
Treatment Plant will be installed to produce biomethane (a renewable natural gas) that will be
exported via a Gas Grid Entry Unit to the national gas grid. A CO2 Liquefaction plant will be installed to
capture the carbon dioxide in the biogas, turning it into liquid CO₂. A Dryer Building is proposed, where
the digestate will be dried, and a Pellet Hall will be constructed, where the digestate pellets will be
stored prior to removal from the site for use as a natural fertiliser product. Ancillary elements include
a gas dome, tanks to store incoming liquid feedstock, freshwater, firewater, and fuel, a backup gas
flare, a backup generator, a plant building, and a control building. Widening of the local road, berms,
a new site entrance, weighbridges, wheel washes, parking, lighting and all ancillary development
works and services also form part of the development.
A high-level process flow follows. RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 15-7
15.2.2 Linear Gas Grid Connection
A gas transmission pipeline will provide a physical connection between the Renewable Biogas Plant
and the existing national gas network in Dromore West. Co. Monaghan. While the development of the
gas grid is not part of the planning application, as Gas Networks Ireland will deliver it, it is included in
the EIAR for assessment purposes, as it forms part of the overall project for the EIA Directive. The
works comprise the laying of an underground pipeline over approximately 3.5km within the public
road corridor.
15.2.3 Aspects Relevant to this Assessment
The aspects of the proposed development relevant to this assessment are:
• Site preparation works: Including clearance of vegetation, topsoil stripping and grading to
establish a stable foundation and levels across the Renewable Biogas Plant Site.
• Site utilities and infrastructure: Including excavation to facilitate service trenches, and
underground utilities.
• Site wide landscaping: Including planting of vegetation. RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 15-8
15.3 Methodology
15.3.1 Relevant Legislation & Guidance
15.3.1.1 Legislation
The following legislation was consulted to inform the assessment:
▪ Architectural Heritage (National Inventory) and Historic Monuments (Miscellaneous
Provisions) Act, 2000;
▪ Council of Europe Convention for the Protection of the Architectural Heritage of Europe,
19852;
▪ Council of Europe European Convention on the Protection of the Archaeological Heritage,
19923;
▪ European Landscape Convention (ELC), 20004;
▪ Heritage Act, 1995;
▪ Historic and Archaeological Heritage and Miscellaneous Provisions Act 20235.
▪ National Monuments (Amendments) Acts, 1930-2014;
▪ ICOMOS Xi’an Declaration on the Conservation of the Setting of Heritage Structures, Sites and
Areas, 2005;
▪ Planning and Development Act, 2000, as amended (‘PDA 2000’ hereafter).
Excerpts from the relevant legislation are contained in Appendix 15.1.
15.3.1.2 Standards and Guidelines
The following standards and guidelines were consulted to inform the assessment:
▪ Burra Charter, the Australia ICOMOS Charter for Places of Cultural Significance, 2013;
▪ ICOMOS Xi’an Declaration on the Conservation of the Setting of Heritage Structures, Sites and
Areas, 2005;
2 Ratified by Ireland in 1991
3 Ratified by Ireland in 1997
4 Ratified by Ireland in 2002
5 The Historic and Archaeological Heritage and Miscellaneous Provisions Act 2023 was enacted in October 2023
and this Act is now law. The Minister for DHLGH commenced certain provisions in May 2024 (S.I. No. 252/2024)
which relate to World Heritage Property in the State, inventories, the protection of certain records, the
promotion of heritage, and the issuing of statutory guidance. Certain related and supporting provisions
concerning implementation and enforcement are also commenced. Further provisions in December 2024 (S.I.
No. 663/2024) relate to underwater cultural heritage, another Commencement Order in March 2025 (S.I. No.
88/2025) relates to prohibitions, offences, defences and procedural matters, and a Commencement in
December 2025 (S.I. No. 555/2025) relating to the return of stolen or illegally exported cultural objects .
However, until the Act is fully commenced, the National Monuments Acts and the Architectural Heritage
(National Inventory) and Historic Monuments (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act have not yet been repealed and
therefore remain in force. RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 15-9
▪ Department of Arts, Heritage and the Gaeltacht (2015). National Landscape Strategy for
Ireland 2015 – 2025.
▪ Department of Arts, Heritage, Gaeltacht and the Islands (1999). Frameworks and Principles for
the Protection of the Archaeological Heritage;
▪ Department of the Environment and Local Government (2000). Landscape and Landscape
Assessment – Consultation Draft of Guidelines for Planning Authorities;
▪ Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (2022). Guidelines on the information to be contained
in Environmental Impact Assessment Reports (‘the EPA guidelines’ hereafter);
▪ Historic England (2017). Historic Environment Good Practice Advice in Planning Note 3: The
Setting of Heritage Assets (2nd Edition);
▪ Historic Scotland (2010). Managing Change in the Historic Environment;
▪ National Roads Authority (2005). Guidelines for the Testing and Mitigation of the Wetland
Archaeological Heritage for National Road Schemes;
▪ The Heritage Council (2010). Proposals for Ireland’s Landscapes;
▪ Transport Infrastructure Ireland (TII;2024). Guidelines for Cultural Heritage Impact
Assessment of TII National Road and Greenway Projects (‘the TII guidelines’ hereafter);
▪ TII & Department of Arts, Heritage, Regional, Rural and Gaeltacht Affairs (2017). Code of
Practice for Archaeology agreed between the Minister for Arts, Heritage, Regional, Rural and
Gaeltacht Affairs and Transport Infrastructure Ireland.
15.3.1.3 Planning Policy
County Monaghan has a rich archaeological heritage of rock art, earthworks, ringforts, cairns,
crannogs, burial grounds, as well as items of industrial archaeology such as mills, remnants of the
Great Northern Railway and the Ulster Canal. The Monaghan County Development Plan (CDP; 2025-
2031) acknowledges that archaeological heritage is a finite resource and once lost cannot be replaced.
For this reason, great importance should be given to their protection, preservation and to the
enhancement of their archaeological interest where possible. All known recorded monuments (and
any new archaeological discoveries) are protected under Section 12 of the National Monuments
(Amendment) Act (1994) and under the Historic and Archaeological Heritage and Miscellaneous
Provisions Act (2023).
The continued conservation of the protected structures listed in the Record of Protected Structures
(RPS) in the Monaghan CDP (2019-2025) and their setting is important in retaining the quality of the
County’s built environment. The RPS includes additions made following the detailed survey of County
Monaghan for the National Inventory of Architectural Heritage (NIAH) in 2015, such as post boxes,
stone bridges, water pumps, religious buildings, industrial buildings / structures and houses. The CDP
also notes that there are structures of distinctive traditional styles throughout County Monaghan and
whilst these may not be included in the record of protected structures, they reflect the unique local
history and character of place. The CDP also notes the importance of the designed landscapes, historic
gardens and demesnes associated with some of Monaghan’s country houses.
Specific policies relating to archaeological heritage, built and architectural heritage, and designed
landscapes are detailed in Appendix 15.2. RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 15-10
15.3.2 Desktop Study
The evaluation process ensures that all designations relating to cultural heritage assets, and any
cultural heritage features that are revealed through research, field assessment and consultation, are
clearly articulated. A review of the following information took place in order to inform the desktop
study:
▪ The National Monuments, Preservation Orders, Register of Historic Monuments list for County
Monaghan was sourced directly from the DHLGH;
▪ Record of Monuments and Places (RMP) and Sites and Monuments Record (SMR): The SMR,
as revised in the light of fieldwork, formed the basis for the establishment of the statutory
RMP in 1994 (RMP; pursuant to Section 12 of the National Monuments (Amendment) Act,
1994; see Appendix 15.1). The RMP records known upstanding archaeological monuments,
their original location (in cases of destroyed monuments) and the position of possible sites
identified as cropmarks on vertical aerial photographs. The information held in the RMP files
is read in conjunction with published constraint maps;
▪ Record of Protected Structures (RPS) and Architectural Conservation Areas (ACAs);
▪ The topographical files of the National Museum of Ireland;
▪ Archaeological Inventory of County Monaghan, 1986;
▪ Cartographical sources, including the Down Survey barony and parish maps c. 1656, and
various editions of the OS Maps;
▪ Griffith’s Valuation, 1853;
▪ Excavations Bulletins and Excavations Database (1970-2025);
▪ Monaghan County Development Plan 2025-2031;
▪ National Inventory of Architectural Heritage (NIAH), Building Survey and Garden Survey;
▪ Townland names and toponomy (loganim.ie);
▪ National Folklore Collection (Duchas.ie);
▪ Museums, Collections and Archives database (Heritage Council of Ireland);
▪ Aerial imagery (Google Earth 2001–2025, Bing 2024; OSi 1995, 2000 to 2013); and
▪ Other documentary sources (as listed in the references, Section 15.16).
The mapping and data analysis was managed through ArcGIS (geographical information software).
Information was structured by the identification of cultural heritage assets, such as the RMP, RPS,
NIAH and National Monuments, as point data on the programme. For this project the RMP datasets
were obtained from www.archaeology.ie. The National Monuments list was sourced directly from the
Department of Housing, Local Government and Heritage (DHLGH) and added as a layer. The NIAH
dataset was also obtained from www.archaeology.ie and was cross-referenced with the Record of
Protected Structures in the County Development Plan. The Geographical Information System (GIS) for
the project formed a permanent renewable database to provide information for the EIA process.
15.3.3 Site Surveys / Investigations
Site inspections were carried out on 10th July 2024, 10th October 2025 and 8th April 2026, including
inspections of the proposed renewable biogas plant site and a windshield survey of the proposed
linear gas grid connection. These were carried out in the context of an assessment of the cultural
heritage potential of study area, taking cognisance of the potential implications of the development RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 15-11
on the surviving cultural heritage landscape. It also considered the setting of relevant designated
cultural heritage assets in the vicinity.
A geophysical survey was undertaken by J.M. Leigh Surveys Ltd between the 17th and 19th September
2024. The survey aimed to identify any geophysical responses that may represent the remains of
unknown subsurface archaeology within the application area. The survey comprised a detailed
gradiometer survey, conducted under Licence No. 24R0379, issued by the Department of Housing,
Local Government and Heritage. The results of the survey are summarised in Section 15.5.1.10, while
a full copy of the geophysical survey report is provided in Appendix 15-4 of this EIAR.
Archaeological test excavation was carried out within the proposed development site between 30th
June to 1st July 2025 under Licence No. 24E01224. The test excavations sought to confirm the
archaeological nature of the anomalies identified on the geophysical survey and to confirm their
nature and extent, in so far as was possible, within the constraints of the proposed development
boundary. A number of additional test trenches were excavated within the proposed development
site under Licence No. 26E0370 on 29th June 2026. These trenches extend into areas that did not
record any anomalies in the geophysical survey in order to verify the robustness of the results.
The results of the testing are summarised in Sections 15.5.1.11 and 15.5.1.12, while a full copy of the
reports are provided in Appendices 15-5 and 15-6 of this EIAR.
15.3.4 Study Area (Zone of Influence)
15.3.4.1 Renewable Biogas Plant Site
The study area for cultural heritage includes the site of the proposed development and the
surrounding area within a radius of 1km (Figure 15.1). Recorded archaeological monuments within
1km can serve as a good indicator of previously unidentified sites of archaeological potential in the
area. A 1km radius also allows for the assessment of potential impacts on the setting of cultural
heritage assets, e.g. designed landscapes associated with country houses.
Professional judgement was used to determine where the study area should be extended to consider
archaeological sites / monuments / historic buildings / protected structures that lie beyond its
boundaries. This ensures that any potential indirect effects on cultural heritage assets, e.g. potential
effect on setting, are assessed. In addition, recorded archaeological monuments and known
archaeological sites in the surrounding landscape can serve as a good indicator of the below-ground
archaeological potential in the study area.
The Zone of Theoretical Visibility (ZVT; Figure 15-2) defined for the proposed development site was
consulted to support and supplement the professional judgement applied in defining the study area
for cultural heritage. The ZVT demonstrates where visibility is or is not likely to occur and, as a result,
as required and where appropriate, the relationship of structures, sites, monuments, and complexes
that fall outside the study area were considered and evaluated. The wider landscape was also
considered, to provide an archaeological and historical context for the proposed development. RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 15-12
Figure 15-1 Study area for proposed renewable biogas plant site RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 15-13
Figure 15-2 Comparative ZVT showing potential visibility of proposed development in a bare
ground scenario and with existing screening
15.3.4.2 Linear Gas Grid Connection
Given the linear nature of the gas transmission pipeline and that it will be laid within the existing public
road corridor, a study area measuring 50m either side of the route was established. This created a
100m assessment corridor along the gas transmission route (Figure 15.3). Given the limited potential
for indirect setting effects within the road-dominated environment, this 100m assessment corridor
was sufficient to assess built and archaeological heritage sites along or immediately adjacent to the
existing road and to allow for potential subsurface archaeological features that may extend closer or
into the road. Professional judgement was used to determine where the study area should be
extended to consider archaeological sites / monuments or historic structures that lie beyond its RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 15-14
boundaries. As required and where appropriate, the relationship of structures, sites, monuments, and
complexes that fall outside this study area is considered and evaluated.
Figure 15-3 Study area for proposed linear gas grid connection RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 15-15
15.3.5 Consultation
Consultation with the National Monument Service (NMS) was carried out in October 2025, following
submission of the Phase 1 archaeological testing report (Licence No. 24E01224) for review, to provide
an outline of the proposed mitigation and the approach for visual impact assessment. Consultation
with NMS took place on 20 March 2026 to agree an appropriate strategy for further archaeological
testing within the proposed development site (Phase 2, Licence No. 26E0370). The setting of the
hilltop enclosure (RMP MO022-008) was also discussed during this consultation.
15.3.6 Impact Assessment Methodology
Cultural heritage sites / landscapes are considered to be a non-renewable resource and cultural
heritage material assets are generally considered to be location sensitive. In this context, any change
to their environment, such as construction activity and ground disturbance works, could adversely
affect these sites.
The likely significance of all impacts is determined in consideration of the magnitude of the impact
and the baseline rating upon which the impact has an effect (i.e. the importance (sensitivity or value)
of the cultural heritage asset). Having assessed the magnitude of impact with respect to the
importance of the asset, the overall significance of the impact is then classified as imperceptible, not
significant, slight, moderate, significant, very significant or profound, as per the EPA guidelines. A
glossary of impact assessment terms, including the criteria for the assessment of impact significance,
is contained in Appendix 15.3 in Volume III of this EIAR.
In accordance with the TII guidelines (2024), the criteria used to evaluate the importance of an
archaeological site, monument or complex are as follows: existing status (level of protection),
condition or preservation, documentation or historical significance, group value, rarity, visibility in the
landscape, fragility or vulnerability, and amenity value. The cultural heritage environment is assigned
a baseline rating, taking into account the importance, value and / or sensitivity of the receiving
environment (cf. Appendix 15.3).
Architectural heritage sites include structures listed in the RPS, which have statutory protection. They
also include structures listed in the NIAH Building Survey, demesne landscapes and historic gardens
listed in the NIAH Garden Survey, and undesignated, newly identified sites such as examples of
vernacular architecture (e.g. a dry-stone wall or upstanding structure depicted on the first edition OS
six-inch map). In this assessment, each building or structure that is considered is assigned a rating in
accordance with the NIAH system, or is stated to be not of special architectural interest (cf. Appendix
15.3).
Impacts on the setting of heritage assets describe how the presence of a development changes the
surroundings of a cultural heritage asset in such a way that it affects (positively or negatively) the
heritage significance of that asset. Visual impacts are most commonly encountered but other
environmental factors such as noise, light or air quality can be relevant in some cases. Such impacts
may be encountered at all stages in the life cycle of a development from construction to
decommissioning but they are only likely to be considered significant during the prolonged operational
life of a development. RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 15-16
15.3.6.1 Construction Phase
Impacts on cultural heritage assets during construction can include, for example, the following:
▪ The removal or part removal of a cultural heritage asset due to construction activities;
▪ Ground disturbance and excavation, caused by construction activities, which may lead to the
damage, destruction or removal of recorded or previously unknown (newly revealed) cultural
heritage assets; and
▪ The degradation of the setting and amenity of a monument or the severance / fragmentation
of interrelated features.
15.3.6.2 Operational Phase
Impacts on cultural heritage assets during the operational phase can include for example:
▪ Maintenance works, though the impact risk to recorded or previously identified cultural
heritage assets is considered to be low;
▪ A change that negatively impacts on a sense of place (i.e. detracts from the setting of historic
features) and that cannot be mitigated has the potential to be considered a significant or
profound impact throughout the operational life of the proposed development;
▪ Potential visual impacts on cultural heritage features due to a change in the character of the
receiving historic environment. This change may have a positive or negative affect on the
heritage asset;
▪ Potential vibration impacts may occur as a result of vehicles in close proximity to or above
cultural heritage assets, such as upstanding historic monuments / buildings.
15.4 Difficulties Encountered
No difficulties were encountered in the course of this assessment.
15.5 Baseline Environment
The archaeological and historical background and cultural heritage context presented in Sections
15.6.1 to 15.6.8 and is relevant to the proposed development as a whole, unless otherwise stated. In
these sections, where necessary, reference to each of the two core elements of the proposed
development (i.e. the renewable biogas plant site or the linear gas grid connection) will be clearly
signposted, in the text or through the use of headings.
15.5.1 Cultural Heritage Context
15.5.1.1 Archaeological and Historical Background
The history and archaeology of County Monaghan are bound up in the county’s environmental legacy,
with its drumlin hills, impeded drainage and lake lands. The political boundaries of the Gaelic
territories of south Ulster with the midland regions of Ireland coincide remarkably with the serried
ranks of drumlins, separated by scrubland and wet bottom lands, which made movement by military
groups particularly difficult (Duffy 1995). The whole region presented a great challenge, not only to RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
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the Anglo-Norman government in Dublin, but also to local Gaelic and Anglo-Norman lords attempting
to consolidate their agriculturally poor territories.
15.5.1.1.1 Prehistory (c. 7000 BC – AD 400)
Evidence for known prehistoric activity surrounding the proposed development site is sparse, with
very few sites or finds being noted in this area. The closest site of potential prehistoric origin is the
hilltop enclosure (RMP MO022-008) located c. 185m to the south-west of the proposed renewable
biogas plant site, in Maghernakelly townland. The monument is an embanked enclosure, measuring
107m by 69m. Its position on a hilltop, at an elevation of 400m OD is typical of some Irish hillforts,
but the absence of any other distinguishing characteristics means that a broader classification of
‘hilltop enclosure’ is applied. Many small hillforts, particularly those under 1ha in size (as in this case)
and known as ‘hill-top enclosures’, are difficult to distinguish from early medieval ringforts, some of
which occur in similar landscape settings (O’Brien 2017) (e.g. in Monaghan’s drumlin landscape).
Prehistoric hilltop enclosures can range in date from the Neolithic period (c.4000–2500 BC) to the Iron
Age (c. 500BC to c. 400AD), though evidence from excavated examples now indicates that many were
constructed during the middle / late Bronze Age (c.1600–500 BC).
There is also a stone row (RMP MO017-068) known as the ‘Grey Stones’ which located c. 900m north
of the proposed renewable biogas plant site, in Drumgole townland. The site is situated on a north-
east facing slope on the summit of a drumlin ridge that runs along an east/north-east to west/south-
west orientation. A fourth stone, standing 5m to the south of the row also follows the same
orientation as the other stones. While dating this type of monument without archaeological
excavation can be extremely difficult, sites such as this are typically considered to be prehistoric in
date, commonly dating to the Bronze Age. Their function is most likely to have been utilitarian, as an
astronomical tool to mark seasonal changes for farming practices, or as a route or territorial boundary
(Ó Súilleabháin et al. 2018).
More concrete evidence for prehistoric activity exists in the wider landscape, for example a megalithic
court tomb (RMP MO018-043) in Edergole townland, c. 4.2km north-east of the proposed renewable
biogas plant site. Court tombs make up around 30% of the classified megalithic tombs identified in
Ireland and are defined by the presence of an uncovered court which is generally situated at the
broader end of a long trapezoidal cairn that is defined by megalithic kerbstones in front of a covered
burial gallery. These sites have a distinctive distribution pattern and are more commonly found in the
northern third of the island (O’Sullivan and Downey 2019). Court tombs typically date to the very early
part of the Neolithic period, c. 3700-3570 BC, although some examples may also have been reused in
the Chalcolithic / Early Bronze Age (Schulting et al. 2012). The example from Edergole (RMP MO018-
043) is located at the bottom of the west facing slope of a knoll on the crest of a drumlin ridge running
east-west. It has since been incorporated into the northern bank of a road (L6330), which also runs
along the east-west axis of the site. At the east/north-east of the monument, two jambs surmounted
by a large lintel provide access to the burial gallery.
Later and more substantial prehistoric activity in the wider landscape around the proposed
development site is represented by an upstanding section of the Black Pig’s Dyke (RMP MO021-011),
the eastern extent of which is c. 10km from the proposed site. The Black Pig’s Dyke comprises around
a dozen individual linear earthworks which occur across the width of the north midlands and south RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 15-18
Ulster, and it is among the most extensive and best preserved examples of this monument type on
the island. Folk tradition states that the earthworks were torn into the landscape by a rampaging giant
mystical pig, while in the 20th century the earthworks were interpreted as the remains of a formerly
unified territorial boundary for Ulster known as ‘the Great Wall of Ulidia’. Today, it is recognised that
the interpretation of this monument is much more complex encompassing multiple phases of
remodelling and refurbishment, as well as considerable variability between the upstanding sections
(Ó Drisceoil and Condit 2015). While linear earthworks such as this may date to the Bronze, the Black
Pig’s Dyke mainly dates to the Iron Age (c. 500 BC – AD 500).
15.5.1.1.2 Early Medieval Period (c. AD 400 – 1200)
The Early Medieval Period is well-represented in the area around the proposed development site from
an archaeological perspective, particularly in relation to settlement evidence. There are a number of
ringforts in the wider landscape (RMP MO022-007001; MO022-009; MO023-004; MO023-001;
MO018-045; MO017-066; MO017-064; MO022-006). Ringforts are among the most common
monuments in Ireland and consist of areas enclosed by an earthen bank formed by material thrown
up from the digging of a concentric ditch on its outside. They are usually enclosed by a single bank
(univallate) while bivallate or trivallate ringforts (i.e. those enclosed by double or triple rings of banks)
are less common. The number of banks and ditches enclosing these monuments is considered to
reflect the status of the site, rather than the strengthening of its defences (Stout 1997). Variations
include the raised or platform rath type, in which the interior has been artificially raised, often in a
number of stages throughout the occupation of the site and ultimately presenting as a flat -topped
mound (Edwards 2005).
Archaeological excavation has shown that most ringforts functioned as defensible family homesteads,
and most were built during the Early Medieval period (5th - 9th century AD). However, some appear to
have evidence of Iron Age activity, while others were inhabited as late as the 17th century. They are
typically found at slightly higher ground, such as the summits and slopes of small hills and drumlins,
affording good views and drainage (Edwards 2005), as is the case in Monaghan’s drumlin landscape.
This landscape setting typology may suggest an early medieval date for the hilltop enclosure (RMP
MO022-008) in Maghernakelly.
Excavation within the interior of ringforts has revealed the remains of circular and rectangular dwelling
houses as well as smaller huts probably used to stall animals, with timber forming the principal
building material. The enclosing earthworks would also have protected domestic livestock from
natural predators such as wolves. Specialist activities appear to have taken place at some of these
sites, with a number showing evidence of metalworking.
One of the ringfort sites (RMP MO022-007001), located c. 1km south-west of the proposed renewable
biogas plant site also appears to be associated with a souterrain (RMP MO022-007002). Souterrains
are artificial underground or semi-subterranean passages and chambers built of stone and/or wood,
often with entrances within the house, from the farmyard, or from the ditch surrounding the
enclosure (O’Sullivan et al. 2014 [2021]). These sites are typically interpreted as having been used for
storage, for refuge or both, and recent experimental archaeological research has demonstrated that
the conditions within souterrains are suitable for the cold storage of foodstuffs such as dairy (Meharg
2019). The souterrain in Drumanny (RMP MO022-007002) presents as a hollow with a diameter of c. RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
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5m on the perimeter of the associated ringfort (RMP MO022-007001) and has been interpreted as the
site of a collapsed souterrain.
There are also a number of lakes in the wider area around the proposed development site which give
rise to an additional form of Early Medieval settlement – crannogs (RMP MO023-002; MO022-003;
MO017-067; MO022-021). Crannogs (lake settlements) are a distinctively Irish form of settlement
enclosure, typically defined as artificial islets of stone, timber and soil enclosed within a wooden
palisade, but can also include stone cairns without palisades, deliberately enhanced natural islands
and occupation platforms situated along lake shore edges but not necessarily surrounded by water
(O’Sullivan et al. 2014 [2021]).
Archaeological evidence shows that Irish crannogs can vary widely in morphology and construction
and, although typically found in single isolated examples, there are some instances of crannog clusters
along lakes and lakeshores which may indicate individual sites within the groups were contemporary
but may have had differing roles. These sites often provide evidence for long chronologies of
construction, occupation and abandonment, resulting in sites that are considerably built up over time.
Crannogs appear to have had a range of functions and their use changed over time. Like their dryland
counterpart, the ringfort, the size and complexity of their construction is typically interpreted as a
display of social status and power. Some sites appear to have been seasonal or permanent royal
residences, while others functioned as ecclesiastical sites such as storage places for holy relics or even
hermitages. However, for the most part they are the dwellings of the moderately wealthy,
representing more remote and easily defensible counterparts to the ringfort (O’Sullivan et al. 2014
[2021]).
15.5.1.1.3 Late Medieval Period (c. AD 1200 – 1600)
Archaeological evidence for activity in the area around the proposed development site during the later
medieval period is sparse. The Anglo-Normans invaded Ireland in 1169, taking Dublin a year later.
They came under the leadership of Gilbert de Clare, otherwise known as Strongbow. He led the
invasion at the request of Dermot McMurrough, the dispossessed king of Leinster. At this time the
study area formed part of the kingdom of Airghialla, which was under the control of the O’Carrolls.
Attempts by the Anglo-Normans to conquer this area were slow to start. As with elsewhere in the
country, the initial penetration was marked by the erection of a series of earthwork castles, such as
the motte and bailey in Clones (RMP MO011-008001), c. 20km north-west of the proposed site.
As English rule became more solidified in following decades, the barony of Dartree (in which the
proposed development site is located), together with the baronies of Cremorne and Farney were part
of the grant of Ardee made to Peter Pippard c. 1190 (Otway-Ruthven 1968). By the mid-14th century,
the area was under the control of the Gaelic Irish MacMahon family who remained in power there
until the end of the 16th century (Ó Dufaigh and Duffy 1999). In 1591 a process of settlement
commenced in Monaghan aimed at abolishing landholding under Irish law and eliminating the rule of
the MacMahons. As a result of the 1591 settlement, Monaghan was excluded from the later Plantation
of Ulster (Duffy 1981).
15.5.1.1.4 Post-Medieval Period (c. AD 1600 – 20th century)
There is little archaeological evidence for activity in the study area for much of the post -medieval
period. It is not until the 19th century that we have substantial records from the area. In his RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
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Topographical Dictionary of Ireland, Lewis (1837) describes the parish of Ematris, in which the
proposed development is located. He records that the parish is home to 7541 inhabitants and that the
soils of the region are comprised of rich shallow loam above deep stiff clay which is very difficult to
cultivate. The primary industries of the area are described as weaving linen and agriculture. Lewis
(1837) also notes a number of gentlemanly seats within the parish, including the New Park estate,
which formerly incorporated the site of the proposed renewable biogas plant. Another nearby estate,
Forest View, is depicted in the First Edition six-inch mapping (1834), just over 1km south-west of the
proposed development site.
The 25-inch Ordnance Survey mapping of the area, produced in 1908, shows the presence of an
Orange Hall on the opposite side of the existing L2280 public road, known locally as Drumcall Road,
which bounds the proposed renewable biogas plant site to the north. Orange Halls are the meeting
places of the Orange Order, an international Protestant fraternal order, best known for its annual
celebration of William of Orange’s victory at the Battle of the Boyne in 1690 on the 12th of July. It is
unclear when this Orange Hall was built, but it is recorded on both the 25-inch and Last Edition six-
inch (1910) mapping for the area. The site inspections carried out as part of this assessment identified
the upstanding remains of this structure, however the site is now densely overgrown and the structure
is poorly visible from the roadside. As a result, its present condition could not be fully assessed (see
also Section 15.5.1.9).
Monaghan, Cavan and Donegal are the only counties of Ulster that remained in the Irish Free State,
and later the Republic of Ireland, after partition in 1921. In 1911, more than one-fifth of the population
in these counties was Protestant (Fitzpatrick 2002), meaning the Orange Halls played an important
role in the social, political and religious life of this segment of the population. In 1921, 57 halls were
known in Monaghan and by 1965, although the numbers had declined 40 remained with an estimated
700 members (Fitzpatrick 2002). Following partition, Orange demonstrations continued to be held
across Monaghan, Donegal and Cavan, although this came to an end in Monaghan in 1931.
Information about a planned armed interference with the annual Monaghan Orange parade by local
Republicans put an end to county demonstrations, but smaller parades from the Orange Halls to the
local church were planned. By the middle of the 20th century, most southern Orange members
attended the demonstrations in Northern Ireland rather than host their own, as continues to be the
case today (Walker 2012). The presence of an Orange House in the area of the proposed development
is an important aspect of this cultural heritage and is of local historical interest.
15.5.1.2 Cartographic Analysis
15.5.1.2.1 Down Survey (c. 1654-56)
The Down Survey of 1656-58 was, at the time, the most detailed cartographic survey in the world,
undertaken in order to measure the land forfeited from the Catholic population to be redistributed
amongst merchant adventurers and loyal English soldiers. The ‘Barony Map of Dartry (Dartree)’ shows
the lands in and around Maghernakelly townland (Figure 15-4). The land is recorded as comprising 23
plantation acres of unprofitable land and 61 plantation acres of profitable land, all of which was
forfeited. The unprofitable land appears to largely consist of ‘bogg (bog) common’ in the northeast of
the townland. This is part of a larger stretch of bog that runs along a north-east/south-west axis to the
north of the townland. RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
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The Down Survey also records the contemporary land ownership of each parcel of land mapped. In
1641, the townland was in the ownership of a Protestant named Thomas Burnett who also appears to
have owned a total of 30 townlands within the barony of Dartree. By 1670 the land had changed hands
and Maghernakelly is recorded as being in the ownership of a Protestant named Richard Dawson.
Dawson is also recorded as having owned 22 townlands in Dartree barony and 2 townlands in the
barony of Cremorne.
Figure 15-4 Excerpt of the Down Survey map showing the approximate location of the proposed
Renewable Biogas Plant
15.5.1.2.2 Ordnance Survey Mapping (19th / early 20th century)
The first edition Ordnance Survey (OS) six-inch map of 1834 provides the earliest complete and
accurate survey of the study area. On this map, the proposed renewable biogas plant site forms part
of the northern extent of the New Park estate (Figure 15-5). New Park House, outbuildings and
gardens, which at this time was occupied by Dacre Hamilton (Lewis 1837), are depicted to the south
of the proposed renewable biogas plant site. The recorded hilltop enclosure (RMP MO022-008) to the
south-west is depicted as an embanked enclosure, labelled ‘fort’, with farm outbuildings built into the
bank on its southern side. No features are depicted or otherwise indicated at the site of the stone row
(RMP MO017-068) in Drumgole townland (image not shown).
The road layout in the area around the proposed site in the early 19th century is consistent with the
modern layout shown in later aerial and satellite imagery (Section 15.5.1.3). RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
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The proposed site encompasses parts of three fields, as depicted on the 1834 map edition, at the rear
of the New Park estate. This was a relatively small estate associated with New Park house, a middle-
sized house, with a range of outbuildings forming a courtyard to the east and north. To the south of
the house an area of parkland is depicted containing specimen trees and an observatory, with an
carriageway curving from an estate entrance and lodge to the north-west, to the front of the house.
A secondary entrance from the east provided access into a yard at the side of the courtyard buildings.
The fields in which the site is located are to the north of the house and at the time of this map edition,
were separated from it by the courtyard buildings and a semi-circular copse of trees. A walled kitchen
garden with fruit trees is shown to the east of the tree copse. The positioning of these elements
indicates a separation (and screening) between the working part of the estate and the areas designed
for show or for leisure, and it is likely that the fields to the north were in agricultural use, as they are
today. A small building is depicted at the roadside within the northernmost field, within the proposed
development site.
The northern boundary of the estate (and the proposed site) coincides with the townland boundary,
which at this time is marked by a road (the present L6330 road). The south-west and north-west
boundaries of the estate (and the proposed site) were also delineated by public roads, as they are still.
Along the proposed linear gas grid connection, the first edition OS six-inch map (Figure 15-6) recorded
ringfort (RMP MO022-009) is depicted as a sub-circular area planted with coniferous trees to the west
of the existing R189 public road. Further south along the potential gas grid connection, a brick field is
marked to the east of the R189 public road. As the proposed linear gas grid connection passes along
the R188, it follows the boundary of what was then known as the Dawson Grove demesne (NIAH
Garden Survey Ref. 1218). Finally, the proposed linear gas grid connection terminates at a former
estate labelled as Dromore Lodge on the historic map. RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 15-23
Figure 15-5 Excerpt of the First Edition six-inch OS map showing the location of the proposed renewable biogas plant site RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 15-24
Figure 15-6 Excerpt of the OS six-inch historic map showing the approximate location of the
proposed linear gas grid connection, with relevant features highlighted and detail in insets
RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 15-25
The Ordnance Survey 25-inch maps were produced from the 1890s and into the early 20th century at
a scale of 25-inches-to-a-mile. The enhanced resolution of these maps can often provide more detail
about an area. The 25-inch maps for the present study area were produced in 1908 (Figure 15-7).
There has been little change overall in the c. 70 years since the area was last surveyed, although the
biggest development has been the considerable subdivision of land within the proposed site and in
the wider landscape around it which has resulted in a greater number of individual fields that are
depicted.
The land within the proposed renewable biogas plant site had been subdivided to create five fields.
New Park House remains as previously shown. The specimen trees and observatory had been removed
from the former parkland, thus it is possible that it had been given over to grazing, with additional
tree-plantation to the front (south of the house). The former kitchen garden layout within the walled
garden appears is no longer shown and trees have been removed from its outer boundaries. An
Orange Hall is now depicted to the north of the proposed renewable biogas plan site. The road
network shown has not changed significantly since the previous edition of the mapping. The small
roadside building at the northern boundary of the estate is no longer depicted.
Along the proposed linear gas grid connection (Figure 15-8), the trees on the ringfort (RMP MO022-
009) appear to have been cleared and the enclosing ditch and bank are more clearly depicted. The
brick field is no longer shown but a bridge, labelled Laganeers Bridge, is shown further south along
what is now the R188 public road.
The Last Edition of the six-inch OS mapping for the study area was produced in 1910, only two years
after the 25-inch mapping and very little changed in the area during this time. As a result, this edition
of the OS mapping is not shown here. RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 15-26
Figure 15-7 Excerpt of the OS 25-inch historic map showing the approximate location of the
proposed renewable biogas plant site RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 15-27
Figure 15-8 Excerpt of the OS 25-inch historic map showing the approximate location of the
proposed linear gas grid connection, with relevant features highlighted RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 15-28
15.5.1.3 Aerial Imagery
The proposed development is shown in OS aerial imagery produced in 1995 (Figure 15-9). The general
layout of the study area has not changed significantly, with the road networks visible generally
reflecting those shown in the historical OS mapping. New Park House and its formal garden layout
survive to the south of the proposed development site and the hilltop enclosure (RMP MO022-008)
can also be seen to the south-west. The Orange Hall also appears to be present to the north of the
proposed site, though the location is largely obscured by tree-cover / vegetation, while the imagery
in general tends to reflect the rural nature of the area.
Within the proposed development site itself, the field layout and boundaries have changed slightly
compared to those shown in the earlier historical mapping, with fewer individual fields visible. There
is no evidence in this aerial imagery of the estate planting that was formerly shown in the First Edition
six-inch OS map of the area.
Figure 15-9 Aerial imagery (OSi 1995) of the proposed development site
More recent satellite imagery from April 2024 shows there has been very little subsequent change in
the study area (Figure 15-10). The road network is unchanged, and the wider landscape continues to
reflect the rural nature of the area. Field boundaries within the proposed development site have,
however, continued to change with the proposed renewable biogas plant site now occupying parts of
two fields where the internal field boundary consists of a line of trees. RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
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Figure 15-10 Satellite imagery (Google Earth Pro 2024) of the proposed site
15.5.1.4 Topographical Files of the National Museum of Ireland
The National Museum of Ireland Finds Database (2010) does not record any stray finds within the
proposed development site or within the study area.
15.5.1.5 Previous Archaeological Investigations
There have been no previous archaeological investigations within the proposed development. Indeed,
there has been very little previous archaeological investigation in the study area also. This is likely a
reflection of the rural nature of the proposed development site and the scarcity of development-led
archaeological investigations. RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
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There has been only one previous archaeological investigation within 1km of the proposed biogas
renewable energy plant and none within the 100m assessment corridor for the linear gas grid
connection. Archaeological test excavations were carried out at a site in Maghernakelly, c. 635m
south-west of the proposed renewable biogas plant site, in December 2006 (Licence No. 06E1132;
Excavations.ie Ref. 2006:1676; Figure 15-11). The site was located on the grounds of a disused
mushroom factory and had been granted planning permission for the construction of two residential
properties. The site was also located within the Zone of Notification surrounding a ringfort (RMP
MO022-009). A total of seven trenches were excavated; however, no features, deposits or artefacts
of archaeological significance were identified at the site.
Figure 15-11 Previous archaeological investigations in the vicinity of the proposed development
site
15.5.1.6 Placename Evidence
Townland names are a rich source of information, not only on the topography, land ownership and
land use within the landscape, but also on its history, archaeological monuments and folklore. Where
a monument has been forgotten or destroyed, a place name may still refer to it and may indicate the
possibility that the remains of certain sites survive below the ground surface. The OS surveyors wrote
down townland names in the 1830s and 1840s, when the entire country was mapped for the first time.
The mapmakers, soldiers and antiquarians who collected the placenames and local history varied in
their interests and abilities. While most placenames were anglicised or translated relatively accurately,
some were corrupted virtually beyond recognition. Nonetheless, a variety of placenames – whether RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 15-31
of Irish, Viking, Anglo-Norman, English, or, in very rare cases, Anglo-Saxon origin – appears throughout
Ireland, and the appearance of the different languages is often a good indicator of the cultural
heritage, and therefore the archaeological record of the area.
Most of the townland names in the area are of Gaelic Irish origin (Table 15.1). This is perhaps
unsurprising given that the county of Monaghan was predominantly under Gaelic-Irish control until
the Cromwellian Conquest of the mid-17th century. The townland names of the area also typically refer
to the topography of the local landscape. For example, the proposed development site is located
within Maghernakelly townland, whose Irish name, Machaire na Coille, refers to the “plain of the
wood”. Similarly, the Irish placename for Dernamoyle, to the east of the proposed development site,
is Doire na Maoile, “oakwood of the bald”, also referencing a wooded area. Of the remaining
townlands that are found within the study area, the Irish placenames of three townland begin with
Droim -, which refers to a ridge, reflecting the drumlin landscape of the wider area around the site.
There are two townland names with English origins, Dawson Grove Demesne and Freame Mount
Demesne, both of which derive their placenames from the landowners in that area.
Table 15.1 Placenames within the study area
Townland Parish Barony Origin Irish name and origin / meaning
Dawson Grove Demesne Ematris Dartree English Garrán an Dásanaigh
Dernamoyle Ematris Dartree Irish Doire na Maoile, “oakwood of the bald”
Dromore West Ematris Dartree Irish An Droim Mór Thiar, “the big ridge”
Drumanny Ematris Dartree Irish Droim Eanaigh, “the marsh of the
ridge”
Drumcall Ematris Dartree Irish Droim Chathail, “Cahill’s ridge”
Drumgarkin Ematris Dartree Irish Droim Dhearcan, ‘Dearcan’s ridge’
Drumgole Ematris Dartree Irish Droim Gabhla, “ridge over the forked
streams”
Dyan Ematris Dartree Irish An Daingean, “the fortress”
Freame Mount Demesne Ematris Dartree English Diméin an Daingin
Maghernakelly Ematris Dartree Irish Machaire na Coille, “plain of the wood”
Tattygare Ematris Dartree Irish An Táite Gearr, “the short tate” (a tate
is a land measure of 60 Irish acres)
15.5.1.7 Townland Boundaries
The boundaries were described and recorded in the great surveys following the land confiscations of
the mid-17th century and were further standardised in the mid-19th century with the work of the
Ordnance Survey. Townland boundaries were often laid out along natural features including rivers,
streams and high ground or manmade features such as roads and walls.
Townlands and other landholdings were further subdivided into individual fields generally by means
of earthen banks, which over time were colonised by hedgerow and trees. The typology of the RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
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boundaries can vary in different parts of the country, with some areas favouring distinctive high, wide
earthen banks or just stone walling; sometimes there is a combination of earth and stone, with a
stone-revetment or a facing on an earthen bank.
The north/north-western boundary of the proposed biogas plant site coincides with the
Magheranakelly-Drumcall townland boundary, which is formed by the existing L2280 public road
where it borders the proposed development (Figure 15-12).
Figure 15-12 Townland boundaries within and around proposed development site
15.5.1.8 Folklore
The National Folklore Collection (www.duchas.ie) database has no records relating to the study area.
15.5.1.9 Results of Site Inspection
Site inspections were carried out on 10th July 2024, 10th October 2025 and 8th April 2026, including
inspections of the proposed renewable biogas plant site, a windshield survey of the proposed linear
gas grid connection. The purpose of the field inspection was to provide an understanding of the
topography and land use within the proposed development site and to assess its setting and condition
in relation to existing archaeological, architectural and cultural heritage features. Known designated
sites or features of cultural heritage interest identified in the desktop assessment, were inspected
where accessible, and their settings and any prominent views were considered. This included
inspections of the recorded hilltop enclosure (RMP MP022-008) and stone row (RMP MO017-068); a
visual impact assessment of both monuments is provided in Section 15.5.2.1.3.
15.5.1.9.1 Renewable Biogas Plant Site
The proposed renewable biogas plant site comprises two pasture fields (Figure 15-13). Field 1 is a
large, irregularly shaped field under pasture. The site is accessed from the south/south-west by a RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 15-33
private farming track (Plate 15.1) and a second entrance is present to the north of the field, providing
access from the adjacent public road (L2280). The proposed south/south-east boundary for the
development is c. 35m from the existing tree line to the south. This tree-line marks the edge of a semi-
circular tree-copse that once occupied the area to the rear of the courtyard buildings at New Park
House (as depicted on the historic mapping (Section 15.5.1.2.2); New Park House and its setting are
described further below). Mature trees and hedgerow form the boundary of Field 1 to the east, while
in the north-east, north/north-west and west the boundary consists of mature trees and hedgerows
adjacent to public roads (R189, L2280 and L22802 respectively; Plate 15.2). The ground surface is
steeply undulating and slopes downwards towards the north (Plate 15.3). Overhead cables are present
within the field, roughly bisecting area. New Park House is not visible from this field, being screened
by the topography, modern farm buildings and mature trees.
Figure 15-13 Fields assessed during site inspection of proposed biogas plant site, showing
cultural heritage receptors in its vicinity RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 15-34
Plate 15-1 Farm track providing access to fields inspected, facing east/north-east
Plate 15-2 View of Field 1, facing north
Plate 15-3 View of Field 1, facing south, towards New Park House RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 15-35
The recorded hilltop enclosure (RMP MO022-008) is closest in Field 1, c. 185m south-west of the
proposed development site’s western boundary. It is visible from within the field, delineated by the
mature trees along its banks (Plate 15.4 & 15.5). Sites such as these are located at prominent high
points within the landscape and are designed to take in good views of their surrounds. The recorded
monument is described further in Section 15.5.2.1.3, which also discusses the recorded stone row.
Plate 15-4 View of hilltop enclosure from Field 1, facing west/south-west
Plate 15-5 Southern edge of hilltop enclosure showing scarp and tree-lined bank, facing west RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 15-36
To the north of Field 1, on the opposite side of the L2280 public road, stand the remains of the Orange
Hall (BH1), which is depicted in the historic mapping (Sections 15.5.1.2). The site has been almost
completely obscured by vegetation, including trees, but the structure does appear to be upstanding
(Plate 15.5). Only the corrugated metal roof is visible from the roadside, and the site appears to have
been abandoned. The condition of the structure could not be determined from the roadside due to
the extensive vegetation cover.
Plate 15-6 View of Orange Hall obscured by vegetation, facing north
Field 2 is a mid-sized, triangular field under pasture. The site is bounded to the south by hedgerow
and to the north/north-east and west by mature trees and hedgerow (Plate 15.6). To the north/north-
east the exterior of the field boundary is formed by a public road (R189), where the hedgerow has
been recently cut/is well maintained. To the east, the hedgerow tends to be more scrubby. The ground
surface has a more gradual slope than in Field 1, which falls more steeply downward towards the
north/north-east and the R189 road (Plate 15.7). The field is nestled amongst the undulating drumlin
landscape that surrounds it.
Plate 15-7 View of Field 2, facing north/north-east RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 15-37
Plate 15-8 View of Field 2, facing east
15.5.1.9.1.1 Former New Park Estate
Both Fields 1 and 2 are part of the former New Park estate, as included in the NIAH Garden Survey
(NIAH Garden Survey Ref. 1211) and depicted on the First Edition six-inch Ordnance Survey historical
mapping (1834). The 18/19th century New Park house (BH2; Plate 15.8) is situated at a slightly lower
elevation than the nearby hilltop enclosure (RMP MO022-008). It is oriented to take in the views to
the south/south-east.
An older courtyard and outbuildings, along with more recent farm buildings, situated to the rear and
side of the house, provide a buffer between the house and the proposed development site. This, along
with the mature tree boundaries, provides effective screening for the house, which faces away from
the proposed development site to the south/south-east.
The designed vista for house in this direction is an area shown on the 1834 OS map as parkland, with
specimen trees and an observatory, though the latter are not depicted on the later edition OS maps.
The former parkland survives only as a large pasture field, sloping down from the house, with some
trees along its boundaries. The views from this aspect take in the landscape beyond.
Some of the boundaries to the rear (north / north-east) of the house are part of the estate planting
depicted on the 1834 OS map. This includes a curving line of trees on the south side of Field 1, at the
rear of the modern farmyard (the remaining boundary of a former small, wooded area). On the south
side of Field 2 (outside the proposed development site), there is also a small triangular field which is
bounded by deep ditches and a high bank planted with trees. This was once a small field, perhaps a
paddock, immediately adjacent to the walled garden. The latter is no longer present.
The topography of Fields 1 and 2, in addition to the presence of the existing modern farming complex
at a slightly elevated point, combine to assist with the screening of the site in relation to the 18th / 19th
century house. RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 15-38
Plate 15-9 New Park House, facing west
Plate 15-10 Former parkland to the front (south) of New Park House RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 15-39
Plate 15-11 View eastwards showing the complex of modern and historic farm buildings and
mature trees to the side and rear of New Park House
Plate 15-12 View eastwards towards New Park House. Proposed development site, Field 1, can
be seen sloping down to the north and the former parkland to the front of the house sloping to
the south. RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 15-40
Plate 15-13 View towards New Park House (roofline visible) from within the modern farm yard,
facing south-east
15.5.1.9.2 Linear Gas Grid Connection
A windshield survey of the proposed linear gas grid connection route was also carried out on 10th
October 2025. The proposed route follows the footprint of the existing R188 and R189 public roads.
The public roads are typically bounded on either side by mature trees and hedgerow.
As described above in Section 15.5.1.2, the R188 public road traverses a bridge known as ‘Laganeers
Bridge’ (BH3). The low parapet walls are of coursed random-range dressed-faced ashlar construction,
with dressed quarry-faced ashlar with margin draft capstone coping. The road is quite narrow at this
point and it was not possible to stop to get a photograph, but Google StreetView provides good
coverage of the area (Figure 15.13). The current condition of the bridge structure is consistent with
that shown in the Google StreetView imagery. On the day of the windshield survey, the Dromore river
was swollen and the adjacent field to the south-west was also flooded. RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 15-41
Figure 15-14 Google StreetView imagery of Laganeers Bridge, facing west
The proposed route also passes alongside the protected Dartrey Estate Wall (RPS No.: 414; NIAH Ref.
41402226) which fronts onto the existing R188 public road. The condition of the wall is quite good in
places (Plate 15.15), while elsewhere some portions have been lowered or even demolished. The
entrance gateway (NIAH Ref. 41402216) recorded by the NIAH (see Figure 15.15) is also located
adjacent to the existing R188. Its condition has changed since it was recorded by the NIAH in 2012,
with elements of the flanking walls (to the north) having been damaged and one of the gates and gate
piers removed (Figure 15.16).
No other features of cultural heritage interest were identified as part of the windshield survey.
RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 15-42
Plate 15-14 View of protected Dartrey estate wall (RPS No.: 414; NIAH Ref. 41402226), facing east
Figure 15-15 NIAH record photograph of Dartrey Estate entrance gateway (NIAH Ref. 41402216) RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 15-43
Figure 15-16 Google StreetView imagery of Dartrey Estate entrance gateway (NIAH Ref.
41402216), facing south
15.5.1.10 Results of Geophysical Survey (Licence No. 24R0379)
A detailed gradiometer survey was carried out within the proposed renewable biogas plant site
between 17th-19th September 2024 (Licence No. 24R0379; Leigh 2024; Figure 15-17). The full report is
provided in Appendix 15-4 of this EIAR.
The survey area for the renewable biogas plant site included both fields within the proposed plant
site: Area A to the west and Area B to the east. The main aim of the survey was to identify any
geophysical responses that may represent the remains of unknown archaeology within the application
area.
Two adjacent areas of potential archaeological interest were identified in Area A (1 and 2 on Figure
15-17). The areas comprise isolated responses within areas of increased magnetic response. These
were interpreted as reflecting either recent activity or archaeological pits comprising of burnt material
or archaeological burnt spreads.
A faint linear trend (3 on Figure 15-17) runs through Area A and most likely representing a former field
division. Along this there are two isolated responses (4 on Figure 15-17) and associated linear trends
(5 on Figure 15-17). They form a vague rectilinear pattern, and it was possible that plough damaged RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 15-44
archaeological remains are represented here. However, it was equally likely that they are more recent
in origin, perhaps contemporary with the former field division. Archaeological interpretation was
tentative.
In Area B, two isolated responses (7 on Figure 15-17) were identified immediately adjacent to the
existing field boundary. The responses had a magnetic signature indicative of short ditch-type
features. However, their proximity to the existing field boundary made interpretation unclear. These
may have resulted from more recent activity.
Broad responses were evident in Areas A and B (6 and 8 on Figure 15-17). These were interpreted as
natural in origin, most likely reflecting variations within the sub-soil. They were not considered to be
of archaeological interest. RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 15-45
Figure 15-17 Summary interpretation of geophysical survey results (after Leigh 2024) RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 15-46
15.5.1.11 Phase 1 Archaeological Test Excavation (Licence No. 24E1224)
Archaeological test excavation was carried out within the proposed renewable biogas plant site
between 30th June – 1st July 2025 under Licence No. 24E01224. The test excavation sought to confirm
the archaeological nature of the anomalies identified on the geophysical survey and to confirm their
nature and extent, in so far as was possible. The testing report was submitted to NMS in compliance
with the licensing requirements and is provided in Appendix 15-5 of this EIAR.
A total of 9 test trenches were excavated, the majority of which targeted anomalies identified in the
geophysical survey (Table 15.2; Figure 15-18). In general, the geophysical survey proved to be reliable.
Almost all of the geophysical signals corresponded to subsoil cut features though some variations were
identified.
A single area of archaeological interest was identified during the course of testing and termed
Archaeological Area (AA) 1 (Figure 15-19). It comprised an archetypal burnt mound deposit, F10. Burnt
mounds, sometimes also termed fulachta fia, are prehistoric sites that present as charcoal stained
soils with frequent heat-affected stone. Burnt mounds developed as heated stone was placed in a
water filled pit or trough to heat or boil water for one or a variety of domestic, ritual or industrial
purposes. Troughs can sometimes be lined with wood or other material, evidence for structures can
survive while mounds of the discarded heated stone and associated charcoal usually build up around
the trough. Relatively common sites in Ireland, they were most frequently used during the Bronze Age
period (c. 2200 – 800 BC).
The burnt mound deposit was truncated by the modern ditch F09 that was recorded on the early OS
maps. It revealed that the deposit F10, visible on the surface of the trench as an irregular deposit with
angular outlines, also filled a subsoil cut feature. With straight sides and a flattish base, the feature
was 0.25m in depth. The surface deposit was recorded for 2.8m north-west/south-east and between
0.5m and 1.4m in width as it extended out of the trench to the north-east. Given the dimensions and
morphology, the subsoil cut feature likely represents a trough: a water-filled pit where the heated
stone was placed for the burnt mound process. Any associated mound, formed from the discarded
heated stone, is likely to have been dispersed by the action of ploughing or other agricultural practices
over the millennia.
Table 15.2 Details of trenches excavated under Licence No. 24E01224
Trench No. Geophysical
Anomaly
Dimensions (L x W
x D in metres)
Comment
T01 1 48 x 1.8 x 0.3-0.4 Contains brick making residue F3 in location of
geophysical anomaly 1. No archaeology found.
T02 2 30 x 1.8 x 0.3-0.4 Contains brick making residue F4 in location of
geophysical anomaly 2. No archaeology found.
T03 3 21 x 1.8 x 0.25-
0.35
No features in location of curvilinear geophysical
anomaly. Contains ditch F5 in location of linear
geophysical anomaly 3 (former field boundary).
No archaeology found. RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 15-47
Trench No. Geophysical
Anomaly
Dimensions (L x W
x D in metres)
Comment
T04 3, 4 30 x 1.8 x 0.3-0.4 Contains ditch F6 in location of geophysical
anomaly 3 (former field boundary) & brick making
residue F7 in location of rectilinear geophysical
anomalies 4. No archaeology found.
T05 Not
specifically
identified in
geophysical
survey
21 x 1.8 x 0.3-0.45 Contains brick residue F8 in location of
geophysical anomaly.
T06 5 20 x 1.8 x 0.25-
0.35
Contains ditch F9 (former field boundary) in
location of geophysical anomaly 5 & burnt mound
deposit & trough F10 in location of geophysical
‘pit’ anomaly.
T07 5 20 x 1.8 x 0.3-0.4 Contains ditch F11 (former field boundary, same
as ditch F9 in Trench 6) in proximity to
geophysical anomaly 5. No archaeology found.
T08 6, 7 30 x 1.8 x 0.35-0.5 Contains brick making residue F12 in location of
geophysical anomaly 7. No feature for ‘natural’
anomaly 6. No archaeology found.
T09 n/a 32 Investigating geophysical ‘blank’ area. No
archaeology found.
Total 232 linear metres; 417.6 sq. metres
RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 15-48
Figure 15-18 Test trench layout over geophysical survey results (Coen 2024) RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 15-49
Figure 15-19 Details of Archaeological Area 1 in Trench 6 (Coen 2024)RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 15-50
15.5.1.12 Phase 2 Archaeological Test Excavation (Licence No. 26E0370)
Consultation with National Monuments Service (NMS) (DHLGH) took place on 20 March 2026 to agree
an appropriate strategy for further archaeological testing within the proposed development site.
Given the type of archaeology encountered in the Phase 1 testing, the potential for the discovery of
metal artefacts was deemed to be low, therefore metal-detection was not proposed as part of the
method statement for the Phase 2 testing. The method statement was approved by NMS and a licence
was issued (Licence No. 26E0370).
A number of additional test trenches were excavated within the proposed development site under
Licence No. 26E0370, as detailed below. These trenches extend into areas that did not record any
anomalies in the geophysical survey in order to verify the robustness of the results. Previously
excavated Trench 6 (Licence No. 24E1224; Coen, 2024) was extended in order to reveal the full extent
of the burnt mound (Archaeological Area 1, as described in Section 15.5.1.11). The testing report was
submitted to NMS in compliance with the licensing requirements and is provided in Appendix 15-6 of
this EIAR.
11 test trenches totalling approximately 360 linear metres were excavated across Fields 1 and 2 (Table
15.3; Figure 15-20). The purpose of the programme of archaeological testing was to verify the
robustness of the geophysical results and as a result, test trenches T2 – T11 were placed in areas were
no archaeological features were identified on the geophysical survey. Previously excavated Trench 6
(Licence No. 24E1224; Coen, 2024) was extended (forming T1) in order to reveal the full extent of the
burnt mound (AA1).
The area archaeological interest (AA1) was further defined and its extents confirmed. It comprised a
spread of burnt mound material (C3) and a possible associated trough (C5), both of which were
truncated by a modern linear ditch (C4) (Figure 15-21). The spread is approximately 3m (east – west)
by 2.8m (north – south) and was on average 0.10m deep.
No additional archaeological features or finds were identified within the proposed development area.
Table 15.3 Details of trenches excavated under Licence No. 26E0370
Trench No. Dimensions (L x W x D in
metres)
Orientation of trench Findings
T1 20m x 1.80m x 0.35m East-northeast – West-
southwest
Remains of a fulacht fia with
possible trough
T2 30m x 1.80m x
0.25m/0.30m Northeast – Southwest No archaeology found
T3 40m x 1.80m x 0.35m Northeast – Southwest No archaeology found
T4 50m x 1.80m x 0.30m North – South No archaeology found
T5 30m x 1.80m x 0.25m East – West No archaeology found
T6 40m x 1.80m x 0.35m North – South No archaeology found
T7 30m x 1.80m x 0.30m North - South No archaeology found
T8 30m x 1.80m x 0.35m North – South No archaeology found
T9 30m x 1.80m x 0.30m North – South No archaeology found RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 15-51
Trench No. Dimensions (L x W x D in
metres)
Orientation of trench Findings
T10 30m x 1.80m x 0.30m Northeast - Southwest No archaeology found
T11 30m x 1.80m x 0.25m Northeast – Southwest No archaeology found RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 15-52
Figure 15-20 Location of test trenches within proposed development site RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 15-53
Figure 15-21 Detail of T1 showing archaeological features (Baldwin 2026)
15.5.2 Archaeological Heritage (Designated Assets)
15.5.2.1 Renewable Biogas Plant Site
15.5.2.1.1 National Monuments in State Care or Local Authority Ownership
There are no national monuments or sites under Preservation Order located within the proposed
renewable biogas plant site or within the 1km study area.
15.5.2.1.2 Recorded monuments (RMP / SMR sites)
There are no recorded monuments within the proposed renewable biogas plant site.
There are five recorded monuments within 1km of the proposed renewable biogas plant site (Table
15.3; Figure 15-22), representing activity in the landscape from the prehistoric to the early medieval
periods.
The nearest of these is a large oval hilltop enclosure (RMP MO022-008), situated on top of a drumlin
to the south-west of the proposed renewable biogas plant site (Figure 15-23); the enclosing bank is c.
185m from the proposed development at its closest point. The enclosure is depicted on the first
edition six-inch OS map (1834) as an embanked enclosure and survives above ground, measuring
107m by 69m. Whether this is a prehistoric hilltop enclosure or an example of a large early medieval
ringfort is undetermined. A visual impact assessment of the monument is provided in Section
15.5.2.1.3. RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 15-54
Another indicator of prehistoric (possibly Bronze Age) activity is the stone row recorded c. 900m to
the north (RMP MO017-068) (Figure 15-22). This is the only recorded monument within the study area
that is located roughly north/north-east of the proposed renewable biogas plant site, therefore,
theoretically within sight of the hilltop enclosure with the potential for an interrupted view. As such,
it is included in the visual impact assessment in Section 15.5.2.1.3.
There are also two upstanding ringforts are located c. 1km south and south-west of the proposed
development (RMP MO022-009 & MO022-007001), one of which has an associated souterrain (RMP
MO022-007002). These and other relevant archaeological sites in the wider landscape are discussed
in the context of the archaeological and historical background.
Table 15.4 Recorded monuments within 1km of proposed renewable biogas plant site
RMP /SMR No. Type Townland ITM E ITM N Distance (from
proposed
development)
MO017-068---- Stone row Drumgole 658853 819100 c. 900m
MO022-007001- Ringfort - rath Drumanny 658449 817767 c. 1km
MO022-007002- Souterrain Drumanny 658465 817783 c. 1km
MO022-008---- Hilltop enclosure Maghernakelly 658783 818147 c. 185m
MO022-009---- Ringfort – rath Maghernakelly 659198 817720 c. 1km
Figure 15-22 Recorded monuments within study area for proposed development site RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 15-55
Figure 15-23 Recorded hilltop enclosure (MO022-008) as visible on current aerial imagery
15.5.2.1.3 Visual Impact Assessment
The proposed biogas plant site has been assessed in order to establish how or if its position affects
the wider historic and prehistoric landscape. It should be noted that visual impacts are closely related
to impacts on the setting of individual monuments and cultural heritage receptors. In accordance with
accepted guidance, setting is not exclusively about the visual envelope, it embraces considerably more
than just views, an impact on setting will only occur if the change affects the contribution made by
setting to the significance of the asset. For example, views and interrelationships with other
monuments in the landscape are an important aspect of historic setting.
So, while the level of visual change has been documented as part of this process, this impact
assessment strives to assess the effect on the significance of the asset. It is possible to make major
changes to setting and have little effect on the significance of the asset because the setting contributes
little to that significance. Therefore, impact magnitude is expressed in terms of the degree to which
the significance of the asset is increased or decreased.
The proposed development site is situated in a drumlin landscape. This topography inherently limits
long-distance views and contributes to a more enclosed and constrained visual context, as
demonstrated by the ZVT (see Section 15.3.4 and Figure 15-2). The location of the proposed biogas
plant at the base of a drumlin ridge also limits its potential visibility in the wider landscape. RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 15-56
Views from the hilltop enclosure (RMP MO022-008) demonstrate that this is a working agricultural
landscape (Plate 15-15 to Plate 15-17). In addition to the small-scale dispersed housing and farm
complexes that are visible, there are also existing industrial elements such as the reservoir tanks on a
hilltop east of the stone row (RMP MO017-068), a wind farm to the north-west and another to the
south/south-east.
Based on the results of the site inspection and a review of the photomontages produced, there will be
a change to the views from and to the setting of the recorded hilltop enclosure (RMP MO022-008),
located c. 185m south-west of the proposed biogas plant site. Hilltop enclosures are deliberately
located on local prominences and are typically designed to have 360-degree views of the surrounding
landscape. The proposed development will be considerable in scale and will be visible from the
monument (Figure 15-25). This visual change will restrict / alter views in one direction, to the north-
east of the site only. This will interrupt views in this direction, but it should be noted that this will not
interrupt any existing intervisibility with other recorded monuments in the wider landscape around
the hilltop enclosure.
The potential for intervisibility between the hilltop enclosure (RMP MO022-008) and the stone row
(RMP MO017-068) was considered as part of this assessment, with both sites visited and inspected
(Figure 15-24). In addition, photomontages were prepared by the Landscape and Visual specialists to
inform the assessment of the monuments’ settings.
The stone row is located c. 1.5km north-east of the hilltop enclosure (measured from the edge of the
enclosure) and comprises four stones, one set out of alignment to the south (Plate 15-18). There are
no reciprocal views. The stone row is not visible from the hilltop enclosure, a result of the topography
and intervening field boundaries. Similarly, the field boundary south of the stone row currently
prevents a view of the hilltop enclosure, despite its prominent position (Plate 15-19).
It should also be noted that there is no reason to assume that any such visual connection would have
been important in the context of these two monuments in the past. While both may be prehistoric in
date (a fact not in evidence), this would not necessarily imply a designed, functional or
contemporaneous relationship between the monuments.
With regard to the setting of the stone row, the site visit and photomontage demonstrated that the
existing field boundary to the south of the stone row, even without summer foliage, will largely
obscure the proposed development from view at the stone row (Figure 15-26). Given this, there would
be no impact on the setting of the stone row.
Visual relationships between recorded monuments in the surrounding landscape would not be
interrupted or otherwise affected by the proposed development.
RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 15-57
Figure 15-24 Locations of recorded monuments assessed for visual impact
RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 15-58
Plate 15-15 View north-west from hill-top enclosure
Plate 15-16 View south/south-east from hill-top enclosure
RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 15-59
Plate 15-17 View north/north-east from hill-top enclosure towards the stone row
Plate 15-18 Stone row, facing north-west RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 15-60
Plate 15-19 Stone row, facing south towards the proposed development site and hilltop
enclosure RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 15-61
Figure 15-25 Photomontage showing existing view (top) and view of proposed biogas plant to north-east of recorded hilltop enclosure post-mitigation
(bottom) RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 15-62
Figure 15-26 Photomontage showing existing view (top) and view of proposed biogas plant to north-east of recorded stone row post-mitigation
(bottom)RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 15-63
15.5.2.2 Linear Gas Grid Connection
15.5.2.2.1 National Monuments in State Care or Local Authority Ownership
There are no national monuments or sites under Preservation Order located within the proposed
route.
15.5.2.2.2 Recorded monuments (RMP / SMR sites)
The proposed route traverses the Zone of Notification (ZoN) of a recorded ringfort (RMP MO022-009)
in Maghernakelly townland (Figure 15.20). The proposed route follows the existing R189 public road
at this location. The monument, as depicted on the historic maps, comprises a sub-circular enclosure.
The curve in the road to the east (the existing R189) suggests that it was originally routed to avoid the
monument. The ringfort was visited as part of the Archaeological Survey of Ireland (ASI) in 1986, and
was described as follows:
‘located towards the bottom of a SE-facing slope. This is a circular grass and scrub-covered
area (diam. 36m E-W; 34.5m N-S) that slopes down to the S and is defined by an earthen bank
(at N: Wth of base 4.7m; int. H 0.8m; ext. H 1.45m) that is largely reduced to an external scarp.
There is an outer fosse (at NE: Wth of top 2.5m; Wth of base 1.9m; D 0.3m) W-NE that has
been deepened W-N where it has an outer field bank. There are several gaps in the bank but
the original entrance is not identified.’
The monument was visited as part of this assessment and viewed from the roadside. The outer fosse
and bank along the east side of the ringfort have been removed to create a wider verge (Plate 15-20
and Plate 15-21). Available Google Street View imagery from 2019 (Plate 15-22) and satellite imagery
from May 2020 (Plate 15-23) show the monument much as described in 1986, indicating that the work
took place sometime between late 2020 and the site visit in 2024. There is no record of associated
archaeological investigations and it appears that the work (and partial removal of the monument) was
carried out without archaeological supervision. Depending on the depth of the ground disturbance
during the works, it is possible that there could be intact remains of the monument surviving below
present surface level within the verge. There is also the potential for associated archaeological
material to be found within the road carriageway, beneath the existing surface.
Archaeological testing (Licence No. 06E1132) to the south of the monument, directly across the road
from it, produced no archaeological material. RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 15-64
Plate 15-20 View of recorded monument facing south-west, showing levelled area where
ringfort bank has been removed and roadside fence set back
Plate 15-21 View north-east showing levelled area and new roadside fence at recorded
monument RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 15-65
Plate 15-22 Ringfort bank visible immediately inside the road fence (Google Earth Street View
2019), facing south/south-west
Plate 15-23 Above left: Recorded monument prior to works, with original roadside boundary
(Google Earth 5/2020). Above right: Recorded monument showing current condition, with
expanded area of verge along its east side (Google Earth 9/18/2024).
RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 15-66
Figure 15-27 Recorded monuments along proposed linear gas grid connection route RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 15-67
15.5.3 Architectural Heritage (Designated Assets)
15.5.3.1 Renewable Biogas Plant Site
15.5.3.1.1 Architectural Conservation Areas
There are no architectural conservation areas (ACAs) within the proposed renewable biogas plant site
or within the 1km study area.
15.5.3.1.2 Protected Structures
There are no protected structures within the proposed renewable biogas plant site or within the 1km
study area.
15.5.3.1.3 National Inventory of Architectural Heritage
The National Inventory of Architectural Heritage (NIAH) does not record any buildings or structures of
architectural heritage interest either within the proposed renewable biogas plant site or within the
1km study area. While not designated assets with statutory protection, NIAH sites are included on an
inventory (the NIAH) that is used to inform the Record of Protected Structures (RPS) and can result in
future additions to the RPS.
15.5.3.1.3.1 New Park House estate
The proposed renewable biogas plant site is located within the northern extent of the former New
Park estate which is included in the NIAH Garden Survey (NIAH Garden Survey Ref. 1211; Figure 15.21).
The site was occupied in the 1830s by Dacre Hamilton and changed hands in the 1850s becoming the
home of Thomas Hamilton and valued at £10. The estate would later become the home of the Carleton
family in the early 20th century.
The Garden Survey record is based on the extent of the site as shown in the First Edition six-inch OS
mapping of 1834 (see Figure 15.4). The estate as it appears on the 1834 map is described in Section
15.5.1.2.2. On the map, New Park House can be seen facing onto an area of parkland. Parklands
typically contain specimen trees (or groups thereof), dotted throughout, as in this case on the 1830s
map, and were generally positioned to the front of a house, offering a vista to be enjoyed from it. As
also noted in the NIAH Garden Survey, the parkland is no longer depicted on the revised edition OS
six-inch and 25-inch maps post-1834. The specimen trees and an observatory were removed some
time in the 19th century between the publication of the 1834 map and the revised edition of 1908. The
area to the front (south) of the house remains undeveloped (stock fencing indicates that it is now used
for grazing) and retains the same shape as the former parkland.
The fields in the estate to the north of the house (where the proposed biogas plant site is located) are
not shown as parkland on the historic map (quite often fields at the rear of an estate would be put to
agricultural use, much as they are today). The portion of the former grounds on the 1834 OS map,
which lies within the proposed biogas plant site, is now in use as agricultural land and no boundary
walls, mature trees or other features survive in this area. The boundary remains defined only by virtue
of the roads that line the northeast and west perimeters. It is no longer legible as a part of a
19th century estate. The area containing the proposed biogas plant site is not parkland and does not
contribute to the setting of the house; it is considered to have negligible significance in the context of
the setting of the house. RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 15-68
Figure 15-28 NIAH sites within study area for the proposed renewable biogas plant site
15.5.3.2 Linear Gas Grid Connection
15.5.3.2.1 Architectural Conservation Areas
There are no ACAs within the proposed route or within the 100m assessment corridor.
15.5.3.2.2 Protected Structures
There is one protected structure alongside the proposed linear gas grid connection route, the Dartrey
Estate Wall (RPS No.: 414; NIAH Ref. 41402226; Figure 15.22). Located along the south-eastern and
eastern boundary of the existing R188 public road, the demesne wall marks the extent of the former
Dawson Grove and Fairfield Demesne estates which were amalgamated into the Dartrey Demesne in
the 19th century. The walls feature coursed rubble stone construction with vertical rubble stone RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 15-69
copings and were built c. 1800. Some of the walls do not survive, but those that do are typical of Irish
estate walls, being of simple design, and considerable height.
Figure 15-29 Protected Structures within study area for the proposed linear gas grid connection RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 15-70
15.5.3.2.3 National Inventory of Architectural Heritage
In addition to the Dartrey Estate Wall (RPS No.: 414; NIAH Ref. 41402226), the NIAH records one
further structure of architectural heritage interest within the proposed route. This is the entrance
gateway (NIAH Ref. 41402216; Figure 15.23) to the former Dartrey House estate. It comprises
entrance gates and associated flanking walls that were constructed c. 1860. The gates are decorative
cast-iron gates that are hung on square-plan cut limestone piers with recessed corners and carved
plinths and capitals. The flanking walls are s-curved red brick in Flemish bond with cut limestone
capping and plinth and terminate in matching square-plan piers.
The NIAH Garden Survey also records the historic garden / designed landscape of the former Dartrey
House estate (NIAH Garden Survey Ref. 1218; Figure 15.23). The estate was situated to the north-west
of Dromore and Inner Loughs close to the Monaghan-Cavan county border. It comprised a sprawling
demesne of forest and parkland. The estate featured walled gardens and a large complex of associated
outbuilding. The associated house, Dartrey House, was demolished in the 1946 and much of the land
is now in use as Coillte forest. RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 15-71
Figure 15-30 NIAH sites within study area for the proposed linear gas grid connection RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 15-72
15.5.4 Undesignated Cultural Heritage
15.5.4.1 Renewable Biogas Plant Site
Two features of cultural heritage interest were identified during the desk-based assessment, an
Orange Hall (BH1) and New Park House (BH2). Both features comprise features of local architectural
and historic interest.
An Orange Hall (BH1) was identified on historic mapping to the north of the proposed renewable
biogas plant site. It first appears on the 25-inch OS map published in 1908 (Figure 15.24). It is depicted
as a rectangular building surrounded by trees set within a rectangular plot. An Ordnance Survey
benchmark is shown at the south-western corner of the structure. The feature was visited during the
field inspection and, while now completely overgrown, the structure itself does appear to remain
upstanding. It comprises a corrugated metal structure set in an area of dense trees (see Section
15.5.1.9);
New Park House (BH2) lies to the south of the proposed development and was also identified on
historic mapping. It is first depicted on the First Edition six-inch OS map, published in 1834 (Figure
15.24). The structure is shown within the New Park estate and is oriented to the south/south-east,
taking in views of the associated parkland and an observatory (both features now gone). The house is
a detached three-bay two-storey farmhouse (see Section 15.5.1.9). It is likely of 18th or 19th century
construction and remains in use as a private residence.
One further feature of cultural heritage interest was also identified as a result of the archaeological
test excavations (Licence No. 24E01224), a burnt mound (AA1; Figure 15.24). With straight sides and
a flattish base, the feature was 0.25m in depth. The surface deposit was recorded for 2.8m north-
west/south-east and between 0.5m and 1.4m in width as it extended out of the trench to the north-
east. Given the dimensions and morphology, the subsoil cut feature likely represents a trough: a
water-filled pit where the heated stone was placed for the burnt mound process. RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 15-73
Figure 15-31 Undesignated cultural heritage within study area for the proposed renewable
biogas plant site
15.5.4.2 Linear Gas Grid Connection
One feature of cultural heritage interest was identified along the proposed linear gas grid connection
route during the desk-based assessment: BH3, a bridge known as ‘Laganeers Bridge’ (Figure 15.25).
The Laganeers were a rebel force formed in north-west Ulster during the 1641 Rebellion. The rebellion
was a response to the poor economic circumstances of the Ulster Scots and, indeed the native Irish,
in the wake of the Ulster Plantation. The Laganeers are remembered as one of the most efficient
fighting forces of this war6, although their connection to this part of Monaghan is unclear. The bridge
is first named on the 25-inch OS map published in 1908, indicating that the bridge is likely of late 19th-
or early 20th century construction. The bridge is considered to be of local cultural heritage and historic
interest.
6 https://ulsterhistoricalfoundation.com/the-scots-in-ulster/from-ulster-to-america/plantation RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 15-74
Figure 15-32 Undesignated cultural heritage sites within study area for the proposed linear gas
grid connection RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 15-75
15.6 The ‘Do Nothing’ Scenario
15.6.1 Renewable Biogas Plant Site
Under the ‘Do Nothing’ scenario, no industrial-scale anaerobic digestion (AD) facility would be
developed at the proposed renewable biogas plant site. The existing use of the land under pasture
and its landscape and visual character would remain largely unchanged. There would be no impact on
the below-ground archaeology identified within the site (truncated fulacht fia remains) and no visual
impact on the recorded hilltop enclosure (RMP MO022-008).
15.6.2 Linear Gas Grid Connection
Under the ‘Do Nothing’ scenario, no proposed linear gas grid connection would be installed along the
R188 and R189 public roads. As a result, there would be no ground disturbance along the road corridor
and no impact on any potential below-ground archaeological remains that may survive within its
footprint at the ZoN for the recorded ringfort (RMP MO022-009).
15.7 Potential Significant Effects
15.7.1 Construction Phase
15.7.1.1 Renewable Biogas Plant Site
15.7.1.1.1 Designated Cultural Heritage Sites
There are no designated cultural heritage receptors within the redline boundary of the proposed
renewable biogas plant site. The nearest is a recorded monument is a large oval hilltop enclosure (RMP
MO022-008), the enclosing bank is c. 185m from the proposed development at its closest point. No
direct physical impacts are anticipated based on the current layout of the biogas plant site, but
temporary / short-term impacts on the setting and visual amenity of the monument may occur.
15.7.1.1.2 Undesignated Cultural Heritage Sites
Geophysical survey (Licence 24R0379) followed by two phases of archaeological testing (Licence
24E01224 & 26E0370) within the redline boundary of the proposed renewable biogas plant site
identified only one site of archaeological interest. These were the truncated remains of a probable
fulacht fia (AA1). Fulachta fia, sometimes known as burnt mounds, are relatively common prehistoric
archaeological sites. Given the fragile and partially truncated nature of the surviving archaeological
deposits, and their relatively small scale, this example is assigned a low sensitivity rating. Substantial
groundworks will occur during the construction of the proposed development and the magnitude of
impact on this archaeological feature is very high. This would result in a significant, negative,
permanent impact on the archaeological feature.
There are also two undesignated features of cultural heritage interest located in the vicinity of the
proposed renewable biogas plant site, an Orange Hall (BH1) and New Park House (BH2). There will be
no potential direct impacts on BH1 or BH2. RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 15-76
15.7.1.2 Linear Gas Grid Connection
15.7.1.2.1 Designated Cultural Heritage Sites
The proposed grid connection intersects the ZoN for a recorded ringfort (RMP MO022-009), where
the proposed grid follows the public road east of the monument. The monument itself lies outside of
the existing road carriageway, though remains of the enclosure may be present subsurface within a
widened grass verge. There is a potential for the survival of below-ground associated archaeological
remains within this ZoN along the public road. There is precedent for the preservation of
archaeological remains to survive beneath road surfaces, despite modern interventions. Groundworks
associated with the proposed grid connection would result in a potential impact (direct, negative and
permanent) on any archaeological remains that may be present subsurface.
The proposed linear gas grid connection, as it follows the footprint of the existing R188 and R189
public road, passes adjacent to the protected Dartrey Estate Wall (RPS 414; NIAH 41402226) and the
associated entrance gateway (NIAH 41402216). Given the nature of the works, cable trenching within
the public road, there would be no potential impact on these features of architectural heritage merit.
15.7.1.2.2 Undesignated Cultural Heritage Sites
The proposed linear gas grid connection traverses an undesignated bridge known as Laganeer’s Bridge
(BH3). This is an area that has been previously disturbed, and it is deemed that there is a very limited
potential to reveal any buried features of a historic interest and that the impact is negligible. There
would be no impact due to nature of the works, as cable trenching would take place within the modern
road surface and will not require disturbance to parapet walls.
15.7.2 Operational Phase
15.7.2.1 Renewable Biogas Plant Site
15.7.2.1.1 Archaeological Heritage
As described in Section 15.5.2.1.3, there will be a change to the views and setting of the recorded
hilltop enclosure (RMP MO022-008). This negative visual change will restrict / alter views in one
direction, to the north-east of the monument only. The integrity, understanding or cultural value of
the monument will be unaffected, as will its archaeological fabric. The effect of the introduction of the
proposed biogas plant site on the setting of the recorded monument from a cultural heritage
perspective would be of a medium magnitude, in which there is a noticeable change in the receiving
environment in one direction but this change does not alter the integrity of the monument. Taking
into account the medium sensitivity of the monument, this is considered to be an overall moderate
impact. The construction of the proposed renewable biogas plant will result in a moderate indirect
negative impact on the setting and visual amenity of the recorded monument during the operational
phase.
As described in Section 15.5.2.1.3, the existing field boundary adjacent to the stone row (RMP MO017-
068) in Drumgole, even without summer foliage, will largely obscure the proposed development from
view at the stone row. Given this, there will be no impact on the setting of the stone row. RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 15-77
Stone rows are typically considered to be prehistoric in date, commonly dating to the Bronze Age, and
their function is most likely to have been utilitarian, as an astronomical tool to mark seasonal changes
for farming practices, or as a route or territorial boundary. This particular monument is an isolated
example, it is not located on a hill-top, nor is it a prominent feature in the landscape, being difficult to
see from a distance. Any views and vistas to or from the monument are likely to accidental rather than
deliberately planned, and as such do not contribute to the significance of the monument and its
setting. Should the screening field boundary be removed or denuded, in whole or in part, rendering
the proposed development more visible (albeit not entirely), this would represent a visual change.
However, taking into account the site type and its setting as described, the potential impact on the
stone row would be imperceptible.
The assessment demonstrated that there is no currently no intervisibility between the hilltop
enclosure and the stone row, due to a combination of the intervening field boundaries and the
topography. It should also be noted that there is no reason to assume that any connection would have
been important in the context of these two monuments in the past. While both may be prehistoric,
there is no evidence indicating a designed, functional or contemporaneous relationship between the
monuments.
Visual relationships between recorded monuments in the surrounding landscape would not be
interrupted or otherwise affected by the proposed development.
15.7.2.1.2 Architectural Heritage
The part of the former New Park estate (NIAH Garden Survey 1211) in which the proposed
development will be located, is now in use as agricultural land and is no longer legible as a part of a
19th century estate. No boundary walls, mature trees or other landscape design features survive in this
area. The estate boundary remains defined only by virtue of the roads that delineate the north-eastern
and western perimeters. The proposed development will not be visible from New Park House (BH2),
the historic setting of which is focused on the grounds south of the house. The house was oriented to
take advantage of the views southwards, which once included an area of parkland (now pasture)
directly in front of the house. The area containing the proposed development does not contribute to
the significance of the house or its setting, and given the absence of any landscape design features or
historic landscape character in this part of the estate, it is considered to have a low sensitivity rating.
The magnitude of impact on the former estate would be medium, resulting in a slight direct negative
impact on the New Park estate during the operational phase.
15.7.2.1.3 General
All other cultural heritage issues will be resolved by mitigation during the pre-construction phase or
construction phase, in advance of the operational phase.
15.7.2.2 Linear Gas Grid Connection
All cultural heritage issues will be resolved by mitigation during the pre-construction phase or
construction phase, in advance of the operational phase. No operational phase impacts were
identified for the proposed linear gas grid connection. RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 15-78
15.7.3 Cumulative Effects
15.7.3.1 Renewable Biogas Plant Site
All permitted and proposed developments within 1km have been assessed in conjunction with the
proposed development. These include one-off and small-scale residential developments as well as
small-scale agricultural / industrial developments. No cumulative impacts have been identified in
relation to archaeological, architectural or cultural heritage.
15.7.3.2 Linear Gas Grid Connection
All permitted and proposed developments within 50m have been assessed in conjunction with the
proposed development. These include one-off and small-scale residential developments as well as
small- to large-scale agricultural / industrial developments. No cumulative impacts have been
identified in relation to archaeological, architectural or cultural heritage.
15.7.4 Summary
The following Table summarises the identified likely significant effects during the construction phase
of the proposed development before mitigation measures are applied.
Table 15.5 Summary of Construction Phase Likely Significant Effects in the absence of
mitigation
Aspect Likely
Significant
Effect
Quality Significance Extent Probability Duration Type
Biogas
Plant
AA1, fulacht
fia
Negative
Significant
Recommended
area of
excavation:
100m2
Likely
Permanent
Direct
Gas Grid ZoN of RMP
MO022-009,
ringfort
Potentially
Negative
Undetermined Within the ZoN Likely Permanent Direct
The following Table summarises the identified likely significant effects during the operational phase
of the proposed development before mitigation measures are applied.
Table 15.6 Summary of Operational Phase Likely Significant Effects in the absence of
mitigation
Aspect Likely
Significant
Effect
Quality Significance Extent Probability Duration Type
Biogas
Plant
RMP MO022-
008, hilltop
enclosure
Negative Moderate View to
north-east
Likely Permanent Indirect RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 15-79
Aspect Likely
Significant
Effect
Quality Significance Extent Probability Duration Type
Biogas
Plant
New Park
House estate
Negative Slight 2 fields at
the rear of
the former
estate
Likely Permanent Direct
Gas Grid None N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
15.8 Mitigation Measures
15.8.1 Renewable Biogas Plant Site
15.8.1.1 Incorporated Design Mitigation
Excess material excavated from within the site will be repurposed as landscaping fill material, which
shall afford the possibility of developing screening berms on the southeastern and northwestern
portions of the proposed development site. These berms will be subject to a comprehensive suite of
planting to further integrate the proposed development within the landscape and minimise visual
impact (Figure 15.26). While this will help to screen the proposed development, particularly from the
east and south, minimising any visual impact in these directions, it will not be an effective mitigation
in relation to the hilltop enclosure (RMP MO022-008).
The structures associated with the plant have been designed to echo the style of local agricultural
buildings, with colours to assist them to blend into the surrounding landscape and skyline (see Figure
15.19). The field boundary between the Renewable Biogas Plant Site and the hilltop enclosure will be
left in place. Although this will not screen the upper sections of the Renewable Biogas Plant structures,
along with the berms and structure design, it will assist in minimising the visual distraction of a modern
industrial plant in the north-eastern view from the hilltop enclosure (RMP MO022-008). RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 15-80
Figure 15-33 Landscaping proposed for biogas plant site
15.8.1.2 Construction Phase Mitigation
The proposed development layout precludes the preservation in situ of the archaeological remains
identified during testing. Given the fragile and partially truncated nature of the surviving
archaeological deposits, and their relatively small scale, it is considered an appropriate mitigation that
the remains of fulacht fia AA1 will be preserved by record, i.e. subject to full archaeological excavation.
While the additional archaeological testing confirmed the extents of the fulacht fia remains, the
proposed excavation cutting to resolve this area of archaeological interest will measure approximately
10m x 10m around the known archaeological features to ensure that any additional features that may
be present are identified and fully recorded.
The archaeological excavation will be carried out in advance of construction (prior to works
commencing), under licence to the National Monuments Service (NMS) (Department of Housing, Local
Government and Heritage (DHLGH)), subject to their approval of a licence application and method
statement. Licences can take up to 4 weeks to procure.
15.8.1.3 Operational Phase Mitigation
The potential moderate impact on the setting of the recorded hilltop enclosure (RMP MO022-008) has
been addressed as much as is possible through the incorporated design mitigation described in Section
15.8.1.1. Residual impact on this receptor is addressed below. RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 15-81
While the line of the estate boundaries of this part of the former New Park estate are being retained,
the potential slight impact on the former estate cannot otherwise be mitigated.
All cultural heritage issues will be resolved by mitigation during the pre-construction phase or
construction phase, in advance of the operational phase. As a result, no mitigation is required at
operational stage.
15.8.2 Linear Gas Grid Connection
As part of the proposed linear gas grid connection intersects the ZoN for a recorded monument (RMP
MO022-009, ringfort), a Section 12 notification of works will be required. Under Section 12 of the 1994
amendment of the National Monuments Act, all monuments listed on the 'Record of Monuments and
Places' (RMP) are given a minimum level of protection in the form of a requirement to give two
months’ notice in writing to the Minister for Housing, Local Government and Heritage of intention to
interfere. In this case, a description of the proposed works will have to be forwarded to the Minister
in order to demonstrate that the monument in question will remain unaffected by the said works.
It is recommended that archaeological monitoring under licence to the NMS (DHLGH) be carried out
where groundworks occur within the ZoN for the recorded ringfort (RMP MO022-009).
15.9 Residual Impact Assessment
This section assesses potential significant environmental impacts which remain after mitigation
measures are implemented.
15.9.1 Construction Phase
Following the implementation of the above-stated construction phase mitigation, no significant
residual effects are predicted to occur in relation to archaeological heritage.
Any archaeological features present that require excavation will thus be permanently removed, in
whole or in part from the landscape. However, the archaeological excavation of the sites or parts
thereof that lie within the proposed site, will involve full recording of all archaeological features, finds
and deposits. The results of the excavations will add to the body of knowledge, resulting in a reduction
of the likely effect on the known archaeological site from significant to moderate.
15.9.2 Operational Phase
Following the implementation of the incorporated design mitigation, an indirect moderate negative
residual impact is predicted to remain on the visual amenity and setting of the recorded hilltop
enclosure (RMP MO022-008). The proposed development is considerable in scale and while the
associated landscaping and individual structure design have been devised to minimise and soften the
appearance of the biogas plant, the construction of the plant will still restrict / alter views to the north-
east of the recorded monument during the operational phase.
Thus, given the nature of the proposed development, the proposed landscape design would not
reduce the impact as assessed, with the predicted residual effect remaining at moderate (an RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 15-82
acceptable level in EIAR terms). It should be noted that this effect does not represent a loss of, or
direct physical impact on, the monument and its principal archaeological characteristics, and the
greater part of its wider setting will remain unchanged.
The slight negative impact on the New Park estate is predicted to remain for the duration of the
operational phase.
It should be noted that these setting impacts are reversible and will cease upon decommissioning,
should that situation occur.
15.9.3 Cumulative Effects
15.9.3.1 Renewable Biogas Plant
No cumulative effects were identified.
15.9.3.2 Gas Grid Connection
No cumulative effects were identified.
15.9.4 Summary of Post-mitigation Effects
The following Table summarises the identified likely significant residual effects during the construction
phase of the proposed development following the application of mitigation measures.
Table 15.7 Summary of Construction Phase Effects Post Mitigation
Aspect Likely
Significant
Effect
Quality Significance Extent Probability Duration Type
Biogas
Plant
AA1, fulacht
fia
Negative
Moderate
Recommended
area of
excavation:
100m2
Likely
Permanent
Direct
Gas Grid ZoN of RMP
MO022-009,
ringfort
Potentially
Negative
Undetermined Within the ZoN Likely Permanent Direct
The following Table summarises the identified likely residual significant effects during the operational
phase of the proposed development post mitigation.
Table 15.8 Summary of Operational Phase Effects Post Mitigation
Aspect Likely
Significant
Effect
Quality Significance Extent Probability Duration Type
Biogas
Plant
RMP MO022-
008, hilltop
enclosure
Negative Moderate Views to
north-east
Likely Permanent Indirect RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 15-83
Aspect Likely
Significant
Effect
Quality Significance Extent Probability Duration Type
Biogas
Plant
New Park
House estate
Negative Slight 2 fields at
the rear of
the former
estate
Likely Permanent Direct
Gas Grid None N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
15.9.5 Cumulative Residual Effects
No significant cumulative residual effects were identified for the proposed development.
15.10 Risk of Major Accidents or Disasters
There are no expected significant adverse effects of the project on the environment deriving from the
vulnerability of the project to risks of major accidents and / or disasters.
15.11 Worst Case Scenario
In the unlikely event that archaeological mitigation as detailed in Section 15.8 were not implemented,
contrary to the approved plans and conditions of planning permission, the subsurface remains would
not be preserved by record, resulting in the loss of physical features and their associated data.
However, under the approved development, this outcome is not anticipated, as mitigation will be
implemented in line with regulatory requirements.
15.12 Interactions
Please refer to Chapter 18.
15.13 Monitoring
All archaeological and cultural heritage issues will be resolved at the pre-construction and
construction stages of the proposed project. This will include licensed archaeological monitoring of
top soil stripping activity in the proposed biogas plant site.
It is also recommended that similar archaeological monitoring protocols are implemented for the
linear gas grid connection, particularly where ground works intersect the ZoN of a recorded ringfort
(RMP MO022-009 ).
15.14 Summary of Mitigation and Monitoring
The following Table summarises the Construction Phase mitigation and monitoring measures.
Table 15.9 Summary of Construction Phase Mitigation and Monitoring RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 15-84
Aspect Likely Significant Effect Mitigation Monitoring
Biogas Plant Direct negative significant
effect on AA1
Preservation by record
through licensed
archaeological excavation,
resulting in a moderate
negative residual effect.
Archaeological issues will
be resolved at the pre-
construction and
construction stages,
including any necessary
archaeological monitoring /
inspection work required.
Gas Grid Potential direct negative
effect on any surviving
below-ground archaeology
within ZoN of RMP MO022-
009, ringfort
Section 12 Notification of
Works
Licensed archaeological
monitoring of ground
disturbance works within
ZoN
As above
The following Table summarises the Operational Phase mitigation and monitoring measures.
Table 15.10 Summary of Operational Phase Mitigation and Monitoring
Aspect Likely Significant Effect Mitigation Monitoring
Biogas Plant No likely significant effects.
Indirect negative moderate
effect RMP MO022-008,
hilltop enclosure. This effect
on its setting does not
represent a loss of, or direct
physical impact on, the
monument and its principal
archaeological
characteristics, and the
greater part of its wider
setting will remain
unchanged.
Incorporated design
mitigation, including
screening berms and a
comprehensive suite of
planting. Residual effect will
remain at moderate for the
duration of operational
phase.
None required during
operational phase
Biogas Plant No likely significant effects.
Indirect negative slight
effect Former New Park
estate (NIAH Garden
Survey Ref. 1211), in an
area of the estate that is of
low sensitivity.
Retention of estate
boundary alignment.
Residual effect will remain
at slight for the duration of
operational phase.
None required during
operational phase
Gas Grid None N/A N/A
15.15 Conclusion
The Proposed Project comprises two elements: the Renewable Biogas Plant, which forms the
Proposed Development for which planning permission is sought, and the approximately 3.5 km Linear RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 15-85
Gas Grid Connection, which will be delivered separately by Gas Networks Ireland but forms part of the
overall project for the purposes of EIA.
The proposed development is situated in a drumlin landscape in a working agricultural landscape. The
proposed renewable biogas plant site represents a greenfield area under pasture, while the proposed
grid connection follows the road corridor of the existing R189 and R188 public roads.
15.15.1 Renewable Biogas Plant Site
Geophysical survey and targeted archaeological testing identified the truncated remains of a fulacht
fia or burnt mound within the proposed renewable biogas plant site. The archaeological remains will
be preserved by record, i.e. subject to full licensed archaeological excavation, prior to works
commencing. The residual effect will be moderate negative.
The closest recorded monument is a large oval hilltop enclosure (RMP MO022-008), located c. 185m
to the south-west (measured from the enclosing bank of the monument). The proposed development
is considerable in scale and while the associated landscaping and individual structure design have been
devised to minimise and soften the appearance of the biogas plant, the construction of the plant will
restrict / alter views to the north-east of the recorded monument during the operational phase. This
will likely result in an indirect moderate negative residual impact on the visual amenity and setting of
the monument. It should be noted that this effect does not represent a loss of, or direct physical
impact on, the monument and its principal archaeological characteristics, and the greater part of its
wider setting will remain unchanged.
Visual relationships between recorded monuments in the surrounding landscape would not be
interrupted or otherwise affected by the proposed development.
The part of the former New Park estate (NIAH Garden Survey Ref. 1211) containing the proposed
development does not contribute to the significance of the house or its setting, and given the absence
of any landscape design features or historic landscape character in this part of the estate, it is
considered to have a low sensitivity rating. A slight direct negative impact on the New Park estate was
identified during the operational phase and will remain for its duration.
These setting impacts are reversible and will cease upon decommissioning, should that situation
occur.
15.15.2 Linear Gas Grid Connection
The proposed linear gas grid connection intersects the ZoN for a recorded ringfort (RMP MO022-009).
The monument itself lies outside of the existing road corridor, however there is a potential for the
survival of associated below-ground archaeological remains within this ZoN. A Section 12 notification
of works may be required and it is recommended that licensed archaeological monitoring will take
place of groundworks where they occur within the ZoN.
Given that the proposed linear gas grid connection route travels along the existing roadway, there are
no potential impacts on any items or structures of architectural heritage merit. However, the
construction team should be made aware of the locations of those RPS / NIAH sites that are situated
in the immediate vicinity of the potential gas grid route, namely the Dartrey Estate walls (RPS No.: RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 15-86
414; NIAH Ref. 41402226) and the Dartrey Estate entrance gateway (NIAH Ref. 41402216). All
precautions should be taken to ensure that there is no accidental impact on any of the boundary
treatments associated with these sites / structures during the construction phase.
15.16 References and Sources
15.16.1 Documentary References
Duffy, P. 1981 “Patterns of Landownership in Gaelic Monaghan in the Late Sixteenth Century”, Clogher
Record 10(3), 304-322.
Duffy, S. 1995 “The first Ulster plantation: John de Courcy and the men of Cumbria” in T. B. Barry,
Robin Frame, and Katharine Simms (eds), Colony and frontier in medieval Ireland: essays presented to
J. F. Lydon, 1-27. London: Hambledon Press.
Edwards, N. 2005 “The archaeology of early medieval Ireland, c. 400-1169” in D. Ó Cróinín (ed.) A New
History of Ireland 1: Prehistoric and Early Ireland, 235-370. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Joyce, P.W. 1910a The Origin and History of Irish Names and Places, Vol. 1. Dublin: M.H. Gill and Son.
Joyce, P.W. 1910b The Origin and History of Irish Names and Places, Vol. 2. Dublin: Talbot Press.
Joyce, P.W. 1920 The Origin and History of Irish Names and Places, Vol. 3. Dublin: Educational
Company of Ireland.
Lewis, S. 1837 A topographical dictionary of Ireland, 2 vols. London. Lewis and Co.
Meharg, T. 2019 “Going Underground: An Experimental Archaeological Investigation of an Early
Medieval Irish Souterrain”, EXARC Journal 2019/02.
O’Brien, W. 2017. ‘The development of the hillfort in prehistoric Ireland’, in Proceedings of the Royal
Irish Academy: Archaeology, Culture, History, Literature, Vol. 117C, pp. 3-61.
Ó Drisceoil, C. and Condit, E. 2015 “The Black Pig’s Dyke – Power Lines in the Landscape”, Archaeology
Ireland Heritage Guide No. 68.
Ó Dufaigh, S. and Duffy, J. 1999 “Medieval Monaghan: The Evidence of the Placenames”, Clogher
Record 16(3), 7-28.
Ó Súilleabháin, M., Downey, L., and Downey, D. 2018 Antiquities of Rural Ireland. Dublin: Wordwell.
O’Sullivan, A.; McCormick, F.; Kerr, T.; and Harney, L. 2014[2021] Early Medieval Ireland, AD 400- 1100:
The evidence from archaeological investigations. Dublin: Royal Irish Academy.
O’Sullivan, M. and Downey, L. 2019 “Court Tombs”, Archaeology Ireland 33(1), 35-38.
Otway-Ruthven, A. J. 1968. A history of medieval Ireland. London. RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 15-87
Schulting, R.; Murphy, E.; Jones, C.; and Warren, G. 2012 “New dates from the north and a proposed
chronology for Irish court tombs”, Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy 112C, 1-60,
Stout, G., 1997. The Irish Ringfort. Dublin: Four Courts Press.
RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 15-88
15.16.2 Online Sources
www.maps.osi.ie
www.archaeology.ie
www.downsurvey.tcd.ie
www.buildingsofireland.ie (NIAH)
www.excavations.ie
www.heritagemaps.ie
www.askboutireland.com (Griffith’s Valuation)
www.landedestates.ie
RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
AUGUST 2026
VOLUME II
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT
CHAPTER 16
MAJOR ACCIDENTS & DISASTERS
Stream BioEnergy Ireland Limited
RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 16-1
Table of Contents
16 Major Accidents and Disasters .............................................................................................. 16-3
16.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 16-3
16.2 Expertise & Qualifications ..................................................................................................... 16-3
16.3 Project Description ................................................................................................................ 16-3
16.3.1 Renewable Biogas Plant Site ................................................................................................. 16-3
16.3.2 Linear Gas Grid Connection................................................................................................... 16-4
16.3.3 Aspects Relevant to this Assessment .................................................................................... 16-4
16.4 Methodology ......................................................................................................................... 16-6
16.4.1 Site Specific Risk Assessment Methodology ......................................................................... 16-6
16.4.2 Difficulties Encountered ........................................................................................................ 16-8
16.5 Major Accidents .................................................................................................................... 16-9
16.5.1 Consultation .......................................................................................................................... 16-9
16.6 Baseline Environment ......................................................................................................... 16-10
16.6.1 Nearby Residential Establishments ..................................................................................... 16-10
16.6.2 Nearby Industrial Establishments ....................................................................................... 16-10
16.6.3 Nearby Seveso Establishments ........................................................................................... 16-11
16.6.4 Seismic Activity.................................................................................................................... 16-11
16.6.5 Landslides ............................................................................................................................ 16-13
16.6.6 Flood Risk ............................................................................................................................ 16-14
16.6.7 Hyrdology ............................................................................................................................ 16-14
16.7 Based on the TII methodology (2009) the importance of the hydrological features at this site
is rated as ‘Low’ importance based on the assessment that the attribute has a low-quality significance
or value on a local scale, based on the fact that it is not an area of water supply, within a flood zone
or an amenity area.The ‘Do Nothing’ Scenario ................................................................................ 16-15
16.8 Potential Significant Effects ................................................................................................ 16-16
16.8.1 Hazardous Materials ........................................................................................................... 16-16
16.8.2 COMAH Status ..................................................................................................................... 16-21
16.8.3 Major Accident Hazards ...................................................................................................... 16-23
16.8.4 Construction Phase ............................................................................................................. 16-24
16.8.5 Operational Phase ............................................................................................................... 16-28
16.8.6 Decommissioning ................................................................................................................ 16-36
16.8.7 Cumulative Effects .............................................................................................................. 16-36
16.9 Mitigation Measures ........................................................................................................... 16-36
16.9.1 Renewable Biogas Plant Site ............................................................................................... 16-36
16.9.2 Gas Grid Connection ........................................................................................................... 16-37
16.10 Residual Impact Assessment ............................................................................................... 16-37 RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 16-2
16.11 Monitoring .......................................................................................................................... 16-37
16.12 Interactions ......................................................................................................................... 16-37
16.13 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................... 16-37
16.14 References and Sources ...................................................................................................... 16-39
Table of Figures
Figure 16.1 Nearby Residential Dwellings........................................................................................ 16-10
Figure 16.2 Ireland Seismic Activity Map ......................................................................................... 16-12
Figure 16.3 Landslide Susceptibility Map (GSI Ireland) .................................................................... 16-13
Table of Tables
Table 16-1 Risk Classification - Likelihood ......................................................................................... 16-7
Table 16-2 Risk Classification - Consequence .................................................................................... 16-7
Table 16-3 Example Risk Matrix ......................................................................................................... 16-8
Table 16-4 EPA Licenced Facilities nearby to the Proposed Development Site .............................. 16-11
Table 16-5 Hazardous Material Inventory ....................................................................................... 16-17
Table 16-6 COMAH Calculation ........................................................................................................ 16-22
Table 16-7 COMAH Factorisation ..................................................................................................... 16-22
Table 16-8 Major Accident Hazards at Proposed Development ...................................................... 16-23
Table 16-9 Assessment of Major Accidents and Disasters for Construction Phase......................... 16-25
Table 16-10 Assessment of Major Accidents and Disasters for Operational Phase ........................ 16-29
RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 16-3
16 Major Accidents and Disasters
16.1 Introduction
This chapter assesses the potential for major accidents and disasters (MAD) arising from both the
Proposed Development that is, the elements for which planning permission is being sought from
Monaghan County Council and the wider Project, which also includes the associated gas pipeline
connection to be delivered separately by Gas Networks Ireland. Although the pipeline does not form
part of the planning application, it is considered in this chapter insofar as sufficient information is
available and because it falls within the overall project definition for the purposes of the EIA Directive.
The assessment has been prepared in accordance with the EPA Guidelines (2022) and relevant EU and
national legislation and considers the vulnerability of the development to external hazards as well as
the potential for the project to give rise to major accidents or disasters. This includes events such as
fire, explosion, severe weather, flooding, infrastructure failure or other low-probability/high-
consequence scenarios.
This chapter of the EIAR should be read in conjunction with the architectural and engineering drawings
submitted as part of this planning application.
16.2 Expertise & Qualifications
This chapter of the Environmental Impact Assessment Report has been prepared by Matthew Michie
a Senior Environmental Consultant at AWN Consulting Limited. Matthew holds an MChem and a MSc
(Physical Chemistry). Matthew has 5 years’ experience in environmental consulting and process safety
and has been involved in numerous EIARs for a range of projects including commercial, residential,
industrial, pharmaceutical and data centre developments.
16.3 Project Description
16.3.1 Renewable Biogas Plant Site
The development consists of the construction and operation of a Renewable Biogas Plant and
associated infrastructure. The principal elements of the plant comprise a main process building where
the feedstock for the anaerobic digestion (AD) process is received. An odour control system with a
dispersion stack will treat the air from the building. The feedstock passes to the AD tanks located
within a bunded tank farm. There is a combined heat and power (CHP) building within which a gas
fired CHP engine will generate electricity for the plant's energy needs. A Biogas Upgrade and
Treatment Plant will be installed to produce biomethane (a renewable natural gas) that will be
exported via a Gas Grid Entry Unity to the national gas grid. A Dryer Building is proposed, where the
digestate will be dried, and a Pellet Hall will be constructed, where the digestate pellets will be stored
prior to removal from the site for use as a natural fertiliser product. Ancillary elements include a gas
dome, tanks to store incoming liquid feedstock, freshwater, firewater, and fuel, a backup gas flare, a
backup generator, a plant building, and a control building. A new site entrance, weighbridges, wheel RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 16-4
washes, parking facilities, and all ancillary development works and services also form part of the
development.
A high-level process flow follows.
16.3.2 Linear Gas Grid Connection
A gas transmission pipeline will provide the physical connection between the Renewable Biogas Plant
and the existing national gas network at Dromore West, Co. Monaghan. While the development of
this gas grid connection does not form part of the planning application, as it will be delivered
separately by Gas Networks Ireland under the CRU consenting process, it is included within the EIAR
for assessment purposes. This approach reflects the requirements of the EIA Directive, which
mandates assessment of the entire project, including all ancillary infrastructure necessary for its
operation. The works comprise the laying of an underground pipeline over approximately 3.5 km
within the public road corridor.
16.3.3 Aspects Relevant to this Assessment
When considering a development of this nature, the potential impacts to major accidents and
disasters will be assessed. The aspects of the proposed development that are relevant to major
accidents are as follows:
• Storage and handling of biogas
• Storage and handling of organic material
• Storage of hazardous chemicals RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 16-5
• Presence of pressurised equipment
This assessment is a review of major accident hazards and disasters based on the engineering design,
drawings and documentation.
16.3.3.1 Industrial Emissions Directive
The proposed Renewable Biogas Plant will be an Industrial Emissions Directive (IED) licensed facility.
As such, the design and operation of the site incorporate robust measures to prevent major accidents
and limit potential consequences, in line with EU and national guidance:
• The site will be regulated under the EU Industrial Emissions Directive (IED 2010/75/EU), which
requires operators to apply Best Available Techniques (BAT) to prevent accidents, limit
emissions, and ensure safe operation.
• Compliance with the BAT conclusions published in the relevant BREF (Best Available
Techniques Reference Document) for anaerobic digestion activities ensures that site design,
process control, and safety management follow industry best practice.
• The plant will incorporate redundant safety systems to manage risks such as overpressure,
gas leaks, and fire.
• Storage areas for fuels, chemicals, and digestate are bunded and ventilated, minimising the
risk of spills and uncontrolled releases.
• The tank farm bund’s containment capacity has been designed in accordance with Section 4
of CIRIA ‘C736F – Containment systems for the prevention of pollution – Secondary, tertiary
and other measures for industrial and commercial premises’
• Process equipment includes automatic shutdown and alarm systems to prevent escalation of
incidents. Real time monitoring of gas flow, inspection and maintenance of safety devices and
gas leakage surveys will be carried out in all areas where gas is produced, stored, transported
and used.
• All aspects of the plant will be controlled and monitored by a central electronic Supervisory
Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) telemetry control system. The system will allow for
maintenance of optimum conditions required at the various stages of the process to ensure
safe and efficient operation of the plant.
• Staff will follow standard operating procedures (SOPs) covering chemical handling, gas
storage, maintenance, and emergency response.
• Regular training and drills are conducted to ensure all personnel can respond effectively to
emergencies.
• The site will maintain a comprehensive emergency response plan, including response to
chemical spills, gas releases, fire, and extreme weather events.
• Coordination with local emergency services ensures that off-site impacts are minimised.
The MA&D risk at this IED-licensed site will be managed through a combination of BAT-compliant
design, operational controls, and emergency preparedness, in accordance with both EU and national
guidance. While the risk of major accidents cannot be entirely eliminated, adherence to these
standards ensures that any potential incidents are unlikely to result in significant off-site
consequences. RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 16-6
16.4 Methodology
The following relevant legislation, policy, and guidance has informed the preparation of this chapter:
• EPA ‘Guidelines on the Information to be contained in Environmental Impact Assessment
Reports’ (2022);
• EIAR Directive 2014/52/EU, which requires consideration of “the expected significant adverse
effects of the project on the environment deriving from the vulnerability of the project to risks
of major accidents and/or natural disasters relevant to the project consented.”
• Health and Safety Authority (HSA) Guidance on Technical Land-Use Planning Advice, for
planning authorities and COMAH establishment operators (2023);
• Chemicals Act (Control of Major Accident Hazards Involving Dangerous Substances)
Regulations 2015;
• HSA Guide to the COMAH Regulations 2015 (S.I. No. 209 of 2015);
• Building Regulations (Part A Amendment) Regulations 2012 (as amended) (SI No. 138 of 2012)
– Structural Safety;
• Safety, Health and Welfare at Work (Construction) Regulations 2013 (as amended) (hereafter
referred to as the Safety, Health and Welfare (Construction) Regulations) (S.I. No. 291 of
2013); and
• A Framework for Major Emergency Management. Guidance Document 10 (DECLG 2015).
The EPA Guidelines, 2022, state that:
“To address unforeseen or unplanned effects the Directive further requires that the EIAR takes account
of the vulnerability of the project to risk of major accidents and /or disasters relevant to the project
concerned and that the EIAR therefore explicitly addresses this issue. The extent to which the effects
of major accidents and / or disasters are examined in the EIAR should be guided by an assessment of
the likelihood of their occurrence (risk). This may be supported by general risk assessment methods or
by systematic risk assessments required under other legislation e.g. a COMAH (Control of Major
Accident Hazards involving Dangerous Substances) assessment.
The potential for a project to cause risks to human health, cultural heritage or the environment due to
its vulnerability to external accidents or disasters is considered where such risks are significant, e.g. the
potential effects of floods on sites with sensitive facilities. Where such risks are significant then the
specific assessment of those risks in the form of a Seveso Assessment (where relevant) or Flood Risk
Assessment may be required.”
16.4.1 Site Specific Risk Assessment Methodology
The risk assessment identifies and quantifies risks focusing on potentially significant adverse effects
of the development on the environment, deriving from its vulnerability to risks of relevant major
accidents and/or disasters. The approach to identifying and quantifying risks associated with the
proposed development by means of a sites specific risk assessment is derived from the EPA Guidelines
on information to be contained in EIAR (EPA, 2022). RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 16-7
The criterion for categorising impact is derived from the EPAs Guidance on Assessing and Costing
Environmental Liabilities (2014). In this guidance, the risk assessment methodology commences with
the establishment of risk classification criteria followed by risk analysis based on these criteria. Risk
classification tables are required in order to evaluate and rank the risks compared with each other.
They form the basis for rating the likelihood of an event occurring and the consequence of impact if
the event occurs. The approach used in this assessment is summarised as follows and has been derived
from relevant guidance as described above:
• Identification of hazardous substances which could be present over the lifecycle of the
Proposed Development, including flammable substances, materials harmful to the
environment and materials harmful to human health.
• Consideration of the quantities and storage arrangements associated with these substances
and the prospective operations at the Proposed Development involving these materials.
• Identification of potential Major Accidents and Disasters (MA&D) Risk Events associated with
these materials and operations. Assessment of the vulnerability of the Proposed Development
to disasters as a result of, for example, location, infrastructure, climatic conditions and
geological events.
• Where credible MA&Ds Risk Events and Disasters are identified, the reasonable worst-case
consequence of a of each Risk Event is assessed in qualitative terms, based on factors including
receptors which could be affected, and mitigation measures already in place (see Table 16-1))
• The likelihood and consequence ratings are combined to form a risk score for risk evaluation
(see Table 16-2).
Table 16-1 Risk Classification - Likelihood
Rating Category Description
1 Very low Very low chance of hazard occurring
2 Low Low chance of hazard occurring
3 Medium Medium chance of hazard occurring
4 High High chance of hazard occurring
5 Very high Very high chance of hazard occurring
Table 16-2 Risk Classification - Consequence
Rating Category Description
1 Trivial Small number of people affected, no fatalities
No contamination to environment
2 Minor
Single fatality: limited number of people affected; a
few serious injuries
Localised contamination effects of short duration
3 Moderate Significant number of people in affected area
impacted with multiple fatalities RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 16-8
Rating Category Description
Contamination effects widespread or of extended
duration
4 Major
5 to 50 fatalities, up to 100 serious injuries
Heavy contamination, localised effects, or extended
duration
5 Massive
Large numbers of people impacted with a significant
number of fatalities (>50), injuries in the hundreds
Very heavy contamination, widespread effects of
extended duration
The risks are then ranked according to their own risk score (1-5) in a colour coded matrix able which
allows risks to be easily displayed and prioritised. The colour codes are as follows and indicated in
Table 16-3 below:
• Red – high level risks requiring priority action (overall risk scores of 15-25);
• Yellow – medium-level risks requiring action, but not as critical as red-coded risks (overall risk
scores of 8-12); and
• Green (light and dark) – low-level risks requiring continuing awareness and monitoring on a
regular basis (overall risk scores of 1-6).
Table 16-3 Example Risk Matrix
Consequence
Trivial Minor Moderate Major Massive Likelihood Very High Low Medium High High High
High Low Medium Medium High High
Medium Low Low Medium Medium High
Low Low Low Low Medium Medium
16.4.2 Difficulties Encountered
This chapter focuses on major accident scenarios and natural disasters based on current design and
inventory. No difficulties were encountered in completing this chapter. RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 16-9
16.5 Major Accidents
For the purpose of this assessment, the definition of a ‘Major Accident’ is taken from the guidelines
on Major Accidents and Disasters within EIA published by Institute of Environmental Management and
Assessment (IEMA, 2020).
“A major accident is an event (for instance, train derailment or major road traffic accident) that threatens
immediate or delayed serious environmental effects to human health, welfare and / or the environment
and requires the use of resources beyond those of the client or its appointed representatives (i.e.,
contractors) to manage”. Major accidents can be caused by disasters resulting from both man-made and
natural hazards. A disaster is a man-made / external hazard (such as an act of terrorism) or a natural hazard
(such as an earthquake) with the potential to cause an event or situation that meets the definition of a
major accident. In general, major accidents and / or disasters should be considered as part of an assessment
where the development has the potential to cause the loss of life, permanent injury and/or temporary or
permanent destruction of an environmental receptor which cannot be restored through minor clean-up and
restoration”.
For the purpose of this assessment, the definition of a ‘Disaster’ is as follows (IEMA, 2020):
“a natural hazard (e.g. earthquake) or a man-made external hazard (e.g. act of terrorism) with the potential
to cause an event or situation that meets the definition of a major accident.”
For the purposes of this assessment, the definition of ‘Vulnerability’ is as follows (IEMA, 2020):
“Vulnerability – describes the potential for harm as a result of an event, for example due to sensitivity or
value of receptors. In the context of the EIA Directive, the term refers to ‘exposure and resilience’ of the
proposed development to the risk of a major accident and / or disaster. Vulnerability is influenced by
sensitivity, adaptive capacity, and magnitude of impact; and Significant environmental effect (in relation to
a major accident and / or disaster assessment) – includes the loss of life, permanent injury and temporary
or permanent destruction of an environmental receptor which cannot be restored through minor clean-up
and restoration.”
16.5.1 Consultation
A pre-planning meeting was held with Monaghan County Council prior to lodging the planning
application. The Council indicated in principle support for the development, subject to compliance
with all relevant policies and objectives. It was acknowledged that the site is subject to an Industrial
Emissions (IED) licence, and as such, operational emissions fall under the remit of the EPA.
Further details regarding the meeting can be found in the Planning Statement submitted under
separate cover. Of particular relevance to this assessment was the acknowledgment of the IED
licensing requirements for operational emissions. RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 16-10
16.6 Baseline Environment
16.6.1 Nearby Residential Establishments
The Proposed Development site is located in an area which is predominantly rural in nature, with a
dispersed residential population. The nearest residence is located approximately 35m to the south
(landowner dwelling). Residential dwellings located within 500m of the site are shown on Figure 16-
1.
Figure 16.1 Nearby Residential Dwellings
16.6.2 Nearby Industrial Establishments
Table 16-4 details the industrial sites in the vicinity of the proposed development, which operate
under Directive 2010/75/EU (the industrial emissions directive) licences from the Environmental
Protection Agency. Licensed facilities are required to comply with specific licence conditions, including
monitoring and reporting on their emissions (such as emissions into the air, water, and soil), to ensure
that they do not pose a risk to human health or the environment.
RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 16-11
Table 16-4 EPA Licenced Facilities nearby to the Proposed Development Site
Registration
number Name Category Licence
type
Distance
(km)
P1128 Carleton Poultry Limited Industry IEL 0.5
P1124
Mr Steven & Ms Ann
Niblock
Industry IEL 1.9
P1071 Ak Agriculture Limited Industry IEL 2.5
16.6.3 Nearby Seveso Establishments
Seveso establishments have a “consultation distance” which is defined as “a distance or area relating
to an establishment, within which there are potentially significant consequences for human health or
the environment from a major accident at the establishment” (COMAH Regulations).
The proposed development site is not located within the consultation zones of any Seveso
establishment; therefore, there are no constraints to the proposed development at this location from
nearby Seveso establishments.
There are no Seveso Establishments withing 10 km of the proposed development.
16.6.4 Seismic Activity
In Ireland, seismic activity is recorded by the Irish National Seismic Network. The Geophysics Section
of the School of Cosmic Physics, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, has been recording seismic
events in Ireland since 1978 (www.dias.ie). This network consists of several seismometers that are
located throughout Ireland. Figure 16.2 illustrates historical and recorded seismic events since 1980. RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 16-12
Figure 16.2 Ireland Seismic Activity Map
Seismic activity and earthquake risk in Ireland are generally considered to be low. This is because
Ireland is located on the western edge of the Eurasian Plate, which is a tectonic plate that is not known
for its seismic activity. However, earthquakes can still occur in Ireland, although they are typically small
and have little impact.
It can be seen in Figure 16-2 that there is no significant seismic activity recorded in the vicinity of the
proposed development. Therefore, the likelihood of seismic activity impacting the proposed
development is negligible; and therefore, not significant. RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 16-13
16.6.5 Landslides
Much of the Earth’s surface is covered by unconsolidated sediments which can be especially prone to
instability. Water often plays a key role in lubricating the slope failure. Instability is often significantly
increased by man’s activities in building houses, roads, drainage and agricultural changes. Landslides,
mud flows, bog bursts (in Ireland) and debris flows are a are a natural hazard that can occur. These
can cause damage to property, infrastructure, and the natural environment, and can also pose a risk
to human life.
In general, risk of landslides in Ireland is considered to be low, as the country is not located in a region
with high seismic activity or large mountain ranges. Landslides are more common in unconsolidated
material than in bedrock, and where the sea constantly erodes the material at the base of a cliff
landslides and falls lead to recession of the cliffs. Landslides have occurred in Ireland in recent years
in upland peat areas due to disturbance of peat associated with construction activities.
Figure 16.3 Landslide Susceptibility Map (GSI Ireland) RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 16-14
The landslide susceptibility map identifies areas which are subject to landslides and is measured from
low to high. The landslide susceptibility map considers the location of landslides and what causes them
(slope, soil type and the impact of the flow of water). It can be seen in Figure 16-3 that the area
surrounding the proposed development has a low susceptibility of landslides. Therefore, the likelihood
of a landslide impacting the proposed development is negligible; therefore, not significant.
16.6.6 Flood Risk
A Stage 1 Flood Risk Assessment has been completed, by AWN Consulting Ltd. (see Appendix 10.2
Volume III II), in accordance with the Department of the Environment, Heritage and Local Government
(DoEHLG) Flood Risk Management Guidelines for Planning Authorities published by the OPW in 2009.
Overall, it is concluded that this proposed development, and the surrounding area is not at risk from
flooding since the proposed development is located in Flood Zone C. The type of development is
classed as a ‘Less Vulnerable Development’. This type of development is deemed appropriate for this
flood zonation.
No residual risk is foreseen as the development is located outside any flooding zones associated with
future scenarios. The development includes a drainage and attenuation strategy that have been
designed with an allowance of 30% increase in flows as suggested per the 2009 Guidelines.
It is concluded that the proposed development, and the surrounding area, is not at risk from flooding
since the proposed development is located in Flood Zone C. It is concluded that the risk of flooding to
the proposed development will be minimal; therefore, the likelihood of a flood impacting the
proposed development is unlikely and not significant.
16.6.7 Hyrdology
Chapter 10 Water (Hydrology & Hydrogeology) provides the detailed assessment of the receiving
hydrological and hydrogeological environment.
The proposed development site is located within the Erne WFD Catchment (Catchment ID: 36) and the
Dromore_sc_20 WFD sub-catchment (Dromore 60 WFD River Sub Basin; EPA, 2025). The Rockcorry
Stream (EPA Code: IE_NW_36D020700) originates from Coolkill Lough and flows in a north westerly
direction before passing through Drumgole Lough (EPA Code: IE_NW_36_415). It then continues in a
southerly direction before ultimately discharging into the Dromore River (EPA Code:
IE_NW_36D020900), approximately 3 km from the proposed development site. According to EPA
mapping, no watercourses traverse the proposed development site.
Surface Water Quality
In relation to the Proposed Development site, the nearest (active) surface waterbody EPA monitoring
station is:
‘Br.W. of Clementstown’ (StationCode: RS36D020700) which is located in the DROMORE_070
waterbody adjacent to Cootehill town c. 3.5km birds eye distance of the proposed development site.
The most recent water quality status recorded by the EPA (2022) at this monitoring station (EPA Code:
RS36D020700) is classified as Q3 Poor, which denotes moderately polluted waterbody. This Value is RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 16-15
based primarily on the relative proportions of pollution sensitive to tolerant macroinvertebrates (the
young stages of insects primarily but also snails, worms, shrimps etc.) resident at a river site.
Bathing Waters and Recreational Waterbodies
A review of Environmental Sensitivity Mapping online maps that includes the Register of Protected
Areas (RPA) under the Water Framework Directive (WFD) has shown that there are no Recreational
Waters, Bathing Waterbodies, or Surface Water Drinking RPA, within the proposed development or
located near the Coolkill Lough Stream, the Rockcorry Stream or downstream in the Coolkill Lough.
Water Supplies
A review of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) online mapping, which includes the Register
of Protected Areas (RPA) established under the Water Framework Directive (WFD), indicates that
there are no nearby streams or loughs, classified as a Nutrient Sensitive Areas. These areas are
designated in accordance with the Urban Wastewater Treatment (UWWT) Directive (91/271/EEC) and
relevant national legislation, including S.I. 254/2001, S.I. 440/2004, and S.I. 48/2010. In this context,
the identified waterbody is used to define the extent of the nutrient-sensitive designation.
Existing Water and Wastewater Utilities
There are no existing water or wastewater utilities located within the boundary of the proposed
development site or in its immediate surrounding area. This is primarily due to the predominantly
greenfield nature of the landscape surrounding the site.
Surface Water Abstraction
There is one known reported abstraction from surface water in the vicinity of the proposed
development (GSI, 2025). The area is supplied by Drumgole group water scheme which abstract water
from Annaghmakerig Lough located c.1.9km north of the proposed development. However, no
hydrological connection is identified between the site and this lough.
Rating of Importance of Hydrological Attributes
16.7 Based on the TII methodology (2009) the importance of the hydrological
features at this site is rated as ‘Low’ importance based on the assessment that
the attribute has a low-quality significance or value on a local scale, based on
the fact that it is not an area of water supply, within a flood zone or an amenity
area.The ‘Do Nothing’ Scenario
The EIA Directive requires the following to be described relating to the future receiving environment
(the ‘Do Nothing’ scenario):
“an outline of the likely evolution thereof without implementation of the project as far as natural
changes from the baseline scenario can be assessed with reasonable effort on the basis of the
availability of environmental information and scientific knowledge”. RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 16-16
Under a ‘do-nothing’ scenario, if the proposed development does not proceed, there will be no change
to the risk of a major accident and/or disaster at the site.
16.8 Potential Significant Effects
16.8.1 Hazardous Materials
16.8.1.1 Construction Phase
Flammable Gas Cylinders
Construction and maintenance activities may require welding which can be carried out using
compressed gases such as acetylene. There is the potential for a release of flammable gas, including
an explosive depressurisation event, for example due to accidental damage to a gas cylinder, pressure
regulator, or associated pipework. The released gas could be ignited, resulting in a fire or explosion.
The potential impacts of which could include harm to persons due to thermal radiation and damage
to property.
Concrete
There is the potential for an accidental release of concrete into the soil, or surface water during the
construction of the proposed Biogas Plant. Concrete is not classified hazardous in accordance with the
Chemical, Label and Packaging (CLP) Regulations (EC No. 1272/2008); however, concrete paste is
alkaline (pH 10-14); therefore, the potential impacts if concrete enters the environment via a release
to water, include:
• Raising the pH causing harm to aquatic ecosystems.
• Cause sedimentation on aquatic beds, which could harm flora and fauna.
Containment systems to intercept any material released are set out in the Outline Construction
Environmental Management Plan (CEMP).
This assessment assumes standard construction best practice, including designated concrete washout
areas and immediate containment of accidental spills.
Therefore, it is not considered credible that a release of concrete could lead to a consequence that
meets the criteria of a Major Accident and will not be considered further in this assessment.
Fuel Storage
Small quantities of diesel will be present on-site for use in construction vehicles. Diesel has flammable
and environmental hazards.
Diesel is classified as an ignition category 3 substance, following the criteria in the Guidance on
Technical Land Use Planning (HSA, 2023); therefore, it has an ignition probability of 0. Therefore,
flammable hazards associated with diesel are not credible and will not be considered further in this
assessment. RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 16-17
Due to the small quantities of diesel involved, it is not considered credible that a spill of diesel would
meet the criteria for a Major Accident and it will not be considered further in this assessment.
16.8.1.2 Operational Phase
Table 16-5 details the inventory of hazardous materials at the proposed Renewable Biogas Plant Site
during the operational phase. All materials stored at the proposed development will be contained
within dedicated storage tanks or appropriate containers. All materials will be stored in suitably
bunded areas with weather protection, where appropriate, and will be subject to regular inspections
and periodic integrity testing.
As described in Chapter 2 of this report, all handling of feedstock and pre-treatment activities will be
carried out indoors with no external offloading or storage. The Main Process Building will be
constructed to a high standard and specification, using leak resistant building fabric.
Table 16-5 Hazardous Material Inventory
Substance Maximum
Storage (t) Hazard Statements
Biogas 6 Flammable Gas 1, H220
Press. Gas Compr. Gas, H280
LPG 16
Flammable Gas 1, H220
Press. Gas Compr. Gas, H280
Sulphuric Acid 234.4
Corrosive to Metals, (Category 1) H290
Skin corrosion, (Sub-category 1A) H314
Serious eye damage, (Category 1) H318
FerroSorp (Iron hydroxide) 20.2 Na
Diesel 6
Flammable liquid and vapour Category 3 – H226
Acute toxicity, inhalation Category 4 -H332
Skin corrosion/irritation Category 2 - H315
Carcinogenicity Causes Category 2 - H351
Specific target organ toxicity Category - H373
Aspiration hazard Category 1 - H304
Toxic to aquatic life Category 2 - H411 RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 16-18
Substance Maximum
Storage (t) Hazard Statements
Glycol 1
Acute oral toxicity Category 4 - H302
Specific target organ toxicity (single exposure)
Category 3 - H373
Specific target organ toxicity - (repeated exposure)
Category 2
Grease Cartridges No storage NA
Hydrochloric Acid (30%) 2.5
Corrosive to Metals, (Category 1) H290
Skin irritation, (Category 2) H315
Eye irritation, (Category 2) H319
Specific target organ toxicity -single exposure,
(Category 3) H335
General Oil (e.g. Mobilgear 600 XP
220) 1
Mixture:
MINES, C12-14-TERT-ALKYL c
Acute Tox. 2 H330
Acute Tox. 3 H311
Acute Tox. 4 H302
Skin Sens. 1A H317
Aquatic Acute 1 H400
Aquatic Chronic 1 H410
Skin Corr. 1B H314
(Z)-OCTADEC-9-ENYLAMINE, C16-18
-ALKYLAMINES
cute Tox. 4 H302
Asp. Tox. 1 H304
Specific Target Organ Toxicity 3 H335
Aquatic Acute 1 H400
Aquatic Chronic 1 H410
Skin Corr. 1B H314
Specific Target Organ Toxicity 2 H373
Struvite Suppressant 1
Skin Corrosion/Irritation - Category 3, H316
Eye Irritation - Category 2b, H320
Specific Target Organ Toxicity (Single Exposure) –
Category 3, H335
Carbon Dioxide 100 Contains gas under pressure, may explode if heated
H280 RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 16-19
Substance Maximum
Storage (t) Hazard Statements
Activated Carbon 504 Self-heating substances/mixtures Category 2 H252
Sodium Hydroxide (caustic soda) 35
Corrosive to Metals, (Category 1) H290
Skin corrosion, (Sub-category 1A) H314
Serious eye damage, (Category 1) H318
Formic acid 2.5
Acute toxicity (if inhalative) Category 3; H331
Acute toxicity (oral) Category 4; H302
Serious eye damage/eye irritation: Category 1 H318
Skin corrosion/irritation: Category 1A H314
Antifoam agents 32.5
The product has not been classified as hazardous
and does not need to be labelled according to
regulation
(EU) no 1272/2008 (CLP).
Amine solution (mono-
ethanolamine) 2.5
Acute toxicity, Oral (Category 4), H302
Acute toxicity, Inhalation (Category 4), H332
Acute toxicity, Dermal (Category 4), H312
Skin corrosion (Sub-category 1B), H314
Serious eye damage (Category 1), H318
Specific target organ toxicity - single exposure
(Category 3), Respiratory system, H335
Long-term (chronic) aquatic hazard (Category 3),
H412
Biogas
There is the potential for a loss of containment of biogas from storage or pipework due to mechanical
failure of pipework, connections or fittings, such as corrosion or fatigue, or as a consequence of
accidental damage to equipment and pipework such as a dropped object, an impact with vehicles or
machinery. If released and ignited, the potential consequences of a biogas release include fire and
explosion.
The potential impacts of a fire and / or explosion as a result of a release of biogas include:
1. A fire incident that has the potential to extend to nearby areas. RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 16-20
2. Thermal radiation from a fire and/or explosion overpressures could pose risks to
individuals, including the possibility of serious injury.
3. Potential for health effects resulting from exposure to smoke.
4. Potential for damage to property within the establishment.
Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)
LPG will be stored in 3 No. 4-tonne tanks at the proposed development. There is the potential for a
loss of containment of LPG from storage or pipework due to mechanical failure of pipework,
connections or fittings, such as corrosion or fatigue, or as a consequence of accidental damage to
equipment and pipework such as a dropped object, an impact with vehicles or machinery. If released
and ignited, the potential consequences of a release of LPG include fire and explosion.
The potential impacts of a fire and / or explosion as a result of a release of LPG include:
1. A fire incident that has the potential to extend to nearby areas.
2. Thermal radiation from a fire and/or explosion overpressures could pose risks to
individuals, including the possibility of serious injury.
3. Potential for health effects resulting from exposure to smoke.
4. Potential for damage to property within the establishment.
Formic acid
Small quantities of formic will be present on-site during the operation of the proposed development.
Formic acid has environmental hazards.
Due to the small quantities of formic acid involved, it is not considered credible that a spill of formic
acid would meet the criteria for a Major Accident and it will not be considered further in this
assessment.
Fuel Storage
Small quantities of diesel will be present on-site during the operation of the proposed development.
Diesel has flammable and environmental hazards.
Diesel is classified as an ignition category 3 substance, following the criteria in the Guidance on
Technical Land Use Planning (HSA, 2023); therefore, it has an ignition probability of 0. Therefore,
flammable hazards associated with diesel are not credible and will not be considered further in this
assessment.
Due to the small quantities of diesel involved, it is not considered credible that a spill of diesel would
meet the criteria for a Major Accident and it will not be considered further in this assessment.
Organic Material
As detailed in Chapter 2 (Project Description), the proposed Renewable Biogas Plant has been
designed to process a range of organic feedstocks, predominantly poultry manure, reflecting the high
concentration of poultry farming within County Monaghan. RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 16-21
Upon delivery to the site, incoming feedstocks are directed to pre-treatment processing within the
Main Process Building, where the material is homogenised and converted into a pumpable slurry. This
slurry is subsequently transferred via enclosed pipework to the primary digester tanks located within
the bunded tank farm. Following completion of the anaerobic digestion process, the digestate is
returned to the Main Process Building for pasteurisation and post-treatment. At no stage in the
process are these materials classified as hazardous and they do not need to be labelled according to
regulation (EU) no 1272/2008 (CLP).
A complete failure of the anaerobic digestion process represents a loss of biological performance
rather than a loss of structural integrity or containment and, in itself, does not constitute a major
accident scenario. Such a failure would primarily result in reduced or ceased biogas production and
the need for controlled shutdown or process recovery.
Structural failure of a digester tank within the bunded tank farm, including rupture and release of
organic material to the surrounding environment, is a possible major accident scenario.
While organic material processed at the facility is non-hazardous, it is recognised that a structural
failure of a digester tank within the bunded tank farm, including rupture and release of organic
material to the surrounding environment, is a possible major accident scenario.
16.8.2 COMAH Status
The provisions of the 2015 COMAH Regulations do not apply to sub-COMAH status facilities. Schedule
1 (Application of the Regulations) sets out the dangerous substance hazard categories (Part 1) and
named dangerous substances (Part 2), and qualifying quantities for the application of the lower tier
and upper tier requirements of the regulations.
The COMAH status of the proposed development is calculated as follows. RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 16-22
Table 16-6 COMAH Calculation
Dangerous
substance
COMAH
Classification
q
Quantity
Q1
Lower
tier
threshold
(Column
2, Part 1,
Schedule
1, S.I.
209 of
2015)
(tonnes)
Q2
Lower
tier
threshold
(Column
3, Part 1,
Schedule
1, S.I.
209 of
2015)
(tonnes)
q/Q1
Fraction
of Lower
tier
threshold
q/Q2
Fraction of
Upper tier
threshold tonnes
Named Substances
Liquified Petroleum
Gas (LPG) Named (P) 16 50 200 0.32 0.08
Petroleum products
and alternative
fuels (Diesel)
Named (P, E) 6 2500 25000 0.0012 0.00012
Health
General Oil H2 1 50 200 0.02 0.005
Formic Acid H2 3 50 200 0.06 0.015
Physical
Biogas P2 6 10 50 0.64 0.13
Environmental
General Oil E1 1 100 200 0.01 0.005
In completing the factorisation calculation specified in Note 4 to Schedule 1 of the COMAH Regulations
2015, the following results were obtained:
Table 16-7 COMAH Factorisation
Group q/Q total
Lower Tier
q/Q total
Upper Tier
A
(Health Hazards) 0.08 0.02
B
(Physical Hazards) 0.92 0.20
C
(Environmental Hazards) 0.01 0.01 RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 16-23
It is concluded that the q/Q total for each group (health hazards, physical hazards and environmental
hazards) is <1.
It is concluded that the proposed development will be a sub-COMAH facility. The provisions of the
COMAH Regulations 2015 do not apply to the proposed development.
16.8.3 Major Accident Hazards
The HSA have published Guidance on Technical Land Use Planning Advice (HSA, 2023) which outlines
major accident hazards for different types of hazardous installations in Ireland. Table 16-8 details the
major accidents for the proposed development following the HSA’s guidance document.
Table 16-8 Major Accident Hazards at Proposed Development
Installation Loss of Containment Scenario Consequence/Event
Energy Centre (CHP Building) Release from Process Vessel Vapour Cloud Explosion
Biogas Compressors Release from Process Vessel Vapour Cloud Explosion
LPG Storage Area
Instantaneous Failure
Fireball
Vapour Cloud Explosion
Flash Fire
Continuous Leak over 10 Minutes / 10mm
pipe leak over 30 minutes
Jet Fire
Vapour Cloud Explosion
Flash Fire
Diesel Tank Area Release of Environmentally Hazardous
material (Diesel)
Major Accident to the
Environment
Anaerobic Digester Tanks
Instantaneous Failure
Fireball
Vapour Cloud Explosion
Flash Fire
Continuous Leak over 10 Minutes
Jet Fire
Vapour Cloud Explosion
Flash Fire
Carbon Dioxide Tank Release from Vessel Oxygen Depletion
(asphyxiation)
Natural Gas Pipeline
Rupture of Pipeline
Fireball/Jet fire
VCE
Flash fire
Pipeline Leak of 0.1D
Fireball/Jet fire
VCE
Flash fire RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 16-24
The major accident scenarios listed in Table 16-8 represent the potential consequences of loss of
containment under worst-case conditions. The likelihood of such events is extremely low due to
multiple containment and safety measures incorporated into the design, including bunding, leak
detection, pressure relief systems, and staff training.
Firewater runoff is also considered as a major accident hazard in this assessment; however, it is a
secondary hazard associated with fire events. In the event of a major fire on-site, the firewater runoff
would contain a mixture of materials that could be harmful to the surrounding environment. Firewater
retention requirements will be considered at final design and will follow the methodology set out in
the Guidance on Retention Requirements for Firewater Run-off (EPA, 2019).
16.8.4 Construction Phase
A site-specific Construction Environmental Management Plan (CEMP) and a Health and Safety Plan
produced by the Engineering and Construction Contractor, covering the construction and
commissioning of the Proposed Development, will be prepared to ensure compliance with relevant
health and safety legislation including the Safety, Health and Welfare at Work Act.
The following scenarios have been identified that could impact the construction phase of the project:
▪ Extreme weather resulting in result structural damage and/or pollution to soils, groundwater, or
surface waters.
▪ Release of environmentally harmful material
▪ Compressed Gas Cylinder release
▪ Storm events resulting in structural damage and/or pollution to groundwater and surface waters.
▪ Flooding
▪ Natural Gas release (from Linear Gas Connection)
The impact and likelihood of these scenarios is assessed in Table 16-9. All activities involving hazardous
materials will follow strict safety protocols, and the likelihood of major accidents affecting the public
is extremely low. There are no likely impacts on the project or to off-site receptors during the
construction phase in relation to major accidents and disasters.
RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 16-25
Table 16-9 Assessment of Major Accidents and Disasters for Construction Phase
Risk ID Natural
Disaster
Impact Consequence
Rating
Basis of Consequence Likelihood
Rating
Basis of Likelihood Risk
Score
C1 Extreme
weather
resulting in
structural
damage and/or
pollution to
soils,
groundwater or
surface waters
Human health,
biodiversity,
soils and
geology,
hydrology and
hydrogeology
2 The proposed development will be
constructed, and operated in
accordance with all relevant planning,
building and environmental licensing
codes (Building Regulations, 2012).
The engineering design of the
facilities will take operation at future
climatic conditions into account.
1 All construction activities will be
suspended during extreme
weather events.
2
C2 Storm events
(including
lightning)
resulting in
structural
damage and/or
pollution to
groundwater
and surface
waters
Human health,
biodiversity,
soils and
geology,
hydrology and
hydrogeology
2 The engineering design of the
Proposed Development will
incorporate lightning mitigation. This
will be assessed in accordance with
recognised industry standards such as
EN/IEC 62305.
1 All construction activities will be
suspended during extreme
weather events.
2 RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 16-26
Risk ID Natural
Disaster
Impact Consequence
Rating
Basis of Consequence Likelihood
Rating
Basis of Likelihood Risk
Score
C3 Flooding Human health,
biodiversity,
soils and
geology,
hydrology and
hydrogeology
2 A Flood Risk Assessment was
prepared in accordance with ’The
Planning System and Flood Risk
Management -Guidelines for Planning
Authorities’ issued by the
Department of Environment, Heritage
and Local Government in November
2009.
It was concluded that the proposed
development is within Flood Zone C.
1 The flood risk assessment
concluded that there is no flood
risk to the site.
2
C4 Flash fire,
Explosion or Jet
fire following
compressed gas
cylinder release
(e.g. acetylene
for welding)
Human Health 3 There is potential for harm to persons
on-site in the vicinity of the
hazardous gas release.
There will be a berm fronting the
public road, providing shielding
effects to persons off-site.
Detailed method statements, plans
and assessments will be produced to
carry out compressed gas activities
safely.
A Site Emergency Response Plan will
be developed prior to the
commencement of operations and
will include detailed procedures in
the event of a major accident.
1 European Industrial Gases
Association standard procedures
will be used for the storage and
use of gas cylinders. When not in
use, cylinders will be stored in
external, well-ventilated areas
and when in use, appropriately
certified equipment will reduce
the potential for ignition if a
flammable gas is accidentally
released.
3 RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 16-27
Risk ID Natural
Disaster
Impact Consequence
Rating
Basis of Consequence Likelihood
Rating
Basis of Likelihood Risk
Score
C5 Flash fire,
Explosion or Jet
fire following
natural gas
release
Human Health 3 There is potential for harm to persons
in the vicinity of the hazardous gas
release.
There will be a berm fronting the
public road, providing shielding
effects to persons off-site.
An Emergency Response Plan will be
developed prior to the
commencement of operations and
will include detailed procedures in
the event of a major accident.
1 The Gas Networks Ireland (GNI)
Code of Practice for Working in
the Vicinity of the Transmission
Network (Procedure No:
AO/PR/127, 2021) will be
followed.
Detailed method statements,
plans and assessments will be
produced to carry out natural gas
activities safely.
3
RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 16-28
16.8.5 Operational Phase
The major accident hazards, during the operational phase, for the proposed development are
presented in Table 16-10. In the scoping phase for this EIAR the potential for impacts to human health
and impacts to the environment were assessed.
The following scenarios have been identified that could impact the operational phase of the project:
▪ Release of Biogas at the Anaerobic Digesters
▪ Release of Upgraded Biogas at Gas Grid Entry Unit
▪ Release of LPG from LPG tank
▪ Extreme weather resulting in structural damage
▪ Storm events resulting in structural damage
▪ Flooding
▪ Release of organic material at the Anaerobic Digesters
All activities involving hazardous and organic materials will follow strict safety protocols, and the
likelihood of major accidents affecting human health and the environment is extremely low. The
impact and likelihood of these scenarios is assessed in Table 16-10. There are no likely impacts to off-
site receptors, as a result of the proposed development, during the operational phase in relation to
major accidents and disasters.
The proposed development and overall project will comply with the requirements of all relevant
health, safety and environmental legislation. RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 16-29
Table 16-10 Assessment of Major Accidents and Disasters for Operational Phase
Risk
ID
Major
Accident
Scenario
Impact Consequence
Rating
Basis of Consequence Likelihood
Rating
Basis of Likelihood Risk
Score
O1 Vapour Cloud
Explosion (VCE)
following gas
release at CHP
Human
Health
4 There is potential for harm to
persons on-site in the vicinity of
the CHP compound.
A Site Emergency Response Plan
will be developed prior to the
commencement of operations
and will include detailed
procedures in the event of a
major accident.
1 The proposed development will be
operated and managed in
accordance with all Regulatory
requirements.
The compound will have a certified
leak detection system, which will trip
the incoming gas supply if biogas is
detected.
A Site Emergency Response Plan will
be developed prior to the
commencement of operations and
will include detailed procedures in
the event of a major accident.
4 RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 16-30
Risk
ID
Major
Accident
Scenario
Impact Consequence
Rating
Basis of Consequence Likelihood
Rating
Basis of Likelihood Risk
Score
O2 Vapour Cloud
Explosion, Jet
Fire, Flash Fire
and Fireball
following
release at the
Gas Grid Entry
Unit
Human
Health
4 There is potential for harm to
persons on-site in the vicinity of
the Gas Grid Entry Unit.
There will be a berm fronting the
public road, providing shielding
effects to persons off-site.
A Site Emergency Response Plan
will be developed prior to the
commencement of operations
and will include detailed
procedures in the event of a
major accident.
1 The Gas Networks Ireland (GNI) Code
of Practice for Working in the Vicinity
of the Transmission Network
(Procedure No: AO/PR/127, 2021)
will be followed.
The design will be subject to
numerous formal process safety
studies to identify and mitigate
hazards, such Hazard and Operability
(HAZOP) studies.
Detailed method statements, plans
and assessments will be produced to
carry out gas activities safely.
Detailed method statements, plans
and assessments will be produced to
carry out natural gas activities safely.
A Site Emergency Response Plan will
be developed prior to the
commencement of operations and
will include detailed procedures in
the event of a major accident.
4 RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 16-31
Risk
ID
Major
Accident
Scenario
Impact Consequence
Rating
Basis of Consequence Likelihood
Rating
Basis of Likelihood Risk
Score
O3 Vapour Cloud
Explosion, Jet
Fire, Flash Fire
and Fireball
following
release at an
Anaerobic
Digester
Human
Health
4 There is potential for harm to
persons on-site in the vicinity of
the digesters.
There will be a berm fronting the
public road, providing shielding
effects to persons off-site.
A Site Emergency Response Plan
will be developed prior to the
commencement of operations
and will include detailed
procedures in the event of a
major accident.
1 The design equipment and pipework
will be to industry codes and
standards to reduce the potential for
a loss of containment, including the
use of welded connections to avoid
potential leak sources.
The design will be subject to
numerous formal process safety
studies to identify and mitigate
hazards, such Hazard and Operability
(HAZOP) studies.
Detailed method statements, plans
and assessments will be produced to
carry out natural gas activities safely.
The Proposed Development will be
operated and managed in
accordance with all Regulatory
requirements.
A Site Emergency Response Plan will
be developed prior to the
commencement of operations and
will include detailed procedures in
the event of a major accident.
4 RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 16-32
Risk
ID
Major
Accident
Scenario
Impact Consequence
Rating
Basis of Consequence Likelihood
Rating
Basis of Likelihood Risk
Score
O4 Vapour Cloud
Explosion, Jet
Fire, Flash Fire
and Fireball
following
release at LPG
tank
Human
Health
4 There is potential for harm to
persons on-site in the vicinity of
the LPG compound
There will be a berm fronting the
public road, providing shielding
effects to persons off-site.
A Site Emergency Response Plan
will be developed prior to the
commencement of operations
and will include detailed
procedures in the event of a
major accident.
1 The Irish Standard.
3216:2010+A1:2014 Code of Practice
– Bulk storage of liquefied petroleum
gas (LPG) – (Edition 2) will be
followed.
The design will be subject to
numerous formal process safety
studies to identify and mitigate
hazards, such Hazard and Operability
(HAZOP) studies.
Detailed method statements, plans
and assessments will be produced to
carry out LPG activities safely.
A Site Emergency Response Plan will
be developed prior to the
commencement of operations and
will include detailed procedures in
the event of a major accident.
4
O5 Extreme heat or
cold weather
resulting in
result structural
damage and/or
pollution to
soils,
groundwater or
surface waters
Human
health,
biodiversity,
soils and
geology,
hydrology
and
hydrogeology
2 The proposed development will
be constructed, and operated in
accordance with all relevant
planning, building and
environmental licencing codes
(Building Regulations, 2012).
The engineering design of the
facilities will take operation at
1 A Standard Operating Procedure will
be implemented for plant operation
by personnel during extreme heat
and cold.
2 RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 16-33
Risk
ID
Major
Accident
Scenario
Impact Consequence
Rating
Basis of Consequence Likelihood
Rating
Basis of Likelihood Risk
Score
future climatic conditions into
account.
O6 Storm events
(including
lightning)
resulting in
structural
damage and/or
pollution to
groundwater
and surface
waters
Human
health,
biodiversity,
soils and
geology,
hydrology
and
hydrogeology
2 The engineering design of the
Proposed Development will
incorporate lightning mitigation.
This will be assessed in
accordance with recognised
industry standards such as
EN/IEC 62305.
1 A Standard Operating Procedure will
be implemented for plant operation
by personnel during extreme heat
and cold.
2
O7 Flooding Human
health,
biodiversity,
soils and
geology,
hydrology
and
hydrogeology
2 A Flood Risk Assessment was
prepared in accordance with
’The Planning System and Flood
Risk Management -Guidelines
for Planning Authorities’ issued
by the Department of
Environment, Heritage and Local
Government in November 2009.
It was concluded that the
proposed development is within
Flood Zone C.
1 The flood risk assessment concluded
that there is no flood risk to the site.
RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 16-34
Risk
ID
Major
Accident
Scenario
Impact Consequence
Rating
Basis of Consequence Likelihood
Rating
Basis of Likelihood Risk
Score
O8 Flash fire,
Explosion or Jet
fire following
natural gas
release
Human
Health
3 There is potential for harm to
persons in the vicinity of the
hazardous gas release.
1 The natural gas pipeline will be
underground. The HSA have stated
that a release from a below ground
pipeline is 1x10-8 per m per year.
Therefore, a release of natural gas is
very unlikely.
3
O9 Dispersion of
CO2
Human
health
3 There is the potential for harm
from asphyxiation as CO2 is
heavier than air and in
confirmed spaces displaces
oxygen.
1 Design of the process systems to
industry codes and standards.
Detailed method statements, plans
and assessments will be produced to
carry out CO2 activities safely.
A Site Emergency Response Plan will
be developed prior to the
commencement of operations and
will include detailed procedures in
the event of a major accident.
3
O10 Release of
organic material
Environment 3 There is potential for high levels
of nitrogen and phosphorus to
enter surface waters and
groundwater. This could lead to
eutrophication, causing oxygen
depletion and environmental
degradation.
Based on the TII methodology
(2009) the importance of the
1 The digester tank farm bund
containment system has been
designed in accordance with Section
4 of CIRIA C736F. Compliance with
this demonstrates that the
containment system has been
explicitly designed to manage worst-
credible spill events. Therefore, a
release of organic material from a
digester would be contained within a
bund.
3 RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 16-35
Risk
ID
Major
Accident
Scenario
Impact Consequence
Rating
Basis of Consequence Likelihood
Rating
Basis of Likelihood Risk
Score
hydrological features at this site
is rated as ‘Low’ importance.
In the event of a release elsewhere
on-site, the proposed development
has been designed to have site-wide
fully contained engineered process
water system is designed to prevent
the release of potentially polluting
materials to local drains.
RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 16-36
16.8.6 Decommissioning
As an Industrial Emissions Licensed site, a Closure, Restoration & Aftercare Management Plan
(CRAMP) will be implemented in the event that the site will be decommissioned. The CRAMP will
reflect the relevant legislation and guidance available at the time of decommissioning. Mitigation
against the risk of major accidents and disasters will be embedded in the CRAMP.
Decommissioning of gas infrastructure will be conducted following GNI’s established procedures and
the best practices in place at the time of closure. This process will include the safe isolation of all gas
infrastructure, removal of the gas inventory, and de-energisation of equipment. Pipework will be
purged, degassed, and rendered inert according to GNI’s transmission decommissioning procedure
AM/BP/107. Where applicable, any redundant underground infrastructure may be filled with grout to
ensure long-term stability.
16.8.7 Cumulative Effects
Cumulative effects relate to the potential effects of the proposed development in combination of the
potential effects of other developments (referred to as ‘cumulative developments’) within the
surrounding area.
During both the construction and operational phases, no likely impacts to off-site receptors are
predicted. Therefore, from a Major Accidents and Disasters perspective, cumulative effects are
considered imperceptible and neutral. No significant cumulative impacts are anticipated in relation to
other developments in the vicinity.
16.9 Mitigation Measures
The assessment did not identify any likely significant effects arising from the proposed development.
The mitigation measures outlined are proportionate to the risks assessed and are either inherent in
the design, already integrated into operational controls, or appropriately addressed through
established emergency planning procedures.
16.9.1 Renewable Biogas Plant Site
A site Major Accident Prevention Policy, including an Emergency Response Plan, will be developed
prior to the commencement of operations and will include detailed procedures in the event of a major
accident. This plan will follow the framework detailed in Guidance Document 10 of A Framework for
Major Emergency Management (DECLG 2015).
This plan will contain detailed plans for the response to emergencies such as loss of containment from
an Anaerobic Digester, release cylinders of compressed natural gas and severe weather events. The
proposed development has been designed in line with good industry practice, and, as such, mitigation
against the risk of major accidents and/or disasters is embedded through the design and in accordance
with planning and legislative requirements. As no likely significant effects were identified, no
additional mitigation measures are proposed. RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 16-37
16.9.2 Gas Grid Connection
These works are outside the control of the applicant, and any mitigation identified for them is
presented as recommended rather than committed.
16.10 Residual Impact Assessment
The residual effects are the final predicted or intended effects which occur after the proposed
mitigation measures have been implemented. As no likely significant effects were identified, no
additional mitigation measures are proposed. Therefore, residual effects are not relevant for this
assessment.
16.11 Monitoring
The berm fronting the public road will be constructed and verified in line with standard geotechnical
engineering practices. Material quality, compaction, and slope stability will be inspected and signed
off by a qualified engineer prior to handover.
Ongoing monitoring of hazardous materials and safety systems will be carried out as part of the site’s
Major Accident Prevention Policy and Emergency Response Plan. This ensures the continued
effectiveness of controls.
The detailed monitoring results, including emissions and plant performance, will be reported annually
to the EPA in line with regulatory requirements.
Gas Networks Ireland will operate and monitor the Linear Gas Connection according to its regulatory
and safety procedures, including leak detection and periodic inspections.
16.12 Interactions
Please refer to Chapter 18.
16.13 Conclusion
This chapter has reviewed and analysed the potential and the predicted impacts of the proposed
development with regards to major accidents and disasters. These impacts have been considered for
both the construction and operational phases of the proposed development. The cumulative impact
of the proposed development and surrounding developments have also been considered.
The proposed development will operate under the relevant licensing and regulatory controls,
IED/Industrial Emissions Licence and will be subject to ongoing monitoring and inspections (e.g.,
integrity checks, leak detection, firewater retention) as part of normal operation under the licence.
The proposed development will be a sub-COMAH facility and the provisions of the COMAH Regulations
2015 do not apply to the proposed development. RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 16-38
There are no Seveso Establishments withing 10 km of the proposed development. The proposed
development site is not located within the consultation zones of any Seveso establishment; therefore,
there are no constraints to the proposed development at this location from nearby Seveso
establishments.
There is no significant seismic activity recorded in the vicinity of the proposed development.
Therefore, the likelihood of seismic activity impacting the proposed development is negligible;
therefore, not significant.
The area surrounding the proposed development has a low susceptibility of landslides. Therefore, the
likelihood of a landslide impacting the proposed development is negligible; therefore, not significant.
The proposed development, and the surrounding area, is not at risk from flooding since the proposed
development is located in Flood Zone C. It is concluded that the risk of flooding to the proposed
development will be minimal; therefore, the likelihood of a flood impacting the Proposed
Development is unlikely and not significant.
It is concluded that there are no likely significant impacts to off-site receptors, as a result of the
proposed development, during the construction and operational phase in relation to major accidents
and disasters.
It is concluded that the overall predicted effect, with regards to major accidents and disasters, of the
proposed development is not significant. RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 16-39
16.14 References and Sources
Health and Safety Authority Guidance on Technical Land-Use Planning Advice, for planning authorities
and COMAH establishment operators (2023)
Chemicals Act (Control of Major Accident Hazards Involving Dangerous Substances) Regulations, 2015
(COMAH Regulations 2015)
Institute for Environmental Management and Assessment (IEMA) Major Accidents and Disasters in EIA
– A Primer (IEMA, 2020)
Flood Risk Assessment, AWN Consulting Ltd. (2025)
Guidelines on the Information to be contained in Environmental Impact Assessment Reports,
Environmental Protection Agency (2022)
European Commission (EC), Environmental Impact Assessment of Projects: Guidance on the
preparation of the Environmental Impact Assessment Report (EC, 2017).
Guidance on Assessing and Costing Environmental Liabilities, Environmental Protection Agency (2014)
RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
Stream BioEnergy Ireland Limited
CHAPTER 17
SUMMARY OF MITIGATION &
MONITORING MEASURES
VOLUME II
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT
AUGUST 2026
RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 17-1
Table of Contents
17 Summary of Mitigation & Monitoring Measures .................................................................. 17-2
17.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 17-2
17.1.1 Construction Phase Mitigation Measures ............................................................................. 17-5
17.1.2 Operational Phase Mitigation Measures .............................................................................. 17-8
17.1.3 Monitoring .......................................................................................................................... 17-11
Table of Tables
Table 17-1 Incorporated Design Mitigation ....................................................................................... 17-2
Table 17-2 Construction Phase Mitigation Measures ........................................................................ 17-5
Table 17-3 Operational Phase Mitigation Measures ......................................................................... 17-8
RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 17-2
17 Summary of Mitigation & Monitoring Measures
17.1 Introduction
A key objective of the Environmental Impact Assessment process is to identify likely significant
environmental effects at the pre-consent stage and, where necessary, to identify measures to avoid,
prevent, reduce or otherwise mitigate such effects. This chapter summarises the incorporated design
measures, mitigation measures and monitoring measures identified in Chapters 4 to 16 of the EIAR.
The mitigation and monitoring measures applicable to the Renewable Biogas Plant will be
incorporated, as appropriate, into the detailed design, Construction Environmental Management Plan
(CEMP), operational procedures and other relevant management plans. Construction-phase measures
will be incorporated into the CEMP and other relevant construction management plans prior to
commencement of the applicable works, while operational measures will be implemented through
the design and operation of the facility and, where applicable, through the Industrial Emissions
licensing regime.
The Linear Gas Grid Connection does not form part of the Proposed Development for which planning
permission is sought and will be delivered separately by Gas Networks Ireland under the applicable
statutory consenting process. The Applicant does not have control over the detailed design,
construction or operation of the Linear Gas Grid Connection and cannot commit Gas Networks Ireland
to particular mitigation or monitoring measures. Accordingly, where mitigation or monitoring
measures are identified in this EIAR in respect of the Linear Gas Grid Connection, they are presented
as recommendations for implementation by Gas Networks Ireland, having regard to GNI's applicable
statutory, technical, environmental, construction and operational management requirements.
Table 17-1 Incorporated Design Mitigation
Aspect Mitigation
Population &
Human Health
▪ Plant uses best available technologies and systems with planned preventative maintenance to
minimise equipment failure.
▪ Operated by skilled and trained personnel qualified to manage a biogas facility.
▪ Feedstock delivered in covered HGVs and handled within enclosed buildings to contain odours.
▪ Main process building sealed; negative pressure maintained with ventilation and air extraction
systems.
▪ Extracted air treated via scrubbers, biofilters, and activated carbon filters; discharged through 40m
stack to ensure pollutant dispersion.
▪ Fast-acting roller doors and air curtains at HGV entry points reduce fugitive emissions and odour.
▪ Noise reduction via earth berms along southern and eastern boundaries, acoustic enclosures for
noise sources, and controlled HGV entry/exit times (07:00–19:00).
▪ Water protection via proper storage, containment, drainage systems, emergency procedures,
training, and spill kits; adherence to Land & Soil and Water & Hydrology mitigation.
▪ No significant impacts on human health from Water & Hydrology, Hydrogeology, Land, Soils, or
Geology; no further mitigation required.
▪ Visual/landscape design mitigates impacts through site regrading, berm formation, and colour
scheme; landscape mitigation measures detailed in Landscape Design Statement and Plan. RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 17-3
Aspect Mitigation
Landscape &
Visual
▪ Earthworks regrade site so primary structures sit within the landform, reducing height and visual
prominence.
▪ Berms (~6 m high) along southern and eastern boundaries provide screening from public roads
and receptors.
▪ Additional roadside berm along L-road frontage limits visibility and integrates development into
landscape.
▪ Facility layout clusters taller, complex structures to the west, away from public view; main process
building inside berm for coherence and reduced visual clutter.
▪ Grouping and consolidation of plant elements create a unified and legible built form.
▪ Colour scheme designed to blend with surrounding landscape: greens on lower sections, light grey
on upper sections to echo natural backdrop.
Material
Assets:
Traffic &
Transport
▪ Site access via L2280 on northern road frontage; local road improvements proposed (widening and
realignment).
▪ Roadworks confined to public road or applicant-controlled lands.
▪ Occasional local feedstock traffic may arrive via L2280 from Drum, but mostly existing traffic will
divert into the site.
▪ Main HGV traffic will use adjoining regional road network for both construction and operational
phases.
▪ Internal pedestrian provision includes segregated circulation routes.
▪ High-quality, slip-resistant materials for crossings; dropped crossings designed with shallow
gradients for accessibility for all users.
Material
Assets:
Built Services
▪ Surface Water Management: Engineered drainage system with controlled collection and
attenuation; infrastructure sized to prevent exceedance flows, reduce sediment transport, and
protect downstream systems.
▪ Foul Water & Welfare: On-site welfare facilities during construction with sealed systems;
permanent foul water infrastructure segregates solid and liquid streams for safe containment and
off-site management.
▪ Water Supply: Process water sourced from reused liquid fractions, attenuated stormwater, and on -
site well; potable water connection included as back-up.
▪ Power Supply: Overhead lines re-routed around site; plant self-supplies via on-site CHP engines;
backup supply capacity confirmed; utility works conducted safely to minimise service interruptions.
▪ Telecommunications: Connections utilise existing adjacent networks.
▪ Gas Infrastructure: Gas grid connection follows GNI standards, established corridors, and
incorporates isolation, pressure control, and monitoring.
▪ Protection of Existing Services: Layout avoids unnecessary interaction with underground services;
all works comply with regulatory and utility-provider standards.
Material
Assets:
Waste
▪ Suitable excavated soil and stone will be reused within the Renewable Biogas Plant site for
engineering fill, landscaping and screening berms. Approximately 18,600 m³ of surplus excavated
soil and stone will require off-site management in accordance with the RWMP.
▪ Correct classification and segregation of soils to identify and manage any potentially contaminated
material.
▪ Visual inspection and environmental soil testing (hydrocarbons, metals, PAHs, standard soil
classification) to prevent negative impacts on workers, water, and soil.
Land & Soils ▪ Proper storage and containment of hazardous substances to prevent contamination.
▪ Engineered drainage systems designed in line with best practice, standards, and relevant
guidelines.
▪ Design measures embedded to minimise potential adverse effects on land, soils, and geology. RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 17-4
Aspect Mitigation
Water
(Hydrology &
Hydrogeology)
▪ Proper storage and containment of hazardous substances to prevent contamination of water.
▪ Engineered drainage systems designed according to best practice, standards, and guidelines.
▪ Design measures embedded to minimise adverse effects on hydrogeology and hydrology.
Biodiversity ▪ Engineered stormwater drainage system designed to manage runoff and reduce
sediment/pollutant transport, following SuDS principles and CIRIA C753.
▪ Indoor delivery, handling, and processing of feedstock within sealed systems to prevent
environmental contamination.
▪ Impermeable surfaces and bunded containment systems for all tanks and pipework to prevent
spills (CIRIA C736 compliant).
▪ Stormwater reuse via AD process; discharge only when storage is full, with attenuation to match
greenfield runoff (1 in 100-year event + climate change allowance).
▪ Channel drains, swales, and oil-water interceptors incorporated to treat runoff before discharge or
reuse.
▪ Containment and recycling of all process effluent and wash-down water to AD process.
▪ Maintenance of ≥5 m ecological buffer zones around ditches to protect amphibian routes and
water quality.
▪ Multi-stage odour control system and backup gas flare to minimise odour and GHG emissions; all
combustion and stacks comply with EPA limits.
▪ Bunding and secondary containment of all raw material, fuel, fire water, and liquid waste tanks to
prevent leaks/spills.
▪ Road improvements at site entrance (widening, realignment) and wheel washes to reduce traffic
impacts, dust, and sediment transfer.
▪ Retention of existing hedgerows and treelines where possible; replacement planting where loss
occurs.
▪ Landscape mitigation includes native hedgerows, woodland species (high, low, understorey), and
wildflower planting to enhance biodiversity and integrate with local habitat.
Noise &
Vibration
▪ Earth berms along southern and eastern boundaries reduce noise emissions from the site.
▪ All site processes occur within the fully enclosed main process building.
▪ Fast-acting roller shutter doors at HGV entry points maintain buildings closed at all times.
▪ External plant and equipment designed to comply with operational noise limits.
Air Quality ▪ Feedstock delivery, handling and processing will take place within enclosed buildings maintained
under negative pressure. Extracted air will be treated through the odour control system prior to
discharge through the 40 m stack. Fast-acting doors and air curtains will minimise fugitive
emissions during vehicle access. Process emission points will be designed and operated in
accordance with the applicable IE Licence requirements.
Climate ▪ Adequate attenuation and drainage designed to manage increased rainfall and potential future
flooding.
▪ Compliance with Part L 2022 (Buildings Other Than Dwellings) and targeting minimum A3 BER.
▪ Energy hierarchy “Be Mean, Be Lean, Be Green” applied:
o Be Mean: High-performance U-values, improved air tightness, reduced thermal bridging.
o Be Lean: Low-energy plant, natural ventilation, daylight use, energy-efficient LED lighting.
o Be Green: Renewable technologies including CHP, heat pumps, and solar PV.
▪ Provision of electric vehicle charging and bicycle parking.
▪ Incorporation of water efficiency measures, e.g., low consumption sanitary fittings.
Cultural
Heritage
▪ Excavated material reused to form screening berms on southeastern and northwestern site areas.
▪ Berms planted to integrate development into the landscape and reduce visual impact, especially
from east and south. RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 17-5
Aspect Mitigation
▪ Plant structures designed to reflect local agricultural building styles and colours to blend with the
surrounding landscape.
▪ Existing field boundary between the site and hilltop enclosure retained to minimise visual
distraction from the recorded monument.
Major
Accidents &
Disasters
▪ The Renewable Biogas Plant incorporates process-safety and containment measures including
bunded storage, leak detection, pressure control and shutdown systems, appropriate separation
and containment of hazardous materials and emergency response arrangements. The detailed
design will be subject to applicable process safety studies and statutory requirements. The Linear
Gas Grid Connection will be designed and operated in accordance with GNI's applicable safety,
integrity and monitoring requirements.
17.1.1 Construction Phase Mitigation Measures
Table 17-2 Construction Phase Mitigation Measures
Aspect Mitigation
Population &
Human Health
▪ Biogas Plant: Implementation of mitigation measures as set out in the specialist chapters
▪ Gas Grid: Implementation of mitigation measures as set out in the specialist chapters
Landscape &
Visual
▪ Adherence to the CEMP, with a qualified CEMP Coordinator appointed for the construction
duration.
▪ Implementation of good site management: perimeter hoarding, controlled site lighting, tidy site,
proper storage/compound placement, dust minimisation, clean public areas.
▪ Full tree and hedgerow protection following BS5837, with measures implemented per the
Arboricultural Report.
▪ Embedded mitigation by design at Biogas Plant Site:
o Site regraded to set primary structures into landform, reducing height and visual prominence.
o 6 m high berm created along southern and eastern boundaries for screening.
o Additional roadside berm introduced.
o Layout clusters taller elements to the west, away from receptors.
o Main building positioned internally to reduce clutter and create coherent massing.
o Colour scheme using local landscape tones (greens at lower levels, light grey upper
sections).
▪ Landscape mitigation proposals:
o Minimise views of structures and assimilate development into the landscape.
o Reinforce landscape character and existing features.
o Improve biodiversity by diversifying vegetation.
o Shape berms to reflect natural drumlin topography.
o Use mature planting to accelerate early screening.
o Replant / reinforce boundaries where vegetation removal occurs.
▪ Hedgerow measures:
o Western boundary hedgerow retained and bolstered (under-planting, whip planting,
advanced nursery stock).
o New ‘Type 2’ hedgerows planted on southern boundary (3–4m maintained height).
▪ Native woodland planting introduced around boundaries and internal locations, using mixed
canopy layers and local provenance stock.
▪ Native wildflower seeding along northern boundary near entrance to soften views.
▪ Linear Gas Grid Connection: Construction and reinstatement will be undertaken by Gas Networks
Ireland in accordance with its applicable construction and environmental management RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 17-6
Aspect Mitigation
requirements. Disturbed road verges and vegetation will be appropriately reinstated following
completion of the works.
Material
Assets:
Traffic &
Transport
▪ General Construction Traffic: Construction Traffic Management Plan (CTMP) & ‘Construction
Environmental Management Plan’ (CEMP)
Material
Assets:
Built Services
▪ Implementation of all construction-phase mitigation in Section 7.9.2, including coordination with
service providers, verification of underground services, utility surveys (GPR & electromagnetic),
exclusion zones, strict quality control for pipe laying, and full adherence to the CEMP at the
Biogas Plant.
▪ Linear Gas Grid Connection: Protection of existing utilities and services will be undertaken by Gas
Networks Ireland in accordance with its applicable technical, construction and utility-coordination
requirements, including service verification, safe excavation and appropriate quality-control
procedures.
Material
Assets:
Waste
▪ Biogas Plant – Litter Pollution: The Contractor will be required to fully implement the RWMP
throughout the duration of the proposed construction phase.
▪ Biogas Plant – Unlicensed Waste Collection (Illegal Dumping): All waste leaving the site will be
recorded and copies of relevant documentation maintained.
▪ Biogas Plant – Insufficient Waste Facilities: All waste leaving the site will be recorded and copies
of relevant documentation maintained.
▪ Biogas Plant – Lack of Waste Classification: All waste material leaving site will be correctly
classified and segregation prior to removal where possible.
▪ Gas Grid: Construction resources and waste arising from the pipeline works will be managed by
Gas Networks Ireland in accordance with its applicable construction, environmental and waste
management procedures and relevant waste legislation.
Land & Soils ▪ Renewable Biogas Plant:
• Excavation, stockpiling and soil handling will be managed in accordance with the CEMP,
SSWMP and RWMP.
• Excavated material will be subject to visual inspection and, where required to establish its
classification or suitability for a proposed receiving facility, appropriate environmental testing will
be undertaken.
• Appropriate controls will be implemented for refuelling, concrete works, storage of hazardous
materials, sediment control and accidental spills.
• Suitable excavated material will be reused within the site where practicable and surplus material
will be transferred by suitably authorised contractors to appropriately authorised receiving
facilities.
▪ Linear Gas Grid Connection:
• Soil excavation, handling, reinstatement, pollution prevention and management of excavated
material will be undertaken by Gas Networks Ireland in accordance with its applicable
construction and environmental management procedures.
Water
(Hydrology &
Hydrogeology)
▪ Renewable Biogas Plant:
• Implementation of the CEMP and Soil and Surface Water Management Plan.
• Appropriate sediment and surface-water controls, including silt-control measures and
management of runoff from disturbed areas.
• Controlled refuelling and storage of fuels and chemicals, provision of spill-response equipment
and appropriate management of concrete works.
• Appropriate management, treatment and/or disposal of water arising from excavations. RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 17-7
Aspect Mitigation
▪ Linear Gas Grid Connection:
• Gas Networks Ireland will implement appropriate pollution-prevention, excavation-water,
sediment-control and spill-response measures in accordance with its applicable construction and
environmental management requirements. Specific water-protection measures will apply in the
vicinity of the three identified watercourse crossings.
Biodiversity ▪ All mitigation from CEMP and specialist chapters (Air Quality, Landscape, Land & Soils, Noise &
Vibrations, Water) adopted for ecological protection.
▪ Outline CEMP and Soil & Surface Water Management Plan set out measures for managing
construction impacts on biodiversity.
▪ Flora and Fauna:
o Ecological Clerk of Works (ECoW) oversees hedgerow clearance, ensures mitigation, and
supervises replanting.
o Hedgerows enhanced via supplementary native planting; rotational cutting to maintain habitat
diversity; minimum height of 2 m.
o Root protection zones retained to maintain bat foraging and commuting potential.
o Hedgerows and trees to be removed are cut at minimum 30 cm above ground.
o Pre-clearance checks will be undertaken where required prior to vegetation removal. If an
active bird nest is identified, works capable of affecting the nest will cease and appropriate
exclusion and/or timing measures will be established by the ECoW. If a potential or confirmed
bat roost is identified, the relevant works will cease pending assessment by a suitably
qualified bat ecologist. Any requirement for licensing will be determined in accordance with
the applicable statutory requirements and, where appropriate, in consultation with NPWS.
o Ecological protection, biosecurity and reinstatement measures associated with the Linear
Gas Grid Connection will be implemented by Gas Networks Ireland in accordance with its
applicable construction and environmental management procedures.
Noise &
Vibration
▪ Biogas Plant: Construction noise impacts on surrounding NSLs controlled using best practice
measures from BS 5228-1.
▪ Gas Grid Connection: Best-practice construction noise and vibration controls will be implemented
in accordance with BS 5228 and GNI's applicable construction and environmental management
requirements.
Air Quality ▪ Control of construction dust (from construction activities and trackout) using measures in line with
IAQM Guidance (2024) and Section 13.11.1.
Climate ▪ Greenhouse Gas Emissions:
o Appoint competent contractor to undertake waste audits, identify materials for
reuse/recycling.
o Reuse materials on-site where possible.
o Prevent vehicle engine idling.
o Maintain and inspect plant and machinery regularly.
o Minimise material waste through proper timing and ordering.
o Source materials locally where possible to reduce transport CO₂ emissions.
• Vulnerability to Future Climate Change:
o Contractor to mitigate effects of extreme rainfall/flooding, winds/storms, temperature
extremes, fog, lightning, hail via site risk assessments and method statements.
o All construction materials accompanied by certified datasheets specifying limiting operating
temperatures.
Cultural
Heritage
▪ Biogas Plant:
o Direct negative effect on AA1: Preservation by record through licensed archaeological
excavation. RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 17-8
Aspect Mitigation
o Following completion of the licensed archaeological excavation of AA1, topsoil stripping and
other initial ground disturbance across the remainder of the Renewable Biogas Plant site will
be subject to archaeological monitoring by a suitably qualified archaeologist under the
appropriate licence. Should previously unidentified archaeological material be encountered,
works in the affected area will cease pending assessment and consultation with the National
Monuments Service.
▪ Gas Grid:
o Potential negative effect on below-ground archaeology within Zone of Notification (ZoN) of
RMP MO022-009, ringfort: Section 12 Notification of Works and licensed archaeological
monitoring of ground disturbance.
Major
Accidents &
Disasters
▪ Renewable Biogas Plant:
• Construction will be undertaken in accordance with the CEMP, Health and Safety Plan and
applicable statutory safety requirements.
• Appropriate procedures will apply to the storage and use of compressed gas cylinders, fuels and
other potentially hazardous materials and to works during extreme weather.
▪ Linear Gas Grid Connection:
• Pipeline construction, tie-in and commissioning activities will be undertaken by Gas Networks
Ireland in accordance with its applicable construction, commissioning, safety and emergency-
response requirements.
17.1.2 Operational Phase Mitigation Measures
Table 17-3 Operational Phase Mitigation Measures
Aspect Mitigation
Population &
Human Health
▪ Biogas Plant (Landscape and Visual Impacts): Implementation of mitigation measures as set out
in the specialist chapters
▪ Biogas Plant (Air Quality): Implementation of mitigation measures as set out in the specialist
chapter
▪ Biogas Plant (Traffic Generation): Implementation of mitigation measures as set out in the
specialist chapter
▪ Biogas Plant (Noise Emissions): Implementation of mitigation measures as set out in the
specialist chapters
Landscape &
Visual
▪ Landscape planting (hedgerows, woodland, wildflower areas) allowed to mature, providing long-
term screening and integration into landscape character.
▪ Boundary planting maintains a 3–4 m height; woodland thicket reaches 8–10 m to break up
massing.
▪ Linear Gas Grid Connection: Following construction, affected road surfaces, verges and other
disturbed areas will be reinstated by Gas Networks Ireland in accordance with its applicable
reinstatement requirements.
Material
Assets:
Traffic &
Transport
▪ Operational Traffic: Driver Induction Training
▪ Operational Traffic: Site Records
Material
Assets:
Built Services
▪ Implementation of SuDS-based stormwater drainage design and maintenance/upgrade of on-site
built services at the Biogas Plant in accordance with service provider requirements. RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 17-9
Aspect Mitigation
▪ No operational-phase mitigation measures required for the Gas Grid connection infrastructure
(maintained by GNI).
Material
Assets:
Waste
▪ Biogas Plant – Unlicensed Waste Collection (Illegal Dumping): The Operator will ensure that all
waste leaving the Site will be transported by suitable permitted contractors and taken to suitably
registered, permitted or licensed facilities.
▪ Biogas Plant – Poor Waste Segregation: The Operator will ensure that all waste materials will be
stored in colour coded bins or other suitable receptacles in designated, easily accessible
locations. Bins will be clearly identified with the approved waste type to ensure there is no cross
contamination of waste materials.
▪ Biogas Plant – Litter Pollution: The Operator will ensure that all waste collected from the Site of
the proposed Development will be reused, recycled or recovered, where possible, with the
exception of those waste streams where appropriate facilities are c urrently not available.
▪ Gas Grid: N/A
Land & Soils ▪ Biogas Plant – Accidental Spills, Leaks and Discharges: Regular inspection of surface water
drainage system including hydrobrake, separators / interceptors, and foul sewers is
recommended ensure no accidental discharge occurs to underlying geology. Full ad herence to
and implementation of the OEMP.
▪ Biogas Plant – Increased Sediment Run Off from Hardstanding Areas carrying Sediment and
Pollutants into the Soil and Bedrock Off-Site: Regular inspection of surface water drainage system
including hydrobrake, separators / interceptors, and foul sewers is r ecommended ensure no
accidental discharge occurs to underlying geology. Full adherence to and implementation of the
OEMP.
▪ Biogas Plant – Future Maintenance Works on Underground Services and Infrastructure involving
Soil Excavations and Soil Disturbance and Disposal: Regular inspection of surface water drainage
system including hydrobrake, separators / interceptors, and foul sewers is recommended ensure
no accidental discharge occurs to underlying geology. Full adherence to and implementation of
the OEMP.
▪ Gas Grid – No impact: Not Required
Water
(Hydrology &
Hydrogeology)
▪ Renewable Biogas Plant:
• Implementation and maintenance of the permanent surface water management system,
including rainwater harvesting, attenuation, flow controls, proprietary surface-water treatment
measures and hydrocarbon interception.
• Inspection and maintenance of bunding, drainage and containment infrastructure.
• Supplementary groundwater abstraction will be operated within the sustainable yield established
through pump testing.
▪ Linear Gas Grid Connection:
• Following construction and reinstatement, no specific operational hydrology or hydrogeology
mitigation is required.
Biodiversity ▪ Lighting: Operational lighting will be designed and operated to minimise unnecessary light spill
onto retained hedgerows, treelines and other potential bat commuting and foraging features.
Lighting will be kept to the minimum necessary for safe operation of the facility.
▪ Noise: Potentially noisy equipment housed within buildings or acoustic containers; noise
engineered to minimise impacts on fauna.
▪ Surface water & process effluent:
o Impermeable site surfaces; bunds and containment for all tanks and pipework.
o Process effluent and wash-down water contained and recycled to AD process to prevent
spillages to drains or nearby streams.
▪ SuDS measures: Rainwater harvesting, attenuation storage, oil/water separators, and silt traps to
manage surface water runoff. RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 17-10
Aspect Mitigation
▪ Foul drainage: Treated in on-site package treatment plant and recirculated to AD process.
▪ Regulatory compliance: IE License from EPA ensures strict environmental operation
requirements.
Noise &
Vibration
▪ Biogas Plant:
o Plant noise limits implemented.
o Site vehicle movements restricted during daytime.
▪ Gas Grid: : Following construction and reinstatement, the buried pipeline will not comprise an
active operational noise or vibration source and no specific operational mitigation is required.
Air Quality ▪ Operational phase process emissions controlled under IE licence conditions.
Climate ▪ Greenhouse Gas Emissions:
o Incorporate design mitigation relating to operational energy usage.
▪ Vulnerability to Future Climate Change:
o Incorporated design mitigation for drainage and building design.
Cultural
Heritage
▪ Biogas Plant:
o RMP MO022-008, hilltop enclosure: Incorporated design mitigation including screening
berms and planting.
Major
Accidents &
Disasters
▪ Renewable Biogas Plant:
• Operation in accordance with applicable process-safety, containment, inspection, leak-detection
and emergency-response procedures.
• Detailed process-safety studies, including HAZOP as appropriate, will inform the final design
and operating procedures.
• A Firewater Retention Risk Assessment will be completed in accordance with EPA guidance and
any required retention measures will be incorporated prior to operation.
• Emergency response arrangements will address credible loss-of-containment, fire, explosion,
severe-weather and other relevant scenarios.
▪ Linear Gas Grid Connection:
• The pipeline will be operated and monitored by Gas Networks Ireland in accordance with its
applicable safety, integrity, leak-detection, inspection and emergency-response requirements.
RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 17-11
17.1.3 Monitoring
Monitoring will be undertaken throughout the construction and operational phases of the Renewable
Biogas Plant, as appropriate, to verify the effective implementation of the mitigation measures
identified within the specialist chapters of this EIAR and to confirm compliance with the relevant
planning, environmental and regulatory requirements.
During construction, the CEMP Coordinator and relevant environmental specialists will undertake
inspections and monitoring in accordance with the CEMP and associated management plans. This will
include monitoring of construction traffic and compliance with agreed routing and delivery
arrangements; maintenance of records relating to waste generation, classification, transport and
destination; inspection of soil, surface water, sediment and pollution-prevention controls; and
environmental testing of excavated material where required to establish its classification or suitability
for a proposed receiving facility. Construction noise and dust monitoring will be undertaken in
accordance with the requirements identified in Chapters 12 and 13 respectively.
Ecological monitoring will include supervision and inspection by the Ecological Clerk of Works and/or
site environmental personnel as required during construction, including oversight of relevant
vegetation clearance and ecological protection measures. Following completion of the development,
the Landscape and Ecology Aftercare Plan will provide for monitoring and management of retained
vegetation, new planting, seeding and habitat creation areas for a minimum of three growing seasons
or three years following completion, whichever is longer.
Archaeological monitoring will be undertaken in accordance with the measures set out in Chapter 15.
This will include the licensed archaeological excavation and preservation by record of AA1 prior to the
relevant construction works and archaeological monitoring of topsoil stripping and initial ground
disturbance across the remainder of the Renewable Biogas Plant site. Any previously unidentified
archaeological material encountered during the works will be managed in consultation with the
National Monuments Service and in accordance with the applicable statutory requirements.
During operation of the Renewable Biogas Plant, monitoring will be undertaken through the facility's
operational management systems and, where applicable, in accordance with the requirements of the
Industrial Emissions Licence. This will include maintenance of waste and traffic records; inspection and
maintenance of surface water drainage, treatment, attenuation and containment infrastructure;
operational emissions monitoring; and operational noise monitoring in accordance with IE Licence
requirements. Appropriate inspection, integrity testing and monitoring of containment, storage,
process safety, leak detection and emergency response systems will also be undertaken as part of the
operation of the facility.
Landscape and ecological monitoring will continue during the establishment period to confirm the
successful establishment of proposed planting and habitat enhancement measures and to identify any
requirement for replacement planting or remedial management. Monitoring and maintenance will
thereafter continue as appropriate as part of the long-term landscape management of the site. RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 17-12
The Linear Gas Grid Connection will be delivered separately by Gas Networks Ireland and the Applicant
cannot commit GNI to particular monitoring measures. The monitoring measures identified in the
specialist chapters in respect of the Linear Gas Grid Connection are therefore presented as
recommendations for implementation by GNI. These include, as appropriate, verification of soil,
water, pollution-prevention, ecological and reinstatement measures during construction;
archaeological monitoring in the vicinity of RMP MO022-009 in accordance with the applicable
statutory requirements; and operational inspection, integrity monitoring and leak detection in
accordance with GNI's applicable regulatory, technical, environmental and safety procedures. No
specific operational noise, air quality or hydrological monitoring has been identified as necessary in
respect of the buried Linear Gas Grid Connection following construction and reinstatement.
RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
CHAPTER 18
INTERACTIONS OF THE FOREGOING
Stream BioEnergy Ireland Limited
AUGUST 2026
VOLUME II
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT
RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 |18-1
Table of Contents
18 Interactions of the Foregoing ................................................................................................ 18-3
18.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 18-3
18.2 Population and Human Health .............................................................................................. 18-4
18.2.1 Construction Phase ............................................................................................................... 18-4
18.2.2 Operational Phase ................................................................................................................. 18-7
18.2.3 Interaction of Effects on Common Receptors ....................................................................... 18-9
18.3 Landscape and Visual ............................................................................................................ 18-9
18.3.1 Construction Phase ............................................................................................................... 18-9
18.3.2 Operational Phase ............................................................................................................... 18-10
18.4 Traffic & Transportation ...................................................................................................... 18-11
18.4.1 Construction Phase ............................................................................................................. 18-11
18.4.2 Operational Phase ............................................................................................................... 18-12
18.5 Material Assets: Built Services ............................................................................................ 18-13
18.5.1 Construction Phase ............................................................................................................. 18-13
18.5.2 Operational Phase ............................................................................................................... 18-13
18.6 Material Assets: Waste ....................................................................................................... 18-14
18.6.1 Construction Phase ............................................................................................................. 18-14
18.6.2 Operational Phase ............................................................................................................... 18-15
18.7 Land and Soils ...................................................................................................................... 18-16
18.7.1 Construction Phase ............................................................................................................. 18-16
18.7.2 Operational Phase ............................................................................................................... 18-17
18.8 Water (Hydrology & Hydrogeology).................................................................................... 18-17
18.8.1 Construction Phase ............................................................................................................. 18-17
18.8.2 Operational Phase ............................................................................................................... 18-18
18.9 Biodiversity .......................................................................................................................... 18-19
18.9.1 Construction Phase ............................................................................................................. 18-19
18.9.2 Operational Phase ............................................................................................................... 18-20
18.10 Noise and Vibration ............................................................................................................. 18-21
18.10.1 Construction Phase ............................................................................................................. 18-21
18.10.1.1 Population and Human Health ................................................................................. 18-21
18.10.1.2 Traffic and Transport................................................................................................ 18-22
18.10.1.3 Biodiversity............................................................................................................... 18-22
18.10.2 Operational Phase ............................................................................................................... 18-22
18.11 Air Quality ........................................................................................................................... 18-23
18.11.1 Construction Phase ............................................................................................................. 18-23
18.11.2 Operational Phase ............................................................................................................... 18-24 RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 |18-2
18.12 Climate ................................................................................................................................ 18-24
18.12.1 Construction Phase ............................................................................................................. 18-24
18.12.2 Operational Phase ............................................................................................................... 18-25
18.13 Cultural Heritage - Built Heritage Architectural and Archaeology ...................................... 18-25
18.13.1 Construction Phase ............................................................................................................. 18-26
18.13.2 Operational Phase ............................................................................................................... 18-26
18.14 Major Accidents and Disasters ............................................................................................ 18-27
18.14.1 Construction Phase ............................................................................................................. 18-27
18.14.2 Operational Phase ............................................................................................................... 18-28
18.15 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................... 18-28
Table of Tables
Table 18-1 Summary of Interactions between Environmental Factors ........................................... 18-30
RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 |18-3
18 Interactions of the Foregoing
18.1 Introduction
The construction and operational effects associated with the Proposed Project have been assessed
within the relevant technical chapters of this EIAR. Environmental effects do not necessarily occur in
isolation and an effect arising in relation to one environmental factor may interact with, influence or
compound an effect arising in relation to another environmental factor. This chapter therefore
considers the interactions and interrelationships between the environmental factors assessed
throughout the EIAR.
For the purposes of this chapter, the Proposed Project comprises the Renewable Biogas Plant and the
associated Linear Gas Grid Connection, insofar as both form part of the project assessed for EIA
purposes.
The assessment considers interactions arising during both the construction and operational phases of
the Proposed Project. In particular, consideration is given to circumstances where a common receptor
may be affected through more than one environmental pathway, for example through the combined
influence of traffic, noise, air quality, odour, landscape and visual effects on Population and Human
Health, or through interactions between Land and Soils, Water quality and Biodiversity.
The existence of an interaction does not, in itself, mean that an additional or significant environmental
effect will arise. In many cases, the interaction is inherent in, and has already informed, the
assessment undertaken within the relevant technical chapters. Accordingly, this chapter does not
duplicate the detailed assessment presented elsewhere in the EIAR. Rather, it identifies the main
interactions between environmental factors, describes the nature of those interactions and, where
appropriate, records the significance of the resulting effects having regard to the mitigation measures
identified in the relevant chapters.
Table 18.1, presented at the end of this chapter, provides a consolidated summary of the interactions
identified during the construction and operational phases. The detailed basis for the conclusions
identified in the table is set out in Sections 18.2 to 18.14 below.
This chapter has been prepared by Paula Galvin, who has over 20 years’ professional experience in
spatial planning and environmental assessment. Paula holds an MSc in Spatial Planning, an MA in
Geography and a BA in English and Geography. She also holds a Diploma in Environmental Impact
Assessment Management and an Advanced Diploma in Planning and Environmental Law.
Paula has extensive experience in the preparation, coordination and review of Environmental Impact
Assessment Reports, including the assessment of interactions between environmental disciplines and
the integration of specialist technical inputs into the overall EIA. Her experience includes renewable
energy and bioenergy developments and, in particular, anaerobic digestion and biomethane projects.
Relevant project experience includes work on the Tully biogas development in Northern Ireland and
the Little Island Renewable Biogas Plant in Cork for Stream BioEnergy, in addition to the current
Proposed Project. . RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 |18-4
18.2 Population and Human Health
Population and Human Health has the potential to interact with a number of the environmental
factors assessed in this EIAR. These interactions arise where changes to the physical environment,
including landscape and visual amenity, traffic, noise, air quality and odour, water quality, land and
soils, waste management and built services, have the potential to influence residential amenity,
safety, health or wellbeing.
For the purposes of this section, the assessment considers the Proposed Project, comprising the
Renewable Biogas Plant and the associated Linear Gas Grid Connection. Where an interaction relates
specifically to either component, this is identified below.
The assessment is receptor focused. In addition to considering each environmental pathway
individually, regard is had to the potential for more than one effect to be experienced by a common
receptor at the same time. The relevant interactions during the construction and operational phases
are considered below.
18.2.1 Construction Phase
18.2.1.1 Landscape and Visual
Construction of the larger elements of the Renewable Biogas Plant will require cranes, construction
plant and other large machinery. These elements are likely to be visible above intervening hedgerows
within the immediate and near surroundings of the site and will result in a temporary change in the
visual environment experienced by local residents and other receptors.
As assessed in the Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment, construction phase visual effects
associated with the Renewable Biogas Plant are considered negative and short term, ranging from
substantial moderate to moderate.
The interaction with Population and Human Health mainly relates to temporary effects on visual
amenity and the experience of the surrounding environment during construction.
18.2.1.2 Material Assets: Traffic and Transport
Construction of the Proposed Project will generate additional vehicle movements associated with
construction personnel, HGV movements, plant deliveries, the importation of construction materials
and the removal of material.
Increased construction traffic on the local road network has the potential to result in noise, dust,
congestion and road safety effects and may increase the potential for conflict between vehicles and
pedestrians or cyclists. Temporary disruption of pedestrian and cycle movements may also arise
where works take place on or adjacent to the public road network, including during construction of
the Linear Gas Grid Connection.
The Traffic and Transport assessment identifies the construction traffic effect on human health as
negative, not significant and short term. RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 |18-5
18.2.1.3 Noise and Vibration
Construction activities associated with the Proposed Project will involve the use of a range of plant
and equipment with the potential to generate elevated noise levels.
The greatest potential construction noise effects arise during particular phases of work at the
Renewable Biogas Plant, including advanced works and utility diversions. In the absence of mitigation,
effects at the closest noise sensitive locations may range up to significant to very significant and
temporary. Following implementation of the identified mitigation measures, residual construction
noise effects range from negative, not significant and temporary to short term to negative, significant
and temporary, with the highest residual effects associated with advanced works and utility diversions
at the closest noise sensitive locations. Residual vibration effects are assessed as negative, not
significant and temporary to short term.
Construction of the Linear Gas Grid Connection will also result in localised and temporary noise as
works progress along the public road corridor. The interaction between Noise and Vibration and
Population and Human Health therefore relates to temporary disturbance and effects on residential
amenity during construction, including a significant residual effect associated with advanced works
and utility diversions at the closest noise sensitive locations.
Construction traffic also contributes to the noise environment. The interaction between traffic and
noise is assessed as imperceptible to slight, reflecting the relatively low changes in traffic flows
associated with the Proposed Project.
18.2.1.4 Air Quality
The key potential construction phase air quality effect is associated with dust generated by
construction activities and vehicle movements, with the potential for dust nuisance and human
exposure at sensitive receptors.
The Air Quality assessment identifies a low risk of dust related human health effects during
construction. Subject to implementation of the identified mitigation measures, the interaction
between Air Quality and Population and Human Health is assessed as direct, short term, negative,
localised and not significant.
18.2.1.5 Land and Soils
Construction activities associated with the Proposed Project have the potential to affect soil quality
through accidental releases of fuels, oils, hydrocarbons or other pollutants. Where contamination
occurs, a potential pathway to human health may arise through direct contact or exposure to
contaminated dust or vapours.
The Renewable Biogas Plant site has historically and currently been used primarily for agriculture, and
no known hazardous waste or significant existing soil contamination has been identified. The
likelihood of encountering contaminated material is therefore considered low.
The interaction between Land and Soils and Population and Human Health arises through the
potential source pathway receptor relationship between accidental soil contamination and
subsequent human exposure. Following implementation of the mitigation measures identified in the RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 |18-6
Land and Soils Chapter, the residual construction effect is assessed as short term, imperceptible and
neutral.
Construction of the Linear Gas Grid Connection also presents a potential contamination pathway
through accidental releases associated with trenching and construction plant. Subject to
implementation of the recommended mitigation measures, the residual effect is likewise assessed as
short term, imperceptible and neutral.
18.2.1.6 Water, Hydrology and Hydrogeology
Construction activities associated with the Proposed Project have the potential to affect surface water
and groundwater quality through accidental fuel or oil spillages, contaminated surface water runoff,
increased suspended solids and other construction related pollutants.
There are no recorded recreational waters, bathing waterbodies or surface water abstraction points
located downstream of the Renewable Biogas Plant site. The Drumgole Group Water Scheme
abstracts from Annaghmakerig Lough approximately 1.9 km north of the site; however, the Water
assessment has established that there is no hydrological connection between the Proposed
Development and the lough.
The interaction between Water, Hydrology and Hydrogeology and Population and Human Health
therefore concerns the potential for construction related releases to create an exposure pathway
through groundwater or surface water.
Following implementation of the Soil and Surface Water Management Plan and the pollution
prevention and mitigation measures identified in the Water, Hydrology and Hydrogeology Chapter,
the residual construction effects associated with accidental spills, sediment runoff and contamination
of surface water and groundwater are assessed as neutral, imperceptible and short term. The same
residual rating applies to construction of the Linear Gas Grid Connection. Accordingly, no significant
residual interaction with Population and Human Health is predicted.
18.2.1.7 Material Assets: Waste
Construction of the Proposed Project will generate a range of waste materials. Incorrect classification,
storage, handling or disposal of construction waste could result in litter, pollution or contamination,
with consequent potential effects on residential amenity and human health.
The interaction with Population and Human Health therefore arises where inappropriate waste
management could create secondary effects through litter, vermin, soil or water contamination or
other nuisance effects.
A project specific Resource Waste Management Plan has been prepared for the construction phase
and provides for the appropriate classification, segregation, storage, reuse, recovery and disposal of
waste. Together with the mitigation measures identified in the Waste and Population and Human
Health Chapters, these measures will minimise the potential for secondary effects on local residents
and human health. RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 |18-7
Following implementation of these measures, the residual construction phase effect associated with
waste management is assessed as short term, imperceptible and neutral. Accordingly, no significant
residual interaction with Population and Human Health is predicted.
18.2.2 Operational Phase
During the operational phase, the key interactions with Population and Human Health relate to
landscape and visual change, traffic, noise, air quality and odour, waste management, land and soils,
water and Major Accidents and Disasters.
18.2.2.1 Landscape and Visual
The Renewable Biogas Plant will introduce a long-term change to the existing landscape, with the
greatest influence occurring within the immediate surroundings of the site.
The Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment identifies operational visual effects ranging from
imperceptible, neutral and long-term to moderate, negative and long-term. While the Renewable
Biogas Plant has the potential to be prominent in certain views, no significant landscape or visual
effects are identified. The interaction with Population and Human Health therefore relates to effects
on views, landscape character and visual amenity experienced by local residents and other receptors.
18.2.2.2 Material Assets: Traffic and Transport
Operation of the Renewable Biogas Plant will generate an average of 28 HGV trips per day, together
with limited staff vehicle movements due to shift working. Having regard to the rural location and
relatively low volume of additional traffic, the interaction with Population and Human Health is
assessed as neutral, imperceptible and long term/long-term .
The plant will operate 24 hours per day, seven days per week; however, deliveries will be restricted
to 07:00 to 19:00 Monday to Saturday, with no HGV or LGV deliveries during evening or night time
periods. These controls also limit traffic related noise and amenity effects. The Linear Gas Grid
Connection will not generate routine operational traffic once installed.
18.2.2.3 Noise and Vibration
Operational noise from the Renewable Biogas Plant has the potential to affect residential amenity at
nearby noise sensitive locations.
Predicted operational noise levels at all noise sensitive locations are at or below the adopted nighttime
design limit of 35 dB LAeq,T applicable to areas of low background noise. The residual operational
effect is assessed as negative, slight and long-term, and significant health effects are not anticipated.
No operational noise or vibration interaction is identified for the Linear Gas Grid Connection once
installed. RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 |18-8
18.2.2.4 Air Quality
Operational emissions from the Renewable Biogas Plant have the potential to interact with Population
and Human Health through exposure at sensitive receptors. Detailed dispersion modelling concludes
that pollutant concentrations will comply with applicable air quality standards and that the residual
operational air quality effect is direct, long-term , negative and not significant.
Odour represents a further potential interaction with residential amenity. Odour dispersion modelling
predicts concentrations of 0.9 to 1.0 OUE/m³ at the worst case sensitive residential receptor,
representing a maximum of 68% of the applicable 1.5 OUE/m³ guideline value. The residual odour
effect is therefore assessed as direct, negative, long-term and slight and is not significant.
Operational traffic related air quality effects are also not predicted to be significant.
18.2.2.5 Material Assets: Waste
Inappropriate storage or management of operational waste could result in litter, localised pollution
or the attraction of vermin, with potential consequent effects on residential amenity and human
health.
Implementation of the Operational Waste Management Plan and the mitigation measures identified
in the Waste Chapter will minimise these pathways. The residual interaction with Population and
Human Health is assessed as long-term , imperceptible and neutral.
18.2.2.6 Land and Soils
During operation of the Renewable Biogas Plant, the potential interaction with Population and Human
Health relates to accidental spills or releases affecting soil quality.
Following implementation of the operational mitigation measures, the residual effect on Land and
Soils is assessed as neutral, imperceptible and long-term. No residual operational effect is identified
for the Linear Gas Grid Connection once installed.
18.2.2.7 Water, Hydrology and Hydrogeology
There are no recorded recreational waters, bathing waterbodies or surface water abstraction points
hydrologically downstream of the Renewable Biogas Plant site. The Drumgole Group Water Scheme
abstracts from Annaghmakerig Lough approximately 1.9 km north of the site; however, no
hydrological connectivity exists between the site and the lough.
Following implementation of the operational drainage, containment and pollution prevention
measures, residual effects on surface water and groundwater are assessed as neutral, imperceptible
and long-term. Accordingly, no significant interaction with Population and Human Health is identified.
No operational effect arises from the Linear Gas Grid Connection once installed. RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 |18-9
18.2.2.8 Major Accidents & Disasters
Potential major accident scenarios associated with operation of the Proposed Project include fire,
explosion and releases of natural gas, biogas or CO₂, with the potential for effects on persons in the
vicinity.
The Proposed Project incorporates engineered and operational safety controls, leak detection,
containment systems and emergency response procedures. Having regard to these measures and the
low likelihood of the identified events, the interaction between Major Accidents and Disasters and
Population and Human Health is assessed as not significant.
18.2.3 Interaction of Effects on Common Receptors
A number of the effects identified above may be experienced by the same receptor. During
construction, local residents may experience a combination of visual change, additional traffic,
construction noise and dust. During operation, receptors in the vicinity of the Renewable Biogas Plant
may experience its long-term visual presence together with operational noise, traffic, air emissions
and odour.
These effects have been assessed within the relevant technical chapters. The potential for combined
effects has been considered having regard to their nature, magnitude, duration and timing and the
sensitivity of the receptor.
Having regard to the residual effects identified above and the mitigation and operational controls
incorporated into the Proposed Project, the interaction of effects on common receptors does not give
rise to an additional significant adverse effect beyond those identified and assessed within the
individual technical chapters.
18.3 Landscape and Visual
Landscape and Visual effects associated with the Proposed Project have the potential to interact with
Population and Human Health, Biodiversity and Cultural Heritage. These interactions arise through
changes to landscape character, views and visual amenity, habitat and landscape planting, and the
setting of cultural heritage receptors.
The identified interactions arise from the Renewable Biogas Plant. The Linear Gas Grid Connection
will be installed below ground and does not give rise to an operational landscape or visual interaction
once installed.
18.3.1 Construction Phase
18.3.1.1 Population and Human Health
Construction of the Renewable Biogas Plant will introduce cranes, plant and machinery into the
landscape and will result in temporary changes to the character and appearance of the site and
surrounding area. RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 |18-10
Construction phase visual effects are assessed as negative and short term, ranging from substantial
moderate to moderate. The interaction with Population and Human Health relates to temporary
effects on views and visual amenity experienced by local residents and other receptors.
18.3.1.2 Biodiversity
Construction of the Renewable Biogas Plant will result in the removal of areas of improved agricultural
grassland, sections of hedgerow and the central treeline, giving rise to an interaction between physical
landscape change and habitat loss.
The direct residual habitat effect is assessed in the Biodiversity Chapter as negative, local, minor and
short term and not significant. Landscape mitigation provides for replacement and enhancement
through new native hedgerow, woodland, grassland and wildflower planting.
.
18.3.2 Operational Phase
18.3.2.1 Population and Human Health
During operation, the Renewable Biogas Plant will represent a long-term change within the immediate
landscape. Operational visual effects range from imperceptible, neutral and long-term to moderate,
negative and long-term.
The interaction with Population and Human Health relates to the effect on views, perceived landscape
character and visual amenity. While the Renewable Biogas Plant has the potential to be prominent in
certain views, no significant landscape or visual effects on receptors within the study area are
identified.
18.3.2.2 Biodiversity
The landscape mitigation strategy provides for additional native hedgerow planting, new woodland,
grassland and wildflower areas and enhancement of retained hedgerows. These measures assist in
integrating the Renewable Biogas Plant into the surrounding landscape while also providing ecological
enhancement.
Following establishment of the proposed planting, the residual operational habitat effect is assessed
as beneficial, minor and long-term and not significant.
18.3.2.3 Cultural Heritage
Landscape and Visual and Cultural Heritage interact where changes to views and landscape character
affect the setting or appreciation of heritage receptors.
A key operational interaction relates to the recorded hilltop enclosure RMP MO022-008,
approximately 110 m southwest of the Renewable Biogas Plant. The development will alter views to RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 |18-11
the north-east from the monument only. The Cultural Heritage assessment confirms that this change
will not interrupt existing visual relationships with other recorded monuments in the surrounding
landscape and will not alter the integrity of the monument. Following incorporated landscape and
design mitigation, the residual effect on its setting and visual amenity is assessed as indirect,
moderate, negative and long-term.
No additional significant interaction between Landscape and Visual and Cultural Heritage is identified.
18.4 Traffic & Transportation
Traffic and Transport associated with the Proposed Project has the potential to interact with
Population and Human Health, Land and Soils, Water, Noise and Vibration, Air Quality and Climate.
These interactions arise through construction vehicle movements, the transport of materials and
excavated soils, traffic-related noise and emissions, and the potential for accidental pollution
associated with vehicles and plant.
18.4.1 Construction Phase
18.4.1.1 Population and Human Health
Construction of the Proposed Project will generate additional movements associated with
construction personnel, HGVs, plant deliveries, imported materials and the removal of surplus
material. Construction of the Linear Gas Grid Connection will also result in temporary works within
the public road corridor.
These movements have the potential to affect road safety, accessibility and residential amenity and
to cause temporary disruption to pedestrians and cyclists. Following implementation of the
construction traffic management measures, the residual construction traffic effect on Population and
Human Health is assessed as negative, not significant and short term.
18.4.1.2 Land and Soils
Construction of the Proposed Project will require the importation of construction materials and the
removal of surplus soil and stone, generating HGV movements on the surrounding road network.
Excavated material associated with the Linear Gas Grid Connection will similarly require appropriate
management and transport.
The interaction between Land and Soils and Traffic and Transport therefore arises directly from the
excavation, importation, reuse and off-site movement of materials. These movements are
incorporated within the construction traffic assessment and, following implementation of the
identified construction traffic management measures, the residual interaction is assessed as negative,
not significant and short term.
18.4.1.3 Water, Hydrology and Hydrogeology
Construction vehicles and plant create a potential pathway for accidental releases of fuels, oils or
other pollutants to surface water or groundwater.
Following implementation of the pollution prevention and surface water management measures
identified for the Proposed Project, the residual effect on the water environment associated with
accidental spills, leaks and discharges is assessed as neutral, imperceptible and short term. RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 |18-12
18.4.1.4 Noise and Vibration
Construction traffic has the potential to increase road traffic noise on roads surrounding the Proposed
Project. The Noise and Vibration assessment considers this interaction by reference to changes in
traffic flows.
Having regard to the relatively low changes in traffic flows, the interaction between construction
traffic and noise is assessed as imperceptible to slight.
18.4.1.5 Air Quality
Construction traffic may generate dust through vehicle movements and trackout of material onto the
public road network, together with vehicle exhaust emissions. The dust emission magnitude
associated with trackout is classified as medium, based on an anticipated 20 to 50 outward HGV
movements per day at peak periods.
Following implementation of the identified dust mitigation measures, no significant residual air quality
effect associated with construction traffic is predicted.
18.4.1.6 Climate
Construction vehicles will generate greenhouse gas emissions through fuel consumption. The
interaction between Traffic and Transport and Climate is assessed as direct, short term, negative and
not significant.
18.4.2 Operational Phase
During operation, Traffic and Transport interactions arise from traffic associated with the Renewable
Biogas Plant. The Linear Gas Grid Connection will not generate routine operational traffic once
installed.
18.4.2.1 Population and Human Health
Operation of the Renewable Biogas Plant will generate an average of 28 HGV trips per day, together
with limited staff vehicle movements due to shift working.
Having regard to the rural location and relatively low volume of additional traffic, the residual
interaction with Population and Human Health is assessed as neutral, imperceptible and long-term.
18.4.2.2 Noise and Vibration
Deliveries to and from the Renewable Biogas Plant will be restricted to 07:00 to 19:00 Monday to
Saturday, with no HGV or LGV deliveries during evening or night time periods. These controls limit the
potential for operational traffic noise to affect nearby noise sensitive receptors during the more
sensitive periods.
The interaction between Traffic and Transport and Noise and Vibration is assessed as imperceptible
to slight.
18.4.2.3 Air Quality
Operational traffic will generate vehicle exhaust emissions. However, the increase in traffic does not
meet the applicable TII screening criteria for detailed operational traffic-related air quality
assessment. Accordingly, no significant operational air quality effect arising from traffic is predicted. RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 |18-13
18.4.2.4 Climate
Operational vehicle movements will generate greenhouse gas emissions. The interaction between
Traffic and Transport and Climate is assessed as direct, long-term, negative and not significant.
18.5 Material Assets: Built Services
The Proposed Project has the potential to interact with built services through construction works
affecting existing infrastructure and through the servicing requirements of the Renewable Biogas Plant
during operation. The interactions relate to Water, Population and Human Health, Traffic and
Transport, Noise and Vibration and Air Quality.
18.5.1 Construction Phase
18.5.1.1 Water, Hydrology and Hydrogeology
Construction activities may interact with surface water drainage infrastructure through runoff and
dewatering and will generate temporary water supply and wastewater requirements.
Following implementation of the CEMP, Soil and Surface Water Management Plan and the identified
servicing measures, the residual built services effect during construction is assessed as neutral, not
significant and short term.
18.5.1.2 Population and Human Health
Construction works will require the protection and, where necessary, diversion of existing electricity
and telecommunications infrastructure. Any planned interruption will be coordinated with the
relevant service providers to minimise disruption to existing users.
Following implementation of these measures, the residual interaction with Population and Human
Health is assessed as neutral, not significant and short term.
18.5.1.3 Traffic and Transport
Construction of the Linear Gas Grid Connection will require trenching within the public road corridor
and will result in temporary traffic disruption.
Following implementation of the recommended construction and traffic management measures, the
residual effect is assessed as neutral, not significant and short term.
18.5.1.4 Noise and Vibration / Air Quality
Utility diversion, connection and trenching works will generate temporary noise and dust, particularly
during construction of the Linear Gas Grid Connection.
These effects will be localised and temporary and, following implementation of the relevant mitigation
measures, the residual interaction is assessed as neutral, not significant and short term.
18.5.2 Operational Phase
During operation, the built services interactions arise from the servicing requirements of the
Renewable Biogas Plant. The Linear Gas Grid Connection will form part of the operational gas
infrastructure. RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 |18-14
18.5.2.1 Water, Hydrology and Hydrogeology
The Renewable Biogas Plant incorporates attenuation and treatment of surface water, on site
treatment and reuse of foul water, and a water supply strategy prioritising harvested rainwater,
supplemented by other available sources.
The residual operational effects on surface water drainage, foul water management and water supply
are assessed as neutral, imperceptible and long-term.
18.5.2.2 Electrical Infrastructure
The Renewable Biogas Plant will meet its electricity requirements through on-site generation, with a
connection to the local 10 kV network providing backup supply. The operational effect on electrical
infrastructure is assessed as neutral, not significant and long-term.
18.5.2.3 Telecommunications
Existing telecommunications infrastructure will largely be retained, with infrastructure at the site
entrance undergrounded and a new connection provided to serve the Renewable Biogas Plant. The
operational effect on telecommunications infrastructure is assessed as neutral, imperceptible and
long-term.
18.5.2.4 Gas Infrastructure
The Renewable Biogas Plant will connect to the national gas network through the Linear Gas Grid
Connection, which will be delivered and operated by Gas Networks Ireland. The residual operational
effect on built services associated with the Linear Gas Grid Connection is assessed as neutral,
imperceptible and long-term.
18.6 Material Assets: Waste
Waste generated during construction and operation of the Proposed Project has the potential to
interact with Land and Soils, Traffic and Transport, Population and Human Health and Biodiversity.
These interactions arise through excavation and material management, waste transport and the
potential for inappropriate storage, handling or disposal to give rise to secondary environmental
effects.
18.6.1 Construction Phase
Chapter 8 assesses the overall residual construction waste effect as short term, imperceptible and
neutral for the Renewable Biogas Plant and short term, not significant and neutral for the Linear Gas
Grid Connection.
18.6.1.1 Land and Soils
Construction of the Proposed Project will generate excavated soil, stone and other materials requiring
classification, reuse, recovery or disposal. Implementation of the Resource Waste Management Plan
and the mitigation measures identified in the Waste and Land and Soils Chapters will ensure that RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 |18-15
excavated material is appropriately managed. The residual interaction is assessed as short term,
imperceptible and neutral.
18.6.1.2 Traffic and Transport
Removal of surplus excavated material and construction waste will generate additional vehicle
movements, which are incorporated within the construction traffic assessment. Following
implementation of the relevant waste and traffic management measures, the residual interaction is
assessed as short term, imperceptible and neutral.
18.6.1.3 Population and Human Health
Incorrect storage or management of construction waste could result in litter, localised pollution or the
attraction of vermin, with potential effects on residential amenity and human health.
Implementation of the Resource Waste Management Plan will minimise these pathways and the
residual interaction is assessed as short term, imperceptible and neutral.
18.6.1.4 Biodiversity
Inappropriate management of construction waste could result in litter, pollution or vermin affecting
ecological receptors. Following implementation of the Resource Waste Management Plan and the
mitigation measures identified in the Biodiversity Chapter, the residual interaction is assessed as short
term, imperceptible and neutral.
18.6.2 Operational Phase
No operational waste will arise from the Linear Gas Grid Connection. Operational waste interactions
therefore relate to the Renewable Biogas Plant.
18.6.2.1 Traffic & Transportation
Operational waste collections will generate vehicle movements; however, these will be imperceptible
in the context of the overall operational traffic generated by the Renewable Biogas Plant. The residual
interaction is assessed as long-term, imperceptible and neutral.
18.6.2.2 Population and Human Health
Inappropriate storage or management of operational waste could result in litter, localised pollution
or vermin, with potential effects on residential amenity and human health. Implementation of the
Operational Waste Management Plan will minimise these pathways and the residual interaction is
assessed as long-term, imperceptible and neutral.
18.6.2.3 Biodiversity
Inappropriate operational waste management could similarly result in litter, pollution or vermin
affecting ecological receptors. Following implementation of the Operational Waste Management Plan RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 |18-16
and the identified biodiversity mitigation measures, the residual interaction is assessed as long-term,
imperceptible and neutral.
18.7 Land and Soils
Land and Soils effects associated with the Proposed Project have the potential to interact with
Population and Human Health, Water, Biodiversity, Air Quality and Waste. These interactions arise
through excavation, earthworks, soil handling and the potential for sediment mobilisation or
accidental contamination.
18.7.1 Construction Phase
18.7.1.1 Population and Human Health
Construction activities may affect soil quality through accidental releases of fuels, oils or other
pollutants, creating a potential pathway for human exposure. Following implementation of the CEMP
and identified pollution prevention measures, residual Land and Soils effects are assessed as neutral,
imperceptible and short term.
18.7.1.2 Water (Hydrology & Hydrogeology)
Excavation, dewatering and soil disturbance may generate sediment laden runoff or allow accidental
pollutants to migrate through soils to surface water or groundwater. Following implementation of the
Soil and Surface Water Management Plan and relevant mitigation measures, the interaction for both
the Renewable Biogas Plant and Linear Gas Grid Connection is assessed as neutral, imperceptible and
short term.
18.7.1.3 Biodiversity
Soil disturbance, stockpiling and excavation may affect ecological receptors through dust, sediment
runoff or accidental pollution. Following implementation of the identified mitigation measures, the
interaction between Land and Soils and Biodiversity is assessed as neutral, imperceptible and short
term for both elements of the Proposed Project.
18.7.1.4 Air Quality
Excavation, soil stripping and stockpiling have the potential to generate fugitive dust. Following
implementation of dust control measures, the interaction between Land and Soils and Air Quality is
assessed as neutral, imperceptible and short term. No significant residual interaction is predicted for
the Linear Gas Grid Connection.
18.7.1.5 Waste
Excavated soil and stone will require appropriate classification, reuse, recovery or disposal. The Linear
Gas Grid Connection will similarly generate excavated material during trenching. Following
implementation of the Resource Waste Management Plan and relevant mitigation measures, the
interaction between Land and Soils and Waste is assessed as neutral, imperceptible and short term. RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 |18-17
18.7.2 Operational Phase
Operational interactions relate to the Renewable Biogas Plant. No residual operational Land and Soils
effect is identified for the Linear Gas Grid Connection once installed.
18.7.2.1 Population & Human Health
The potential pathway during operation relates to accidental spills or releases affecting soil quality.
Following implementation of the operational containment and pollution prevention measures, the
residual effect is assessed as neutral, imperceptible and long-term.
18.7.2.2 Water (Hydrology & Hydrogeology)
Land and Soils may interact with groundwater and surface water through surface water runoff and
accidental releases of fuels or chemicals. Following implementation of the drainage, containment and
pollution prevention measures, the residual interaction is assessed as neutral, imperceptible and long-
term. No operational interaction arises from the Linear Gas Grid Connection.
18.7.2.3 Biodiversity
No significant effect on designated sites or other ecological receptors is identified through the
operational Land and Soils environment. The residual interaction is assessed as neutral, imperceptible
and long-term. No operational interaction arises from the Linear Gas Grid Connection.
18.8 Water (Hydrology & Hydrogeology)
Water effects associated with the Proposed Project have the potential to interact with Population and
Human Health, Land and Soils, Biodiversity, Material Assets: Built Services, Traffic and Transport, Air
Quality, Climate and Major Accidents and Disasters.
18.8.1 Construction Phase
18.8.1.1 Population and Human Health
Construction activities may affect surface water or groundwater through accidental spillages,
sediment laden runoff or other pollutants, creating a potential pathway to human receptors. Following
implementation of the Soil and Surface Water Management Plan and identified pollution prevention
measures, the residual interaction is assessed as neutral, imperceptible and short term.
18.8.1.2 Traffic and Transport
Construction vehicles and plant present a potential pathway for accidental releases of fuels or oils to
surface water or groundwater. Following implementation of the identified pollution prevention
measures, the residual interaction is assessed as neutral, imperceptible and short term.
18.8.1.3 Material Assets: Built Services
Construction will generate temporary requirements for water supply, foul water management and
surface water drainage. Following implementation of the relevant construction and servicing RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 |18-18
measures, the residual interaction with Built Services is assessed as neutral, not significant and short
term.
18.8.1.4 Land and Soils
Excavation and earthworks may result in sediment laden runoff or accidental contamination migrating
between the soil and water environments. Following implementation of the Soil and Surface Water
Management Plan and relevant mitigation measures, the interaction is assessed as neutral,
imperceptible and short term for both elements of the Proposed Project.
18.8.1.5 Biodiversity
Sediment laden or contaminated runoff has the potential to enter the drainage network and affect
downstream aquatic and water dependent ecological receptors. Following implementation of the
identified water management and ecological mitigation measures, the interaction is assessed as
neutral, imperceptible and short term for both the Renewable Biogas Plant and Linear Gas Grid
Connection.
18.8.1.6 Air Quality
Dust generated by excavation, earthworks and stockpiling may deposit in nearby surface water
features. Following implementation of dust control measures, the interaction between Air Quality and
Water is assessed as neutral, imperceptible and short term.
18.8.2 Operational Phase
Operational interactions relate to the Renewable Biogas Plant. No residual operational effect on the
hydrological environment is identified for the Linear Gas Grid Connection once installed.
18.8.2.1 Population and Human Health
Operational surface water will be collected, attenuated and treated, with captured water reused
within the process where practicable. No hydrological connection exists between the Renewable
Biogas Plant and Annaghmakerig Lough, from which the Drumgole Group Water Scheme abstracts.
Following implementation of the operational water management measures, the residual interaction
with Population and Human Health is assessed as neutral, imperceptible and long-term.
18.8.2.2 Material Assets: Built Services
The operational drainage, wastewater and water supply systems are integral to management of the
water environment at the Renewable Biogas Plant. Following implementation of the incorporated
design and mitigation measures, the residual interaction is assessed as neutral, imperceptible and
long-term.
18.8.2.3 Land and Soils
Operational runoff will be collected and treated, while fuels and chemicals will be appropriately
contained to prevent uncontrolled releases to soil or groundwater. The residual interaction between
Water and Land and Soils is assessed as neutral, imperceptible and long-term. RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 |18-19
No operational interaction arises from the Linear Gas Grid Connection.
18.8.2.4 Biodiversity
The operational drainage strategy provides for the attenuation and treatment of surface water before
reuse or discharge, reducing the potential for effects on aquatic and downstream ecological receptors.
The residual interaction between Water and Biodiversity is assessed as neutral, imperceptible and
long-term.
No operational interaction arises from the Linear Gas Grid Connection.
18.8.2.5 Climate
Climate change may increase rainfall intensity and associated runoff and flood risk. The Renewable
Biogas Plant is located in Flood Zone C, and the drainage system incorporates attenuation for the 1
in 100-year event together with a 30% climate change allowance. The assessment concludes that no
significant interaction between Climate and Water, Hydrology and Hydrogeology is predicted.
18.8.2.6 Major Accidents and Disasters
A major accidental release of organic material, fuels or chemicals could create a pathway to surface
water or groundwater. The engineered containment and drainage systems are designed to contain
the identified worst case credible release. Accordingly, no significant residual interaction with the
water environment is predicted.
18.9 Biodiversity
Biodiversity effects associated with the Proposed Project have the potential to interact with Traffic
and Transport, Land and Soils, Water, Noise and Vibration, Air Quality and Major Accidents and
Disasters. These interactions arise through disturbance to fauna, sediment and pollution pathways,
dust and emissions, and potential accidental releases.
18.9.1 Construction Phase
18.9.1.1 Traffic and Transport
Construction traffic, plant movements and associated human activity may temporarily disturb or
displace fauna, particularly birds and bats. Construction of the Linear Gas Grid Connection will be
localised and short term within an existing road corridor.
Following implementation of the CEMP and ecological mitigation measures, residual traffic related
disturbance effects are assessed as neutral to imperceptible, short term and not significant.
18.9.1.2 Land and Soils
Excavation, earthworks and soil handling may generate sediment laden runoff or accidental
contamination capable of affecting adjacent habitats and surface waters. RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 |18-20
Following implementation of the CEMP and Soil and Surface Water Management Plan, the residual
interaction between Land and Soils and Biodiversity is assessed as neutral, imperceptible and short
term for the Proposed Project.
18.9.1.3 Water and Hydrology
Sediment laden runoff or accidental releases may enter the drainage network and affect aquatic or
water dependent ecological receptors.
Following implementation of the identified pollution prevention and water management measures,
the residual interaction between Water and Biodiversity is assessed as neutral, imperceptible and
short term.
18.9.1.4 Noise and Vibration
Construction noise and vibration may temporarily disturb birds and bats using habitats within and
adjoining the Proposed Project. This includes temporary disturbance associated with trenching works
for the Linear Gas Grid Connection.
Following implementation of the identified mitigation measures, residual disturbance effects on birds
and bats are assessed as neutral to imperceptible, short term and not significant.
18.9.1.5 Air Quality
Construction dust may temporarily affect vegetation and habitats through deposition. Following
implementation of the dust control measures, the residual interaction between Air Quality and
Biodiversity is assessed as direct, short term, negative, localised and not significant.
18.9.2 Operational Phase
Operational interactions relate to the Renewable Biogas Plant. The Linear Gas Grid Connection will be
located below ground and will not give rise to significant ongoing biodiversity effects.
18.9.2.1 Land and Soils
Operational drainage, hardstanding and containment measures limit the potential for effects on soils
capable of indirectly affecting ecological receptors. The residual interaction between Land and Soils
and Biodiversity is assessed as neutral, imperceptible and long-term.
No operational interaction arises from the Linear Gas Grid Connection.
18.9.2.2 Water and Hydrology
Surface water will be attenuated and treated prior to discharge, while fuels and chemicals will be
contained and there will be no routine discharge of trade effluent. The residual interaction between
Water and Biodiversity is assessed as neutral, imperceptible and long-term.
No operational interaction arises from the Linear Gas Grid Connection RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 |18-21
18.9.2.3 Noise, Lighting and Faunal Disturbance
Operational noise and artificial lighting have the potential to affect fauna, particularly bats using
retained hedgerows and treelines. The lighting strategy and ecological design measures minimise this
potential disturbance.
The residual operational disturbance effect on bats is assessed as neutral and not significant.
Separately, new hedgerow, woodland and tree planting will result in a beneficial, minor and long-term
residual effect through increased foraging and commuting habitat.
The Linear Gas Grid Connection will introduce no operational lighting or noise, and its residual effect
is neutral, long-term and not significant.
18.9.2.4 Air Quality
Operational emissions are not predicted to result in significant adverse effects on ecological receptors.
Accordingly, the residual interaction between Air Quality and Biodiversity is assessed as not
significant.
18.9.2.5 Major Accidents and Disasters
Potential major accident pathways include releases of organic material or other pollutants, fire,
explosion, flooding and ground instability.
Having regard to the engineered containment, drainage and other embedded mitigation measures,
no likely significant residual effects on Biodiversity arising from Major Accidents and Disasters are
predicted.
18.10 Noise and Vibration
Noise and vibration associated with the Proposed Project have the potential to interact with
Population and Human Health, Traffic and Transport and Biodiversity. Construction effects arise from
plant, earthworks, breaking, piling where required, construction traffic and installation of the Linear
Gas Grid Connection. Operational effects arise from the Renewable Biogas Plant and associated traffic.
18.10.1 Construction Phase
18.10.1.1 Population and Human Health
During Construction noise and vibration may temporarily affect residential amenity at nearby noise
sensitive locations.
Following implementation of the identified mitigation measures, residual construction noise effects
are assessed as negative, not significant to moderate and temporary to short term. Residual vibration
effects are assessed as negative, not significant and temporary to short term.
RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 |18-22
18.10.1.2 Traffic and Transport
Additional construction traffic will increase road traffic noise on parts of the surrounding road
network.
The residual construction traffic noise effect is assessed as negative, imperceptible to slight and
temporary to short term.
18.10.1.3 Biodiversity
Construction noise and vibration may temporarily disturb or displace fauna, particularly birds and
bats. The Linear Gas Grid Connection will also generate temporary disturbance during trenching
works.
Following implementation of the CEMP and ecological mitigation measures, residual effects on fauna
are assessed as neutral to imperceptible, short term and not significant.
18.10.2 Operational Phase
The Linear Gas Grid Connection will not generate operational noise or vibration once installed.
Operational interactions therefore relate to the Renewable Biogas Plant.
18.10.2.1 Population and Human Health
The Renewable Biogas Plant will operate continuously, and operational plant has the potential to
affect nearby noise sensitive locations. The design has been assessed against a night time criterion of
35 dB LAeq,T, reflecting the area's low background noise environment.
Following implementation of the operational noise controls, the residual noise effect is assessed as
negative, slight and long-term. Operational vibration effects are neutral and not significant.
18.10.2.2 Traffic and Transport
Operational traffic will increase road traffic noise on parts of the surrounding road network. The
greatest calculated increase occurs on the short section of the L2280 between the site entrance and
R189; however, there are no noise sensitive locations along that section.
Having regard to the predicted changes and separation from receptors, the operational traffic noise
effect is assessed as negative, imperceptible to slight and not significant.
18.10.2.3 Biodiversity
Operational noise and lighting may affect fauna, particularly bats using retained hedgerows and
treelines. These effects are addressed through the operational noise controls, lighting design and
ecological mitigation.
No significant residual interaction between operational Noise and Vibration and Biodiversity is
predicted. The Linear Gas Grid Connection will introduce no operational noise or vibration. RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 |18-23
18.11 Air Quality
Air Quality effects associated with the Proposed Project have the potential to interact with Population
and Human Health, Traffic and Transport, Land and Soils, Biodiversity and Climate. Construction
effects arise from dust and vehicle emissions, while operational effects arise from process emissions,
odour and traffic associated with the Renewable Biogas Plant. The construction assessment includes
both elements of the Proposed Project; no significant operational emissions arise from the Linear Gas
Grid Connection.
18.11.1 Construction Phase
18.11.1.1 Population and Human Health
Construction activities may generate dust and vehicle emissions capable of affecting nearby sensitive
receptors through dust nuisance and human health pathways.
Following implementation of the identified dust control measures, the residual interaction with
Population and Human Health is assessed as direct, short term, negative, localised and not significant.
18.11.1.2 Traffic and Transport
Construction traffic may contribute to local air emissions through vehicle exhaust, dust generation
and trackout.
The residual interaction between Traffic and Transport and Air Quality is assessed as direct, short
term, neutral, localised and not significant.
18.11.1.3 Land and Soils
Excavation, soil handling and movement of construction vehicles may generate fugitive dust, creating
an interaction between Land and Soils and Air Quality.
Following implementation of dust suppression measures, the residual interaction is assessed as
neutral, imperceptible and short term.
18.11.1.4 Biodiversity
Construction dust may deposit on vegetation and habitats and, if uncontrolled, affect ecological
receptors.
Following implementation of the identified mitigation measures, the residual interaction is assessed
as direct, short term, negative, localised and not significant.
18.11.1.5 Climate
Air Quality and Climate share common emission sources, the combustion of fuels by construction plant
and vehicles. Air quality does not itself result in an effect on climate; rather, emissions from these
common sources are assessed separately under the respective disciplines. Accordingly, no additional
significant interaction effect is identified. RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 |18-24
18.11.2 Operational Phase
Operational air quality interactions relate to the Renewable Biogas Plant. No significant operational
emissions arise from the Linear Gas Grid Connection once installed.
18.11.2.1 Population and Human Health
Operational process emissions have the potential to affect air quality at nearby sensitive receptors.
Dispersion modelling confirms compliance with the applicable air quality standards and the residual
effect is assessed as direct, long-term, negative and not significant.
Odour also represents an interaction with residential amenity. Predicted concentrations at the worst
case residential receptor are 0.9 to 1.0 OUE/m³, equivalent to a maximum of 68% of the applicable
1.5 OUE/m³ guideline value. The residual odour effect is assessed as direct, negative, long-term and
slight.
18.11.2.2 Traffic & Transport
Operational traffic will generate vehicle emissions; however, the increase in traffic does not trigger
the applicable criteria for detailed air quality assessment.
The residual interaction between operational Traffic and Transport and Air Quality is assessed as long-
term, direct, neutral and not significant.
18.11.2.3 Climate
Operational combustion sources generate both local air pollutants and greenhouse gas emissions. This
represents a common source relationship rather than an additional environmental effect and is
assessed separately within the Air Quality and Climate Chapters. No additional significant interaction
effect is identified.
18.12 Climate
Climate effects associated with the Proposed Project have the potential to interact with Land, Soils,
Geology and Hydrology, Air Quality, Traffic and Transport and Waste. These interactions arise through
climate resilience and surface water management, common combustion sources, vehicle emissions
and the carbon implications of waste management.
18.12.1 Construction Phase
18.12.1.1 Land, Soils and Hydrology
Climate and the land and water environments interact through rainfall, runoff and surface water
management. The construction phase interaction is assessed as direct, short term, negative and
imperceptible. RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 |18-25
18.12.1.2 Air Quality
Air quality does not itself affect climate; rather, the emission sources give rise to both local air
pollutants and greenhouse gas emissions. Accordingly, no additional significant interaction effect is
identified.
18.12.1.3 Traffic and Transport
Construction vehicles will generate CO₂ emissions through fuel consumption. The interaction between
Traffic and Transport and Climate is assessed as direct, short term, negative and not significant.
18.12.1.4 Waste
Waste prevention, reuse and recycling will reduce the quantity of material requiring disposal to landfill
and its associated embodied carbon emissions. The construction phase interaction between Waste
and Climate is assessed as direct, short term, negative and not significant.
18.12.2 Operational Phase
18.12.2.1 Land, Soils, Geology and Hydrology
Climate change may result in increased rainfall and associated runoff and flood risk. The surface water
drainage system has therefore been designed to accommodate increased future rainfall. The
operational interaction is assessed as direct, long-term, negative and imperceptible.
18.12.2.2 Air Quality
Operational combustion sources generate both air pollutants and greenhouse gas emissions. This
represents a common source relationship rather than a separate additional environmental effect.
Accordingly, no additional significant interaction effect is identified.
18.12.2.3 Traffic and Transport
Operational vehicle movements will generate CO₂ emissions. The interaction between Traffic and
Transport and Climate is assessed as direct, long-term, negative and not significant.
18.12.2.4 Waste
Operational waste management measures prioritise waste prevention, reuse and recycling, limiting
disposal to landfill and the associated embodied carbon emissions. The operational interaction
between Waste and Climate is assessed as direct, long-term, positive and not significant.
18.13 Cultural Heritage - Built Heritage Architectural and Archaeology
Cultural Heritage has the potential to interact with Land and Soils during construction and Landscape
and Visual during operation. These interactions arise through ground disturbance affecting
archaeological remains and changes to the landscape setting of cultural heritage receptors. The RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 |18-26
Cultural Heritage assessment concludes that no additional significant interactive effects arise beyond
those assessed within the relevant technical chapters.
18.13.1 Construction Phase
18.13.1.1 Land & Soils
Groundworks associated with construction of the Renewable Biogas Plant will directly affect the
truncated remains of a probable fulacht fia (AA1) identified through archaeological investigation. In
the absence of mitigation, the effect is assessed as significant, negative and long-term.
The remains will be preserved by record through full licensed archaeological excavation in advance of
construction. Following mitigation, the residual effect is assessed as negative, moderate and long-
term.
The Linear Gas Grid Connection intersects the Zone of Notification of recorded ringfort RMP MO022-
009, creating potential for ground disturbance to affect surviving below ground archaeological
remains. A Section 12 notification and licensed archaeological monitoring of works within the Zone of
Notification are proposed. Following implementation of the identified mitigation, no significant
residual archaeological effect is predicted.
18.13.2 Operational Phase
18.13.2.1 Landscape & Visual
The operational interaction relates to the setting and visual amenity of the recorded hilltop enclosure
RMP MO022-008, approximately 110 m southwest of the Renewable Biogas Plant. The development
will result in a change to views to the north-east from the monument; however, this change is limited
to one direction only and does not alter the integrity of the monument. The Cultural Heritage
assessment also confirms that the development will not interrupt any existing intervisibility or visual
relationships between the hilltop enclosure and other recorded monuments in the surrounding
landscape. In particular, there is no existing intervisibility between the hilltop enclosure and the
nearby stone row RMP MO017-068. Following incorporated landscape and design mitigation, the
residual effect on the setting and visual amenity of the monument is assessed as indirect, moderate,
negative and long-term.
The Renewable Biogas Plant is also located within the historic mapped extent of the former New Park
estate. However, the area occupied by the development was historically in agricultural use rather than
forming part of the designed parkland associated with New Park House and is no longer legible as part
of a 19th-century designed landscape. The historic setting and outlook of New Park House are focused
to the south and south-east, away from the Renewable Biogas Plant, and the development will not be
visible from the house due to the intervening topography, mature vegetation and existing farm
buildings. The area containing the Renewable Biogas Plant does not therefore contribute to the
significance or historic setting of New Park House. The Cultural Heritage assessment identifies a slight,
negative effect on the former estate area during operation, but no effect on the setting of New Park
House itself.
No operational Cultural Heritage effects are identified for the Linear Gas Grid Connection. RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 |18-27
18.14 Major Accidents and Disasters
Major Accidents and Disasters have the potential to interact with Population and Human Health, Land
and Soils, Water, Hydrology and Hydrogeology and Biodiversity. Relevant pathways include fire and
explosion, accidental loss of containment, extreme weather and flooding, ground instability and
releases of pollutants to the receiving environment.
Chapter 16 concludes that, taking account of the embedded design, safety systems, operational
controls and emergency response measures, no likely significant effects arising from Major Accidents
and Disasters are predicted.
18.14.1 Construction Phase
18.14.1.1 Population and Human Health
Potential construction phase events include releases of environmentally harmful materials or
compressed gas, extreme weather and a natural gas release associated with construction of the Linear
Gas Grid Connection.
Having regard to the CEMP, weather related suspension procedures, gas cylinder handling protocols
and GNI procedures for works near gas infrastructure, the interaction between Major Accidents and
Disasters and Population and Human Health is assessed as not significant.
18.14.1.2 Land and Soils
Excavation, earthworks and stockpiling have the potential to interact with Major Accidents and
Disasters through ground instability, subsidence or landslide.
The site is identified as having low landslide susceptibility. A detailed geotechnical stability
assessment, including factor of safety analysis for the berm adjacent to the public road, will be
completed prior to construction. On this basis, Chapter 16 concludes that there is no credible pathway
for a major accident or disaster to arise from berm construction.
18.14.1.3 Water and Biodiversity
Extreme weather, accidental releases or storm events could result in contaminants entering surface
water or groundwater, with consequent effects on ecological receptors.
The construction phase assessment concludes that the likelihood of major accidents affecting off site
receptors is extremely low. With the identified pollution prevention and water management measures
in place, no significant interaction with Water or Biodiversity is predicted. RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 |18-28
18.14.2 Operational Phase
18.14.2.1 Population and Human Health
Potential operational scenarios include fire or explosion following loss of containment of gas or biogas,
releases associated with the Gas Grid Entry Unit or Linear Gas Grid Connection, and accidental releases
of CO₂.
The Renewable Biogas Plant incorporates engineered safety systems, leak detection, shutdown and
pressure relief systems, operational procedures and emergency response arrangements. Having
regard to the likelihood and consequence assessment in Chapter 16, no likely significant effect on
Population and Human Health is predicted.
18.14.2.2 Water, Hydrology and Hydrogeology
Structural failure of a digester tank and release of organic material represents a potential pathway to
surface water and groundwater. Chapter 16 assesses this as a credible major accident scenario;
however, the tank farm containment system is designed to manage the worst case credible release.
Accordingly, no significant interaction with the water environment is predicted.
18.14.2.3 Biodiversity
Loss of containment, contaminated firewater, fire or explosion could affect habitats or fauna either
directly or through the water environment.
The engineered drainage containment system and bunding substantially limit the potential for effects
beyond the Renewable Biogas Plant site. Any effects of fire or explosion on flora and fauna are
predicted to be localised and not significant. Accordingly, no likely significant effect on Biodiversity
arising from Major Accidents and Disasters is predicted.
18.15 Conclusion
This chapter has considered the key interactions and interrelationships between the environmental
factors assessed in the EIAR during the construction and operational phases of the Proposed Project,
comprising the Renewable Biogas Plant and associated Linear Gas Grid Connection.
The assessment demonstrates that the main interactions arise where a common receptor may be
affected through more than one environmental pathway. These include interactions between traffic,
noise, air quality, odour and landscape and visual effects in relation to Population and Human Health;
interactions between Land and Soils, Water and Biodiversity; and interactions associated with waste
management, climate, cultural heritage and Major Accidents and Disasters.
The relevant interactions have informed the design of the Proposed Project and the mitigation
measures identified within the individual technical chapters. These include construction
environmental management and pollution prevention measures, surface water and drainage controls,
dust and noise mitigation, ecological protection measures, archaeological mitigation, landscape RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 |18-29
planting and screening, operational containment and process controls, and measures relating to
accident prevention and emergency response.
Certain residual effects remain following mitigation, as identified within the relevant technical
chapters. These include temporary construction noise effects at the closest noise sensitive receptors,
a moderate long-term archaeological effect associated with the preservation by record of the
identified fulacht fia, and moderate effects on the setting of the recorded hilltop enclosure. These
effects have been fully considered in the relevant assessments and in the interaction, assessment
presented in this chapter.
Having regard to the nature, scale and duration of the identified interactions and to the incorporated
design and mitigation measures, no additional significant environmental effects are predicted to arise
as a consequence of interactions between the environmental factors beyond those already identified
and assessed within the individual technical chapters of the EIAR.
Table 18.1 provides a consolidated summary of the interactions identified for the construction and
operational phases of the Proposed Project. RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 |18-30
Table 18-1 Summary of Interactions between Environmental Factors
Key: C = Construction Phase; O = Operational Phase; C/O = Construction and Operational Phases; — = No material interaction identified.
Environmental
Factor
P&HH L&V Traffic Built
Services
Waste Land &
Soils
Water Biodiversity Noise Air
Quality
Climate Cultural
Heritage
MA&D
Population &
Human Health
— C/O C/O C C/O C/O C/O — C/O C/O — — C/O
Landscape &
Visual
— — — — — — C/O — — — O —
Traffic &
Transport
— C C/O C C C C/O C/O C/O — —
Built Services
— — — C/O — C C — — —
Waste — C — C/O — — C/O — —
Land & Soils
— C/O C/O — C C/O C C
Water — C/O — C C/O — C/O
Biodiversity — C/O C/O — — C/O
Noise &
Vibration
— — — — —
Air Quality — C/O — —
Climate
— — —
Cultural
Heritage
— —
MA&D —
Note: The table identifies the phases during which the key interactions considered in Chapter 18 arise. The identification of an interaction does not
indicate that a significant effect will occur. The nature and significance of each interaction, including relevant mitigation and residual effects, are
described in Sections 18.2 to 18.14.
RECEIVED: 28/08/2026