HomeMy WebLinkAbout2660018 - F.I. Received Doc. - EIAR - Chapter 1 Introduction
August 2026
VOLUME II
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT
PROPOSED RENEWABLE BIOGAS PLANT
IN THE TOWNLANDS OF
MAGHERNAKELLY AND DRUMCALL,
DRUM, CO. MONAGHAN.
CO. MONAGHAN
Stream BioEnergy Ireland Limited RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
Volume II – EIAR Chapters
Table of Contents
Chapter
No.
Chapter Title
1. Introduction
2. Project Description
3. Alternatives
4. Population & Human Health
5. Landscape & Visual
6. Material Assets: Traffic & Transport
7. Material Assets: Built Services
8. Material Assets: Waste
9. Land & Soils
10. Water (Hydrology & Hydrogeology)
11. Biodiversity
12. Noise & Vibration
13. Air Quality
14. Climate
15. Cultural Heritage: Built Heritage & Archaeology
16. Major Accidents and Disasters
17. Summary of Mitigation & Monitoring Measures
18. Interactions of the Foregoing
RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
AUGUST 2026
VOLUME II
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Stream BioEnergy Ireland Limited
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Table of Contents
1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 1-2
1.1 Author Information and Competency ..................................................................................... 1-3
1.2 The Applicant .......................................................................................................................... 1-4
1.3 Context for this Project ........................................................................................................... 1-5
1.3.1 Climate Change, Renewable Energy & Sustainability ............................................................. 1-6
1.4 The Proposed Project .............................................................................................................. 1-8
1.4.1 Renewable Biogas Plant .......................................................................................................... 1-9
1.4.2 Linear Gas Grid Connection................................................................................................... 1-10
1.5 Socio-Economic Benefits ....................................................................................................... 1-11
1.6 Proposed Project Area .......................................................................................................... 1-12
1.6.1 Site Description ..................................................................................................................... 1-12
1.6.2 Surrounding Context ............................................................................................................. 1-14
1.7 Environmental Impact Assessment Screening ...................................................................... 1-15
1.8 Environmental Impact Assessment ....................................................................................... 1-16
1.8.1 Environmental Impact Assessment Report ........................................................................... 1-17
1.8.2 Format and Structure of the Environmental Impact Assessment Report............................. 1-19
1.8.3 Competency .......................................................................................................................... 1-20
1.9 Scope of Cumulative Effects .................................................................................................. 1-20
1.10 Impact Assessment Methodology ......................................................................................... 1-24
1.11 EIA Portal ............................................................................................................................... 1-26
Table of Figures
Figure 1-1 Proposed Development Site ............................................................................................... 1-8
Figure 1-2 Process Flow ....................................................................................................................... 1-9
Figure 1-3 Site Location ..................................................................................................................... 1-12
Figure 1-4 Proposed Development Site Location .............................................................................. 1-13
Figure 1-5 Indicative Gas Pipeline Route & Grid Connection Point ................................................... 1-14
Figure 1-6 Residential Properties within 500m of Proposed Development ...................................... 1-15
Table of Tables
Table 1-1 EIAR Chapters and Contributors ........................................................................................ 1-19
Table 1-2 Impact Rating Terminology ................................................................................................ 1-24
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1 Introduction
This Environmental Impact Assessment Report (EIAR) presents the results of the environmental
assessments which have been completed on behalf of Stream BioEnergy Ireland Limited (Stream), the
Applicant, for the project.
Chapter 1 introduces the proposed project and describes the scope and methodology employed.
The project consists of two main elements:
1. a Renewable Biogas Plant,
2. the installation of an underground gas grid connection.
Planning permission for a Renewable Biogas Plant is being sought from Monaghan County Council
(MCC). The proposed Gas Networks Ireland (GNI) pipeline, forming the underground grid connection,
will proceed through a separate statutory consent process in accordance with Section 39A of the Gas
Act 1976 (as amended).
For the purposes of this EIAR, the entire development is assessed as one integrated project because
the proposed elements are functionally interdependent. Although different components of the
project are subject to separate consent procedures, namely the Section 34 planning application and
the Section 39A Gas Act consent they collectively constitute a single overall project. Assessing them
together ensures that all potential direct, indirect, and cumulative impacts are fully understood, in
accordance with Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Directive requirements to avoid project
splitting and to consider the whole project in a comprehensive and integrated manner.
This EIAR has been prepared in line with European and Irish laws that require certain types of projects
to be assessed for their potential effects on the environment before they receive development
consent. Under European law, specifically the EIA Directive 2014/52/EU (henceforth the Directive),
any project, whether public or private, that could significantly affect the environment must be
reviewed through an EIA.
EIA is a process for anticipating the effects on the environment caused by a development. Article
1(2)(g) of the 2014 Directive (2014/52/EU) states that:
“Environment impact assessment” means a process consisting of:
(i) The preparation of an environmental impact assessment report by the
developer, as referred to in Article 5(1) and (2).
(ii) The carrying out of consultations as referred to in Article 6 and, where
relevant, Article 7.
(iii) The examination by the competent authority of the information presented in
the environmental impact assessment report and any supplementary
information provided, where necessary, by the developer in accordance with
Article 5(3), and any relevant information received through the consultations
under Articles 6 and 7. RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
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(iv) The reasoned conclusion by the competent authority on the significant effects
of the project on the environment, taking into account the results of the
examination referred to in point (iii) and, where appropriate, its own
supplementary examination; and
(v) The integration of the competent authority’s reasoned conclusion into any of
the decisions referred to in Article 8a.”
1.1 Revision to the Proposed Development Following Further Information
Following receipt of the Further Information Request issued by Monaghan County Council on 24
March 2026, the Applicant undertook a further review of the proposed strategy for the management
of surplus excavated soil and stone arising during construction of the Renewable Biogas Plant. As
originally submitted, it was proposed to beneficially reuse surplus material by recontouring an
approximately 2.6 ha agricultural field within the wider landholding to the east of the R189. The
Further Information Request sought additional information in relation to this element of the proposal,
including confirmation of the volume of material involved, the agricultural benefit of the proposed
works, potential hydrological effects and the access arrangements serving the area.
Having considered the matters raised and reviewed alternative approaches to the management of the
surplus excavated material, the Applicant has decided not to proceed with the proposed recontouring
of the agricultural field. The former Soil Relocation Area therefore no longer forms part of the
Proposed Development, and no deposition of excavated material (18,520 m³) is proposed within that
area.
For the purposes of the environmental assessments, this has been conservatively rounded to
approximately 18,600 m³ of surplus excavated soil and stone requiring removal from the site.
The surplus material will be transported by suitably authorised contractors to an appropriately
authorised soil recovery facility or other authorised receiving facility for reuse, recovery or disposal,
as appropriate. Given the period between preparation of the EIAR and the undertaking of the relevant
excavation works, facilities which currently have appropriate authorisation, and available capacity
may not necessarily have such capacity when the works are undertake i.e. today's available licensed
capacity cannot reliably be treated as the capacity that will exist when excavation actually occurs.
Conversely, additional authorised capacity may become available.
Suitable receiving facilities will be identified by the appointed Contractor prior to commencement of
the relevant excavation works, having regard to the applicable waste authorisation, available capacity
and waste acceptance criteria. Subject to availability at the time of construction, this may include
Carrickamore Quarry, Carrickmacross, Co. Monaghan or another suitably licensed or permitted
recovery or disposal facility.
For assessment purposes, the EIAR adopts a defined and conservative transport scenario rather than
relying upon a particular receiving facility. Construction traffic, including traffic associated with the
removal of surplus excavated material, will approach and depart the site via the L2280, R189 and R188,
with the R189 and R188 forming the principal regional routes serving the Proposed Development. The RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
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traffic effects associated with the export of the surplus material have therefore been assessed on
these routes.
The EIAR has been reviewed and updated to reflect this change to the Proposed Development,
including the removal of the former Soil Relocation Area and the assessment, where relevant, of the
off-site transport and management of surplus excavated soil and stone.
1.2 Author Information and Competency
This chapter was prepared by Paula Galvin of McCutcheon Halley Chartered Planning Consultants
(MHP). Paula holds an MSc in Spatial Planning, a BA and MA in Geography, a Diploma in Environmental
Impact Assessment (EIA) Management, and a Diploma in Planning and Environmental Law. She has
practised as both a planning and environmental consultant for over 20 years and has directed the
preparation of Environmental Impact Assessment Reports (EIARs) for a wide range of development
types, including residential, commercial, industrial, and renewable energy projects.
Paula has also been involved in the preparation of other applications for the Applicant, most notably
their now-operational plant in Tully, Ballymena, which provides a dedicated solution to the poultry
sector, similar to the intent of the current proposal. In addition, she recently secured planning
permission on behalf of the Applicant for the completion of a renewable biogas plant in Little Island,
Cork.
Through this extensive experience, Paula is very familiar with the relevant processes and therefore
demonstrates the necessary competence to direct the preparation of this EIAR.
1.3 The Applicant
Stream is a biogas development and operation company with an emphasis on delivering infrastructure
to process organic waste in Ireland and the UK. As part of a vision for an improved, safer, more secure
and sustainable clean energy future, Stream promotes the use of anaerobic digestion (AD) technology
to convert organic materials into renewable energy and nutrient-rich biofertiliser in a way that
safeguards the environment, delivering a more secure and sustainable clean energy future.
Established in 2009, Stream is one of the leading developers and operators in the sustainable clean
energy market. The company develops, owns and operates large-scale biogas projects in Ireland and
the UK, including Tully Biogas Plant in Ballymena, Co. Antrim which generates 3 MW of electricity from
processing 50,000 tonnes of poultry litter per annum. The feedstock for this plant is supplied by Moy
Park on a long-term contract basis from local farms and the electricity generated is exported to the
national grid and is sufficient to power c.4,000 homes. Planning permission was recently secured for
a large-scale expansion of this facility with development of that project underway.
The Tully Plant has won multiple awards and is one of the only biogas plants in the world to run solely
on poultry manure, supporting the recovery of Lough Neagh. It has an excellent compliance record
with the Northern Ireland Environment Agency (NIEA) and is widely considered to be the standard
bearer for odour containment in the biogas sector. These proven expertise in feedstock management, RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
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odour-control systems, noise mitigation and overall environmental management and compliance will
be applied to the proposed Monaghan facility.
Stream is leading the development of a dedicated Irish / UK portfolio of anaerobic digestion plants,
with several other projects across Ireland and the UK at various stages of development. Collectively,
Stream’s plants will process over 1 million tonnes of industrial, domestic, commercial and agricultural
waste.
1.4 Context for this Project
County Monaghan has the highest density of poultry farms in Ireland, generating more than 250,000
tonnes of poultry manure annually. This volume exceeds what local land can safely absorb, creating
well-documented pressures on water quality, air quality, and biodiversity.
Excess nutrients from manures are contributing to runoff into local rivers and lakes, making some
surface waters among the most polluted in the country, as highlighted in recent EPA reporting. These
nutrient pressures also contribute to the biodiversity loss emergency declared by the Irish
Government in 2019, while stored manures are a recognised source of elevated ammonia emissions
that can affect both air quality and community wellbeing.
With extensive experience in processing poultry manure through anaerobic digestion (AD), in their
plant in Tully, Ballymena, Stream is well placed to address these challenges. AD stabilises nutrients
such as nitrogen and phosphorus, key contributors to water pollution, by converting them into more
stable forms, significantly reducing the risk of leaching compared to raw manures or mineral fertilisers.
The resulting biofertiliser is cleaner, safer, and easier to manage due to the removal of pathogens
during pasteurisation.
The Monaghan County Development Plan 2025–2031 acknowledges these environmental pressures,
requiring any new or expanded poultry units to demonstrate more sustainable manure management.
The proposed development directly supports this policy direction by providing a local outlet for
poultry manure, assisting farmers in meeting their obligations under the Nitrates Directive, and
supporting more sustainable farm practices. In doing so, the project will contribute to improved water
and air quality across the county while offering potential cost savings and new income opportunities
for the farming community.
At a national level, Ireland is recognised by the European Commission as having one of the highest
potentials for biomethane production in Europe on a per capita basis due to its substantial agriculture
sector. The National Biomethane Strategy and the Climate Action Plan set out clear targets for
biomethane deployment, aiming to deliver 5.7 TWh by 2030. This project will contribute directly to
these targets by producing renewable gas from locally sourced poultry manure and other agricultural
organic materials, representing approximately 2% of the equivalent biomethane capacity envisaged
under the 2030 target.
The proposed biogas plant will result in GHG reductions of up to 42,000 tCO₂e per year, equivalent to
taking approximately 9,000 cars off public roads annually. These reductions contribute directly to RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
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Ireland’s national climate targets, supporting the transition to low-carbon energy and aligning with
the objectives of the National Biomethane Strategy and the Climate Action Plan 2024.
In summary, the proposed development provides a locally grounded, environmentally beneficial, and
strategically important renewable energy project, addressing pressing nutrient management
challenges while contributing to national and EU climate and energy objectives.
1.4.1 Climate Change, Renewable Energy & Sustainability
The transition from fossil fuels to renewable energy sources in response to the ongoing climate crisis
has never been more critical. Ireland has a binding legal commitment to reach net zero by 2050 with
a target of halving greenhouse gas emissions by 2030, as outlined in the Climate Action and Low
Carbon Development (Amendment) Act 2021 and the Climate Action Plan (2025).
Recognised climate change and renewable energy benefits of biogas production include:
• Emissions Reduction – Converting organic waste to renewable gas rather than allowing
it to decompose uncontrolled, prevents methane emissions and significantly reduces
greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.
• Net Zero - Indigenously produced biomethane will play a significant role in enabling the
transition to a net zero economy and offers a unique, scalable opportunity for Ireland
(National Biomethane Strategy, 2024).
• Decarbonisation - Biomethane can directly replace fossil natural gas in the gas grid,
helping to decarbonise hard-to-abate sectors such as industrial and commercial heat
and those that rely on high-temperature heat, helping Ireland meet net zero targets.
• Energy Security - Indigenous biomethane production reduces dependency on imported
fossil fuels, improving energy security as well as contributing to low-carbon
dispatchable power generation.
• Flexibility of Use - Biomethane is a versatile renewable energy source that can support
a wide range of energy needs. A key advantage is its year-round availability, providing
energy when intermittent sources such as wind and solar are not generating,
particularly during peak demand in winter months. Its flexibility means it can contribute
immediately to the transition to low-carbon energy, either through local use or
integration into broader energy networks as opportunities allow.
The Local Authority Climate Action Charter, signed by MCC in October 2019, represents a commitment
to scale up efforts and play a key role locally and nationally in delivering effective climate action. The
MCC ‘Climate Action Plan’ (2024-2029) strengthens the links between national and international
climate policy and the delivery of effective climate action at local and community levels. This
development supports MCC’s strategic commitments under both the Charter and the Climate Action
Plan by offering a low-carbon solution for agricultural waste management, improving water and air
quality, reducing GHG emissions, and contributing to sustainable energy infrastructure.
In July 2022, the Department of Environment, Climate, and Communications (DECC) published a target
of 10% of national gas demand (5.7 TWh) to come from biomethane by 2030 and 1 TWh of biomethane RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
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by 2025 (reiterated in the Climate Action Plan 2025). The National Biomethane Strategy (May 2024)
outlines the policies, regulatory supports and enabling measures to achieve these targets, which
includes the development of up to 200 biogas facilities across the country.
The proposed biogas plant will result in GHG emissions reductions of up to 42,000 tonnes of CO2
equivalent (e) per annum (equivalent to removing c.9,000 cars from public roads) through:
• Avoided emissions from the spreading of raw manure directly to land;
• Production of up to 120 gigawatt hours (GWh) of renewable energy per annum in the
form of biomethane, which would be enough gas for up to 11,000 homes and 2% of the
5.7 TWh 2030 biomethane target.
• Production of sustainable fertilisers – key nutrients can be recycled through the plant
and used as sustainable biofertiliser in agriculture and horticulture, thereby substituting
fossil fuel based mineral fertilisers or harvested peat.
• Production of up to 15,000 tonnes of biogenic CO2 per annum for use in industry,
representing up to 30% of Ireland’s CO2 demand and offsetting the need for CO2
production from fossil fuel energy intensive processes.
Further sustainability benefits of the proposed development include:
• Act as a circular economy hub for the local agri-food sector, with organic waste being
used to generate renewable energy for use in agriculture, whilst also producing
sustainable fertilisers that can be used in sectors with a demand for the nutrients.
• More efficient use of land for renewable energy generation than for example solar
farms or AD plants which use energy crops. Solar farms require up to 20 times more
land to produce the same energy output, while energy crop AD plants require up to 295
times more land to grow the feedstocks needed to produce the same level of energy.
The use of existing waste materials to generate renewable energy and sustainable
fertilisers will therefore maintain the availability of agricultural land for food
production.
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1.5 The Proposed Project
The proposed project as outlined earlier comprises the development of a Renewable Biogas Plant and
associated infrastructure including improvement works to the local road network and the installation
of a gas grid line over approximately 3.5 km within the public road corridor. A detailed description of
the proposed project is provided in Chapter 2 of this EIAR.
For clarity, the “proposed development” for which the Applicant seeks planning permission is limited
to the area identified as Renewable Biogas Plant site in the following Figure.
Figure 1-1 Proposed Development Site
The overall “project” subject to EIA also includes the Linear Gas Grid Connection (Figure 1-5). Where
specific assessments in this chapter exclude the gas grid route, this has been clearly noted, with the
rationale for any exclusions provided to avoid ambiguity regarding the scope of the assessment.
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1.5.1 Renewable Biogas Plant
The plant will utilise anaerobic digestion (AD) to generate renewable energy in the form of
biomethane from up to 99,000 tonnes per annum of organic waste feedstock per annum. AD is a
sustainable form of renewable energy production that occurs when micro-organisms break down
biodegradable material in the absence of oxygen in an enclosed system to produce a renewable
biogas.
Feedstock for the plant will comprise poultry manure (sourced from the high density of poultry farms
in the surrounding area), along with cattle manure sourced from local farms and agri-food organic
waste from nearby food processing plants.
Biogas generated by the proposed development will be upgraded on site to biomethane and injected
to the GNI gas grid to replace fossil fuel derived natural gas.
The process also produces an environmentally sustainable biofertiliser, known as digestate, that can
be used in agriculture or horticulture, as well as biogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) that can be used in
industry as a replacement for CO2 derived from fossil fuel energy intensive processes (such as artificial
fertiliser production).
An overview of the process flow through the plant is presented in Figure 1-2.
Figure 1-2 Process Flow
The plant will be a state-of-the-art facility utilising best available technologies and operating systems.
Several abatement systems are incorporated into the plant design to mitigate the potential for
adverse impacts on the environment and human health. These include indoor delivery and handling
of feedstock and its processing in an enclosed and sealed system, a multi-stage odour treatment RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
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process, acoustic containment of engines and other noise generating equipment and an engineered
site drainage containment system.
The plant will be stringently regulated the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) requiring an
Industrial Emissions (IE) Licence to operate, by MCC, the Department of Agriculture, Food and the
Marine (DAFM) and the Health and Safety Authority (HSA), and standards and controls will be applied
by the authorities that are designed to protect human health and the environment.
The IE licensing process establishes legally binding emission limit values for air, water, noise and other
relevant environmental parameters, and requires the operator to implement robust monitoring,
control and reporting systems. Compliance with these limits is overseen directly by the EPA through
regular inspections, audits and mandatory reporting. The facility will also be required to submit an
Annual Environmental Report (AER), which is made publicly available and provides transparent
information on environmental performance, monitoring results and compliance status. This
regulatory framework ensures that the plant operates to the highest environmental standards and
that performance remains open to ongoing oversight by both the EPA and the wider public.
As the operational phase of the facility will be regulated under an IE Licence, the operator will be
required to prepare and maintain a Closure, Restoration and Aftercare Management Plan (CRAMP).
This ensures that, in the event of cessation, the site can be decommissioned in a controlled and
environmentally responsible manner. The CRAMP sets out measures for the safe removal of plant,
equipment and materials; the management of any residual wastes; and the restoration of the site in
line with EPA guidance.
The proposed project responds to a well-established and ongoing need within the county for
sustainable management of agricultural organic materials, and there is no reasonable anticipation that
the facility would be required to cease operation in the foreseeable future, given the scale and
persistence of the nutrient-management issues it is designed to address.
Accordingly, while the project is designed and intended as a long-term strategic piece of
infrastructure, the regulatory framework guarantees that appropriate decommissioning, restoration
and aftercare provisions are in place, should they ever be required.
1.5.2 Linear Gas Grid Connection
A gas transmission pipeline will provide a physical connection between the Renewable Biogas Plant
and the existing national gas network adjacent to the Abbot Ireland Plant at Dromore West, Co.
Monaghan. As stated already, although the development of the gas grid connection does not form
part of the planning application to MCC, since it will be delivered by GNI it is included in the EIAR for
assessment purposes as it constitutes an integral component of the overall project. The works involve
the installation of an underground pipeline approximately 3.5 km in length within the public road
corridor.
As this element of the project lies outside the applicant’s control and remit, any potential impacts or
mitigation measures specifically related to the grid connection are identified in this EIAR solely for
completeness. Where mitigation is referenced, it is presented as a recommendation to the relevant RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
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delivery body rather than as a commitment on behalf of the applicant, Stream, who will have no
control over the delivery of the pipeline.
This approach ensures transparency regarding environmental considerations associated with the
wider project context, while also clearly acknowledging the applicant’s lack of responsibility or
decision-making authority in relation to the design, scheduling or implementation of GNI led
infrastructure.
1.6 Socio-Economic Benefits
The socio-economic benefits of the proposed development are set out in detail in a report prepared
by Collison and Associates Limited included as Appendix 1.2 of Volume III of the EIAR.
In summary, these effects are positive, and the assessment finds that the benefits of the project will
be spread across the local economy through its proposed partnership with key stakeholders including
local farmers, food processing factories, administrative support services, contractors and hauliers.
The collaboration between the proposed development and the important local agri-food sector will
add to and support the local rural economy and help sustain existing jobs and support the potential
for growth in the future.
Biogas production can create new income streams for rural areas where much of the feedstock is
produced and can provide an economic boost for rural communities and the agricultural sector by
generating income, jobs and transforming a waste product into a source of energy and associated by-
products.
The proposed development represents an approximately €120 million capital investment and during
the construction phase, the project will deliver c.100 direct jobs and up to 140 indirect jobs through
the supply chain over the 2-year build period. This will provide a gross value added (GVA) uplift of
c.€43 million, with a large proportion of this benefit accruing in Co. Monaghan (c.€7 million).
When operational, the plant will create 30 direct jobs and c.75 indirect jobs through the supply chain
(including hauliers, contracting services, administration support etc.) delivering a GVA uplift of c.€23
million per annum, c.€7 million of which will benefit Co. Monaghan (equivalent to a 0.36% growth in
the local economy). These will be high-quality long-term jobs, supporting the local green economy.
As well as the local employment created, when operational the project will have an annual
expenditure of c.€3.5-€4.5 million, much of which will be spent locally. The plant will also contribute
up to c.€400,000 per annum in rates to MCC, a large proportion of which can be directed back into
the community and services provided locally.
The CO2 equivalent emission reductions generated by the plant will help Ireland on the critical
pathway to Net Zero and will be worth up to c.€13 million per annum to the Irish economy based on
current carbon values.
Ireland currently imports 100% of the inorganic fertilisers used in agriculture, at a cost of c.€620
million per annum. The value of the nutrients contained in the c.76,000 tonnes per annum of
sustainable fertilisers that will be produced by the proposed plant means that up to c.€3 million worth RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
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of imported inorganic fertilisers will be avoided. Considering the significant disruption and increase
to fertiliser prices caused by the war in Ukraine, the availability of an indigenous supply of clean
fertiliser with quantified nutrient values will be a major benefit to both agriculture and horticulture
sectors.
1.7 Proposed Project Area
The proposed development site subject of the planning application to MCC is approximately 4km
northwest of Cootehill, Co. Cavan, 11.2km southeast of Clones, and 17.5km south of Monaghan Town.
Figure 1-3 Site Location
1.7.1 Site Description
A detailed description of the project is provided in Chapter 2. The proposed development site
comprises one distinct land parcel within the townlands of Maghernakelly, Drumcall and Drumgole.
• The Renewable Biogas Plant site encompassing approximately 6.2 hectares.
It is located approximately halfway along the R189 regional route between Cootehill (to the south)
and Newbliss (to the north), at a junction that accommodates the convergence of the L2280 (which
leads west towards Drum) and the L2320 (which leads east towards Rockcorry) with the R189. RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
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Figure 1-4 Proposed Development Site Location
The Renewable Biogas Plant site is part of a larger farm unit and spans across two fields which are
predominantly improved grassland. The fields are separated by a hedgerow, interspersed with a mix
of tree species. The field to the west of the central hedgerow encompasses two thirds of the site, with
the smaller field to the east encompassing the remaining third.
The proposed alignment for the gas grid which will be developed by GNI, is shown on Figure 1-5. It will
be delivered within the public road corridor and will traverse the townlands of Maghernakelly,
Dernamoyle, Drumgarkin, Dyan, Freame Mount Demesne, Dawson Grove Demesne and Dromore
West. RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
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Figure 1-5 Indicative Gas Pipeline Route & Grid Connection Point
1.7.2 Surrounding Context
The proposed Renewable Biogas Plant is situated within a rural drumlin landscape in County
Monaghan, characterised by undulating pasture fields, hedgerows, scattered woodlands, and
numerous lakes and streams. The drumlins create a distinctive topography which generally limit long-
range views, while drainage is supported by a network of land drains and natural watercourses. The
surrounding area contains farmsteads, poultry units of varying scale, and dispersed rural dwellings,
with the nearest village, Drum, located approximately 2.6 km to the so uth-west. Regional and local
roads, including the R189 and R188, provide primary access, with the gas grid connection located RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
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within these public road corridors. A hilltop enclosure lies c.175m south-west of the site, outside its
immediate setting.
There are eleven properties identified within 500m of the site (Figure 1-6). The two closest of these
properties to the south of the site are associated with the landowner who has provided consent to
make the planning application.
Figure 1-6 Residential Properties within 500m of Proposed Development
1.8 Environmental Impact Assessment Screening
EIA requirements derive from EU Directives. Council Directive 2014/52/EU amended Directive
2011/92/EU and is transposed into Irish Law by the European Union (Planning and Development)
(Environmental Impact Assessment) Regulations 2018.
A proposed development which falls within one of the categories of development specified in
Schedule 5 of the Planning and Development Regulations (PDR) 2001, as amended, which equals or
exceeds, a limit, quantity, or threshold prescribed for that class of development must be accompanied
by an EIAR.
The proposed development falls under Part 2, Class 11 (b) of Schedule 5 of the PDR 2001, as amended:
“Installation for the disposal of waste with an annual intake greater than 25,000 tonnes not included
in Part 1’
The proposed development will involve the annual intake of 99,000 tonnes of organic waste (poultry
manure, livestock manure and agri-food waste) which exceeds the threshold set out under Class 11(b) RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
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of Schedule 5 of the Planning and Development Regulations 2001 (as amended). As such, the proposed
development falls within the categories of projects that require a mandatory Environmental Impact
Assessment (EIA).
1.9 Environmental Impact Assessment
The purpose of an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is to identify, assess, and mitigate the
potential significant environmental effects of a proposed development before a decision is made to
proceed.
Article 1(2)(g) of the EIA Directive 204/52/EU (hereafter the Directive) states:
‘Environmental impact assessment means a process consisting of: i) the preparation of an
environmental impact assessment report by the developer, as referred to in Article 5(1) and (2); ii) the
carrying out of consultations as referred to in Article 6 and, where relevant, Article 7; iii) the
examination by the competent authority of the information presented in the environmental impact
assessment report and any supplementary information provided, where necessary, by the developer in
accordance with Article 5(3), and any relevant information received through the consultations under
Articles 6 and 7; iv) the reasoned conclusion by the competent authority on the significant effects of
the project on the environment, taking into account the results of the examination referred to in point
(iii) and, where appropriate, its own supplementary examination; and v) the integration of the
competent authority’s reasoned conclusion into any of the decisions referred to in Article 8a.’
As such, EIA is a structured process used to evaluate the likely effects of a proposed project on the
environment. It involves the preparation of a detailed report by the developer, consultation with
relevant authorities and the public, and a thorough review of the information by the planning
authority. The authority then makes a reasoned conclusion on the environmental impacts and takes
this into account when deciding whether to approve the project
The 2014 Directive, provides a definition of EIA and this is now defined by section 171A of the Planning
and Development Act, 2000 (as amended).
It is defined as a process consisting of:
a) the preparation of an EIAR by the developer;
b) the carrying out of consultations with the public, prescribed bodies (and, where relevant, any
affected Member States);
c) the examination by the competent authority of the EIAR, any supplementary information
provided, where necessary, by the developer and relevant information received through the
consultation process;
d) the reasoned conclusion of the competent authority on the significant effects of the project
on the environment; and
e) the integration of the competent authority’s reasoned conclusion into any development
consent decision. RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 1-17
The definition of EIA thus provides for a clear distinction between the process of environmental impact
assessment to be carried out by the competent authority and the preparation by the developer of an
EIAR.
Article 3(1) of the Directive prescribes a range of environmental factors which are used to organise
descriptions of the environment, and these factors must be addressed in the EIAR. The environmental
impact assessment shall identify, describe and assess in an appropriate manner, in the light of each
individual case, the direct and indirect significant effects of a project on the following factors: a)
population and human health; b) biodiversity, with particular attention to species and habitats
protected under Directive 92/43/EEC and Directive 2009/147/EC; c) land, soil, water, air and climate;
d) material assets, cultural heritage and the landscape; e) the interaction between the factors referred
to in points (a) to (d).
In summary, the EIA examines how a project may directly or indirectly affect key environmental
factors. These include people and human health, biodiversity, natural resources like land, soil, water,
air, and climate, as well as cultural heritage, buildings, and the landscape. It also considers how these
factors interact with one another to understand the full range of potential environmental impacts.
1.9.1 Environmental Impact Assessment Report
The document prepared by the project proponent is termed the EIAR.
An EIAR is defined under the Planning and Development Act 2000, as amended as “a report detailing
the potential effects, if any, that a proposed development may have on the environment.” It must
include the information outlined in Annex IV of the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Directive
2014/52/EU.
The EIAR is prepared by the developer and submitted to the competent authority, in this case MCC,
as part of the consent process. MCC uses the information within the EIAR to evaluate the
environmental impacts of the proposed project and, alongside other relevant considerations, to
determine whether planning consent should be granted.
Article 5(1) of the Directive describes what an EIAR is to contain as follows.
“The information to be provided by the developer shall include at least: a) a description of the project
comprising information on the site, design, size and other relevant features of the project; b) a
description of the likely significant effects of the project on the environment; c) a description of the
features of the project and/or measures envisaged in order to avoid, prevent or reduce and, if possible,
offset likely significant adverse effects on the environment; d) a description of the reasonable
alternatives studied by the developer, which are relevant to the project and its specific characteristics,
and an indication of the main reasons for the option chosen, taking into account the effects of the
project on the environment; e) a non-technical summary of the information referred to in points (a) to
(d); and f) any additional information specified in Annex IV relevant to the specific characteristics of a
particular project or type of project and to the environmental features likely to be affected.”
Accordingly, the developer must provide detailed information about the project, including its location,
design, and size. They must also describe the potential significant effects on the environment, outline RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 1-18
measures to avoid or reduce negative impacts, and explain any alternatives that were considered. The
reasons for choosing the proposed option must be included, along with a clear, easy -to-understand
summary of all this information. Additional relevant details may also be required, depending on the
nature of the project and the surrounding environment.
This EIAR addresses all matters required by the Directive including risks to human health, major
accidents/disasters, biodiversity, climate change and cumulative effects with other existing and/or
approved projects. Annex IV requires that an EIAR address any demolition works, however in this
instance, no demolition works are proposed as part of the project.
1.9.1.1 Scoping
The purpose of scoping is to identify the information to be contained in an EIAR and the methodology
to be used in gathering and assessing that information. Applicants are not required to seek a formal
scoping opinion.
The scope of this EIAR is informed by the requirements of the Directive and the transposing
Regulations together with the Guidelines identified in each discipline specific assessment contained
within this Volume of the EIAR.
Scoping requires the consideration of the nature and likely scale of the potential environmental
impacts likely to arise from a proposed development or project. It is an iterative process that is ongoing
throughout the development of the EIAR. The following topics, which include those stipulated in the
Directive, have been scoped in for this assessment.
• Population and human health;
• Biodiversity (flora and fauna);
• Land and soils;
• Water and Hydrology;
• Air quality;
• Climate;
• Noise and vibration;
• Landscape and visual amenity;
• Cultural heritage, archaeology and architectural heritage;
• Traffic and transportation;
• Waste;
• Built Services; and
• Major accidents and disasters.
The applicant brings extensive experience in the development and operation of anaerobic digestion
and biomethane facilities, with several operational plants and others currently in planning. This
experience has informed the scope and approach of the EIAR, providing the appointed assessment
team with a robust and practical understanding of feedstock management, emissions control, and
environmental mitigation. RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 1-19
Drawing on this input, the EIAR has been structured to address the most relevant environmental
effects, incorporate best-practice mitigation measures, and reflect realistic operational conditions.
The EIAR has been prepared independently by the appointed team of environmental specialists, who
have incorporated the applicant’s operational insights alongside recognised assessment
methodologies to ensure a comprehensive, evidence-based evaluation.
1.9.2 Format and Structure of the Environmental Impact Assessment Report
This EIAR is prepared according to the ‘Grouped Format Structure’ as described in the ‘Guidelines on
information to be contained in Environmental Impact Assessment Reports’ (EPA, 2022). This means
that each topic is considered as a separate section. The advantages of using this format are that it is
easy to investigate a single topic and it facilitates easy cross-reference to specialist studies.
The EIAR is sub divided into 3 no. volumes as follows:
▪ Volume I Non-Technical Summary;
▪ Volume II Environmental Impact Assessment Report; and
▪ Volume III Appendices to Environmental Impact Assessment Report.
Volume II is presented as 17 chapters as outlined in Table 1-1.
Table 1-1 EIAR Chapters and Contributors
Chapter Aspect Significance Lead Consultant
1 Introduction McCutcheon Halley Planning Consultants Paula Galvin
2 Project Description McCutcheon Halley Planning Consultants Paula Galvin
3 Alternatives McCutcheon Halley Planning Consultants Paula Galvin
4 Population & Human Health AWN Consulting Sarah Robertson
5 Landscape & Visual Macro Works Richard Barker
6 Material Assets:
Traffic & Transport Trafficwise Julian Keenan
7 Material Assets: Built Services AWN Consulting Sarah Robertson
8 Material Assets: Waste AWN Consulting Chonaill Bradley
9 Land & Soils AWN Consulting Rashaqat Ali Siddiqui
10 Water & Hydrology AWN Consulting Rashaqat Ali Siddiqui
11 Biodiversity (Flora & Fauna) Veon Amy Haigh
12 Noise & Vibration AWN Consulting Jennifer Harmon
13 Air Quality AWN Consulting Jovanna Arndt
14 Climate AWN Consulting Jovanna Arndt
15 Cultural Heritage Courtney Deery Heritage Consultancy Karen O’Toole
16 Major Accidents & Disasters AWN Consulting Matt Michie
17 Summary of Mitigation Measures McCutcheon Halley Planning Consultants Ignatius Lo RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 1-20
Chapter Aspect Significance Lead Consultant
18 Interactions of the Foregoing McCutcheon Halley Planning Consultants Paula Galvin
In addition, contributors have had regard to other relevant discipline-specific guidelines, these are
noted in individual chapters of the EIAR.
1.9.3 Competency
It is a requirement that the EIAR must be prepared by competent experts. For the preparation of this
EIAR, the Applicant engaged McCutcheon Halley Chartered Planning Consultants to direct and
coordinate the preparation of the EIAR, and a team of qualified specialists were engaged to prepare
individual chapters, the consultant firms and lead authors are listed in Table 1.1. Details of
competency, qualifications, and experience of the lead author of each discipline is outlined in the
individual chapters.
Various environmental specialists were commissioned to complete the specialist chapters of the EIAR,
as required by Directive 2014/52/EU on the assessment of the effects of certain public and private
projects on the environment:
“Experts involved in the preparation of [EIARs] should be qualified and competent.
Sufficient expertise, in the relevant field of the project concerned, is required for the
purpose of its examination by the competent authorities in order to ensure that the
information provided by the developer is complete and of a high level of quality”.
1.10 Scope of Cumulative Effects
Directive 2014/52/EU substituted a new Annex IV into Directive 2011/92/EU. Annex IV of the EIA
Directive is to be read in conjunction with article 5(1) and sets out the information to be included in
an EIAR. Annex IV was transposed into national law via article 97 of the European Union (Planning and
Development) (Environmental Impact Assessment) Regulations 2018 (the “2018 Regulations”) which
substituted a new Schedule 6 into the Planning and Development Regulations 2000, as amended.
The Directive requires that the EIAR describes the cumulation of effects with other existing and/or
approved projects.
Cumulative effects may arise from:
“- The interaction between the various impacts within a single project,
- The interaction between all the differing existing and / or approved projects in the same areas
as the proposed project.” 1
1 Department of Housing, Planning and Local Government, “Guidelines for Planning Authorities and An Bord
Pleanála on carrying out Environmental Impact Assessment” (August 2018), page 40. RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 1-21
In August 2018, the Department of Housing, Planning and Local Government issued Guidelines for
Planning Authorities and An Bord Pleanála on carrying out EIA. The Guidelines summarise “cumulative
effects” in the following way at page 40:
“Effects are not to be considered in isolation but cumulatively i.e., when they are
added to other effects. A single effect on its own may not be significant in terms of
impact on the environment but, when considered together with other effects, may
have a significant impact on the environment. Also, a single effect which may, on
its own, have a significant effect, may have a reduced and insignificant impact
when combined with other effects.
Paragraph 2(e)(i)(V) of Schedule 6 (paragraph 5(e) of Annex IV) provides as follows:
“the cumulation of effects with other existing or approved developments, or both,
taking into account any existing environmental problems relating to areas of
particular environmental importance likely to be affected or the use of natural
resources.” (emphasis added).
Accordingly, each chapter of this EIAR assesses the cumulative effect of relevant permitted
developments in combination with the proposed project. Individually, each specialist consultant has
reviewed under construction, and permitted developments in the local area, and using their expertise
they have identified projects relevant to their discipline that may interact to produce a cumulative
effect. A list of the projects considered is attached in Appendix 1-1. The listed projects are current up
to 17th August 2025, the point at which the EIAR was finalised.
While the Directive does not require a cumulative assessment of future proposals where a planning
application has not been lodged, recognising the broad scope and purpose of the EIA Directive, regard
is had to the judgement of Fitzpatrick v An Bord Pleanála [2019] IESC 23, henceforth referred to as the
‘Apple Case’.
The Supreme Court in the Apple Case held that:
1) An EIA must contain an assessment of the cumulative effects of future developments that form
an “integral part” of the development applied for (i.e., where there is a “functional or legal
interdependence” between the development applied for and the envisaged future
development).
The proposed development for which permission is sought is the biogas plant and associated
elements. The land spreading of digestate is not part of the “project” for which development consent
is sought from the Council, nor is it the subject of any future EPA IE licence. Rather, the land spreading
can reasonably be considered as a separate and distinct activity, subject to its own set of independent
rules and regulations and governed by the actions of the landowner, not the applicant for planning
permission. See Chapter 2 of this EIAR for further details.
The analysis of the Supreme Court in An Taisce (Kilkenny Cheese)22 is relevant in this respect. In
Kilkenny Cheese the case being made was that the Board had failed to assess the effects of milk
2 An Taisce v An Bord Pleanála & Kilkenny Cheese, [2022] IESC 8 RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 1-22
production (for the cheese factory) on climate, or on water catchments adjoining the farms from
which the milk would be supplied. It was argued that these were the indirect effects of the proposed
factory, arising from offsite activities which were closely functionally and operationally connected to
the proposed cheese factory.
The Court analysed a suite of case law dealing with the issue of functionally interdependent projects
or elements of a project that should be the subject of the EIA process, and other cases where the
effects of other ‘offsite’ activities were deemed to be too remote and not the effects of the project
for which consent was sought.
• The Court considered that an off-site construction assembly site would be subject to the
EIA for the proposed development which the construction assembly site would serve. A
construction assembly site for an offshore wind farm project, for example, should be
assessed as part of the EIAR for the offshore wind farm.
• The Court noted that in O’Grianna3, the connection of the wind farm to the grid was
considered so fundamental to the purpose of developing and operating a wind farm that
it could not be omitted from the EIA of the project.
• In the Apple case4, the Court was satisfied that the first data centre hall and its grid
connection were closely interrelated and should be assessed within the EIA process, but
that subsequent phases of development only had to be assessed to the extent reasonably
practicable, because the first phase and grid connection could be developed and operated
on an independent and stand-alone basis. Significantly, any subsequent phases of
development would also be subject to EIA and cumulative impact assessment before
proceeding.
• In Kemper5 the Court was satisfied that the EIA of a wastewater treatment plant did not
have to include the ultimate application of the waste biosolids to as yet unidentified lands
as fertilizer. The use of biosolids for that purpose would depend on landowners coming
forward to ‘purchase’ the fertiliser for use on their lands. That did not form part of the
development for which consent was sought and was too remote to be assessed within the
EIA process, save in the most general terms.
• In UK cases Finch and Greenpeace, the Courts considered that the obligation to assess a
project requires the EIA to assess the direct and indirect effects of the project for which
consent is sought, including its operation, and not some other project for which consent
is not sought.
This line of case law strongly establishes that the obligation to carry out EIA depends on whether the
project or development for which consent is sought is a Class of project to which the Directive applies,
and if so, the scope of that EIA process is linked to the development for which consent is sought (the
3 O Grianna & Ors v Bord Pleanala, [2014] IEHC 632
4 Fitzpatrick v. An Bord Pleanála & ors. [2018] IESC 60
5 Joyce Kemper v An Bord Pleanála [2020] IEHC 601 RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 1-23
renewable biogas plant in this instance), and not to some other project for which consent is not sought
(the spreading of digestate third party lands).
The spreading of digestate is, nonetheless, a likely / foreseeable “downstream” effect of the proposed
project, the impacts of which are assessed in this EIAR insofar as is practicable having regard to the
state of knowledge and parameters of what is known, having regard for example to the geographical
and temporal limits and characteristics of the land on which such spreading is likely to occur, and the
likely nutrient characteristics of the digestate to be produced by the proposed facility, but without the
need for individualised site-specific assessments prior to the grant of permission for the proposed
development.
Cumulative effects are not limited to projects, and it is necessary to also consider relevant Plans.
According to the Environment Protection Agency (2020), in Ireland, key cumulative effects – where
environmental receptors are at, or near, their thresholds or their capacity to assimilate more change
– include climate change, water quality, flood risk, air quality, biodiversity and landscape. For the
purpose of this EIAR, the following have been considered in relation to culminative impacts:
▪ Monaghan County Council Development Plan 2025-2031 - gives spatial expression to the
county’s economic, social, housing, and cultural development. The Plan has a key role in
protecting the environment, heritage, and amenities of the county and in mitigating against
the impacts of climate change. It includes policies and objectives for all of the aspects included
in this EIAR. Accordingly, each chapter of the EIAR has had regard to the context of the
cumulative effect of the proposed development together with the Development Plan policies
and objectives.
▪ The Climate Action Plan, 2025 - Climate change represents the ultimate cumulative
environmental impact, with thresholds for greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions already being
exceeded both nationally and globally. Ireland has committed to a 51% reduction in GHG
emissions between 2021 and 2030 and to achieving net-zero emissions by no later than 2050.
The Climate Action Plan 2025 (CAP25), approved by the Government on 15 April 2025, is the
third statutory Climate Action Plan under the Climate Action and Low Carbon Development
(Amendment) Act 2021 and the fifth plan overall. It marks a critical milestone, representing
the final Climate Action Plan within Ireland’s first five-year carbon budget and the halfway
point to 2030. According to a briefing from the Oireachtas Library & Research Service, meeting
these targets will require not only accelerated progress on current initiatives but also the rapid
and full implementation of outstanding actions from CAP23 and CAP24. In this context, the
biomethane sector plays a key role, with a national production target of 5.7 TWh by 2030 and
a near-term KPI of delivering 1 TWh of biomethane by 2025. Accordingly, each chapter of the
EIAR has had regard to the context of the cumulative effect of the proposed development
together with CAP25.
▪ National Biodiversity Plan - The Plan sets out actions through which a range of government,
civil and private sectors will undertake to achieve Ireland’s ‘Vision for Biodiversity. It has been
developed in line with the EU and International Biodiversity strategies and policies. The
cumulative effects of this Plan together with the proposed project is considered in the
Biodiversity chapter. RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 1-24
▪ Standards in the EU Air Quality Directive and ‘daughter’ directives - establish the levels of air
pollutants that have no significant impacts on human health or the environment. The
cumulative effects of the Directive together with the proposed project is considered in the
Population & Human Health Chapter and the Air Quality & Climate Chapter.
In addition, each of the specialist chapters (4 - 16) considers the cumulative effects of projects and
plans relevant to the zone of influence and discipline specific factors.
1.11 Impact Assessment Methodology
Each chapter of this EIAR assesses the direct, indirect, cumulative, and residual impact of the proposed
development for both the construction and operational stage of the proposed development.
The impact assessment methodology is detailed in the respect of the various environmental topics in
the respective chapters herein. The assessment of impacts is based on the source-pathway-receptor
model, which dictates that, for an environmental impact to occur, there must be a source, a receptor
which is sensitive to the effect in question, and a pathway by which the effect can reach the receptor.
Unless otherwise stated, the criteria for effect / impact characterisation are as per the EPA guidelines
(as set out in Table 1-2). The significance of an impact is determined through comparison of the
character of the predicted effect to the sensitivity of the environment / receptor in question.
For clarity, the duration terminology used in this EIAR relates to the duration of the environmental
effect being assessed and should not be interpreted as defining the intended operational life of the
Proposed Development. The Renewable Biogas Plant is proposed as permanent infrastructure and no
finite operational life or planned decommissioning date is assumed. However, individual plant,
equipment and structures will be subject to maintenance, renewal and replacement over the
operational life of the facility. Accordingly, where an operational effect is described by a specialist as
long-term, this reflects the application of the EPA duration terminology to the particular effect
assessed and does not imply that the Proposed Development itself is intended to cease operation
within that period.
Table 1-2 Impact Rating Terminology
Quality of Effect
Positive A change which improves the quality of the environment (for example, by increasing
species diversity, or the improving the reproductive capacity of an ecosystem, or by
removing nuisances or improving amenities).
Neutral No effects or effects that are imperceptible, within normal bounds of variation or
within the margin of forecasting error.
Negative/Adverse Effects A change which reduces the quality of the environment (for example, lessening
species diversity or diminishing the reproductive capacity of an ecosystem; or
damaging health or property or by causing nuisance).
Significance of Effect
Imperceptible An effect capable of measurement but without significant consequences.
Not Significant An effect which causes noticeable changes in the character of the environment but
without significant consequences RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 1-25
Slight Effect An effect which causes noticeable changes in the character of the environment
without affecting its sensitivities.
Moderate Effect An effect that alters the character of the environment in a manner that is consistent
with existing and emerging baseline trends.
Significant Effect An effect which, by its character, magnitude, duration, or intensity, alters a sensitive
aspect of the environment.
Very Significant Effect An effect which, by its character, magnitude, duration, or intensity, significantly
alters most of a sensitive aspect of the environment.
Profound Effect An effect which obliterates sensitive characteristics.
Duration of Effects
Momentary Effects lasting from seconds to minutes
Brief Effects lasting less than a day
Temporary Effects lasting less than a year
Short-term Effects lasting one to seven years
Medium-term Effects lasting seven to fifteen years
Long-term Effects lasting fifteen to sixty years
Permanent Effects lasting over sixty years
Reversible Effects that can be undone, for example through remediation or restoration
Frequency Describe how often the effect will occur (once, rarely, occasionally, frequently,
constantly – or hourly, daily, weekly, monthly, annually).
Extent and Context of Effects
Extent Describe the size of the area, the number of sites and the proportion of a population
affected by an effect.
Context Describe whether the extent, duration, or frequency will conform or contrast with
established (baseline) conditions (is it the biggest, longest effect ever?).
Probability of Effects
Likely The effects that can reasonably be expected to occur because of the planned
project if all mitigation measures are properly implemented.
Unlikely The effects that can reasonably be expected not to occur because of the planned
project if all mitigation measures are properly implemented.
Type of Effects
Indirect (Secondary or Off-site) Effects on the environment, which are not a direct result of the project, often
produced away from the project site or because of a complex pathway.
Cumulative The addition of many minor or insignificant effects, including effects of other
projects, to create larger, more significant effects.
Do-Nothing The environment as it would be in the future should the subject project not be
carried out.
Worst-Case The effects arising from a project in the case where mitigation measures
substantially fail.
Indeterminable When the full consequences of a change in the environment cannot be described.
Irreversible When the character, distinctiveness, diversity or reproductive capacity of an
environment is permanently lost. RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 1-26
Residual The degree of environmental change that will occur after the proposed mitigation
measures have taken effect.
Synergistic Where the resultant effect is of greater significance than the sum of its constituents,
(e.g. combination of SOx and NOx to produce smog).
1.12 EIA Portal
In accordance with the requirements of the Planning and Development Regulations 2001, as
amended, prior to lodging the planning application and accompanying EIAR, the applicant has notified
the Department of Housing, Local Government and Heritage (DHLGH) of the intention to submit an
application for development consent. The required information has been provided for publication on
the EIA Portal, including a brief description of the proposed development, the name of the developer,
the location of the project, and the identity of the competent authority to which the application will
be made.
This notification ensures that the proposed development is appropriately registered on the national
EIA Portal in advance of submission, in accordance with statutory obligations, and supports
transparency and public accessibility to information relating to the EIA process.
RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
AUGUST 2026
VOLUME II
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT
CHAPTER 2
PROJECT DESCRIPTION
Stream BioEnergy Ireland Limited
RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 2-1
Table of Contents
2 Project Description .................................................................................................................. 2-3
2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 2-3
2.2 Revision to the Proposed Development Following Further Information ................................ 2-4
2.3 Local Agricultural & Environmental Context ........................................................................... 2-5
2.4 Description of the Project Site ................................................................................................ 2-7
2.4.1 Wider Site Context .................................................................................................................. 2-7
2.4.2 Proposed Development Site ................................................................................................... 2-8
2.5 Description of the Proposed Development .......................................................................... 2-15
2.6 Construction and Commissioning of the Proposed Development ........................................ 2-21
2.6.1 Construction and Commissioning Programme ..................................................................... 2-21
2.6.2 Sequencing of Works ............................................................................................................ 2-21
2.6.3 Construction Staffing, Working Hours, and Duration ........................................................... 2-22
2.6.4 Enabling & Site Preparation Works ....................................................................................... 2-22
2.6.5 Construction Compound ....................................................................................................... 2-23
2.6.6 Earthworks ............................................................................................................................ 2-24
2.6.7 Traffic Management .............................................................................................................. 2-25
2.6.8 Construction Environmental Management Plan ................................................................... 2-26
2.6.9 Resource & Waste Management Plan .................................................................................. 2-27
2.6.10 Measures for Reduction or Elimination of Pollution ............................................................ 2-28
2.6.11 Health and Safety .................................................................................................................. 2-28
2.6.12 Construction and Commissioning of the Gas Connection (subject to Section 39A consenting
process) .............................................................................................................................................. 2-29
2.7 Operation of the Renewable Biogas Plant ............................................................................ 2-30
2.7.1 Operational Activities – Process Overview ........................................................................... 2-30
2.7.2 Plant Design and Abatement Systems .................................................................................. 2-35
2.7.3 By-Products of the Anaerobic Digestion Process .................................................................. 2-36
2.7.4 Plant Consumables, Handling & Storage ............................................................................... 2-38
2.7.5 Environmental Management ................................................................................................ 2-39
2.7.6 Traffic and Access .................................................................................................................. 2-40
2.7.7 Operational Site Utilities and Infrastructure ......................................................................... 2-42
2.7.8 Operating Hours .................................................................................................................... 2-47
2.7.9 Staffing and Occupancy ......................................................................................................... 2-47
2.7.10 Parking Provision and Staff Welfare ..................................................................................... 2-47
2.8 Decommissioning .................................................................................................................. 2-48
RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 2-2
Table of Figures
Figure 2-1 Poultry Farms in vicinity of the Proposed Development .................................................... 2-6
Figure 2-2 Regional Location ................................................................................................................ 2-7
Figure 2-3 Residential Properties within 500m of Proposed Development ........................................ 2-8
Figure 2-4 Proposed Development Site Location ................................................................................ 2-9
Figure 2-5 Proposed Gas Pipeline Route & Grid Connection Point ................................................... 2-10
Figure 2-6 Site Aerial Photograph ...................................................................................................... 2-11
Figure 2-7 Land Drains & Flow Direction ........................................................................................... 2-12
Figure 2-8 Renewable Biogas Plant Site Layout ................................................................................. 2-16
Figure 2-9 Proposed Construction Compound Locations .................................................................. 2-24
Figure 2-10 Proposed L2280 Widening & Junction Improvement Works ......................................... 2-41
Figure 2-11 Operational Haul Routes ................................................................................................. 2-42
Table of Tables
Table 2-1 Description of Plant Elements ............................................................................................ 2-17
Table 2-2 Summary of Key Construction Activities and Sequence .................................................... 2-21
Table 2-3 Feedstock Mix .................................................................................................................... 2-32
Table 2-4 By-Products of the AD Process ........................................................................................... 2-37
Table 2-5 List of Plant Consumables .................................................................................................. 2-39
Table 2-6 Forecast Operational HGV Traffic ...................................................................................... 2-40
RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 2-3
2 Project Description
2.1 Introduction
This chapter of the Environmental Impact Assessment Report (EIAR) provides a description of the
Project, which generally comprises a renewable biogas plant that will utilise anaerobic digestion (AD)
technology to generate renewable energy in the form of biogas from up to 99,000 tonnes per annum
of organic waste feedstocks; primarily poultry manure with smaller quantities of livestock slurry and
organic agri-food waste. Biogas generated will be upgraded on site to biomethane (a replacement for
fossil fuel derived natural gas) and injected to the national gas transmission network which will be
delivered to the site by Gas Networks Ireland (GNI) under a separate consenting regime. The process
also produces a sustainable bio-fertiliser, known as digestate, that can be used in agriculture or
horticulture, as well as biogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) that can be used in industry as a replacement
for CO2 derived from fossil fuel energy intensive processes (such as artificial fertiliser production).
The scope of this chapter aligns with the relevant legislation and guidance which comprises the
following:
• Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Directive (2011/92/EU), as amended by the 2014 EIA
Directive (2014/52/EU) (herein referred to as the EIA Directive);
• European Commission ‘Environmental Impact Assessment of Projects - Guidance on the
preparation of the Environmental Impact Assessment Report’ (2017); and
• EPA ‘Guidelines on the Information to be Contained in Environmental Impact Assessment
Reports’ (2022) (herein referred to the as the EPA EIA Report Guidelines 2022).
The EIA Directive requires that an EIAR contains “a description of the project comprising information
on the site, design, size and other relevant features of the project” (Article 5(1)(a) and Annex IV). In
accordance with this requirement, the developer must describe the whole proposed project including
construction, commissioning, operation and, where relevant, decommissioning with sufficient detail
to allow the competent authority to understand the characteristics of the project and to assess its
likely significant effects on the environment.
The EPA EIAR Guidelines (2022) emphasise that the project description must go beyond a static design
narrative and explain:
• the location of the project;
• the physical characteristics of all elements of the project (including any demolition works and
construction land-take);
• the main characteristics of operation, including processes, energy demand, and use of natural
resources;
• the expected residues and emissions during construction and operation; and
• any integrated avoidance or mitigation measures.
A further requirement of the Directive is that the EIAR must describe the entire project, including any
integral or off-site elements, regardless of whether they are delivered by the applicant or by another
entity. In this context, the proposed development includes the construction of the primary facility
together with a new gas grid connection, which will be delivered by GNI. Although constructed by a RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 2-4
separate organisation and subject to its own consenting processes, this gas connection is integral to
the operation of the project. Its characteristics, location, construction methods and potential
environmental effects must therefore be described within the EIAR to the extent possible and
assessed with the main development. This approach aligns with the EPA’s guidance on describing off-
site and related projects and with relevant jurisprudence on the need to consider the full scope of a
project “as far as practically possible”.
To summarise, this chapter provides a comprehensive description of the whole project, including:
• the main renewable biogas facility;
• associated construction activities;
• commissioning and operational characteristics;
• the integral gas grid connection infrastructure; and
• any other related works necessary to enable the project’s functioning.
The technical assessments included in this EIAR are based on the information provided in this chapter,
along with details from the supporting reports and drawings included with the application.
2.2 Revision to the Proposed Development Following Further Information
Following receipt of a Further Information Request from Monaghan County Council dated 24 March
2026, the Applicant undertook a further review of the proposed approach to managing surplus
excavated soil and stone arising during construction of the Renewable Biogas Plant.
As originally submitted, it was proposed to beneficially reuse surplus excavated material by
recontouring an approximately 2.6 ha agricultural field within the wider landholding to the east of the
R189. The Further Information Request sought additional information in relation to this element of
the proposal, including confirmation of the volume of material involved, the proposed agricultural
benefit of the works, potential hydrological effects and the access arrangements serving the area.
Following consideration of the matters raised and an examination of alternative options for the
management of surplus excavated material, the Applicant has decided not to proceed with the
proposed recontouring of the agricultural field. The former Soil Relocation Area therefore no longer
forms part of the Proposed Development, and no deposition of excavated soil and stone is proposed
within that area.
The revised earthworks strategy seeks to maximise the reuse of suitable excavated material within
the Renewable Biogas Plant site itself, including its use as engineering fill and in the formation of the
proposed landscape screening berms. The project earthworks model identifies approximately 98,420
m³ of excavated material, of which approximately 79,900 m³ will be reused within the Renewable
Biogas Plant site, resulting in a net surplus of approximately 18,520 m³. For the purposes of the
environmental assessments, this has been conservatively rounded to approximately 18,600 m³ of
surplus excavated soil and stone requiring removal from the site.
The surplus material will be removed from the site by suitably authorised contractors and transported
for appropriate reuse, recovery or disposal at an appropriately authorised receiving facility or facilities.
The Renewable Biogas Plant is expected to become operational in 2030, with the relevant excavation
and soil removal works occurring during the preceding construction period. Given this programme, a RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 2-5
facility which has appropriate authorisation and available capacity at the time of preparation of this
EIAR may not necessarily have such capacity when the relevant works are undertaken, while additional
authorised capacity may also become available.
Accordingly, the final receiving facility or facilities will be selected by the appointed Contractor prior
to commencement of the relevant excavation works, having regard to the applicable waste
authorisation, available capacity and waste acceptance criteria. Subject to availability at the time of
construction, this may include Carrickamore Quarry, Carrickmacross, Co. Monaghan or another
suitably licensed or permitted recovery or disposal facility.
For the purposes of environmental assessment, the effects associated with the off-site transport of
surplus material have nevertheless been fully considered. Construction traffic will access and leave
the site via the L2280 and thereafter use the R189 and R188 regional road network. Chapter 6,
Material Assets: Traffic and Transport, assesses the traffic associated with the removal of
approximately 18,600 m³ of surplus material on these routes and does not rely upon the identification
of a specific receiving facility. Chapter 2 presently identifies approximately 28 HGV trips per day during
the relevant earthworks period and confirms that all construction traffic will use the R189 and R188
as the main regional routes.
The description of the Proposed Development and the relevant environmental assessments contained
within this EIAR have been updated to reflect this change, including removal of the former Soil
Relocation Area and, where relevant, assessment of the off-site transport and management of surplus
excavated soil and stone.
2.3 Local Agricultural & Environmental Context
County Monaghan’s intensive poultry sector forms a core component of the county’s agricultural
economy and supports a significant number of rural livelihoods. Over recent decades the industry has
expanded and modernised, resulting in a high concentration of poultry production within Monaghan
and the wider border region (refer to Figure 2-1). Modern units now operate at high throughput levels
and generate substantial quantities of poultry manure as an unavoidable by-product of production. RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 2-6
Figure 2-1 Poultry Farms in vicinity of the Proposed Development
Recent assessments, including the Fehily Timoney Consultants Baseline Study of the Poultry Sector in
County Monaghan (2021), undertaken for Monaghan County Council, estimate that approximately
252,174 tonnes of poultry manure are produced annually in the county from both licensed and sub-
threshold facilities. While this material is currently moved off farm for use as fertiliser in tillage systems
or mushroom compost production, the potential for continued reliance on landspreading is
increasingly constrained.
The Monaghan County Development Plan (MCDP) 2025–2031 acknowledges these constraints. As a
predominantly grassland county with numerous sensitive water bodies and extensive areas of wet or
high-runoff soils, Monaghan has limited capacity to assimilate additional organic fertilisers. Excess
application of poultry manure or cattle slurry increases the risk of nutrient run-off to surface waters,
undermining water quality and posing challenges to compliance with the EU Water Framework
Directive and Nitrates Directive.
The wider regulatory and environmental context further frames this issue. Continued intensification
within the poultry sector, coupled with the substantial volumes of litter requiring off-farm movement,
has highlighted the need for sustainable, traceable and well-regulated pathways for manure
management. National policy recognises that reliance on landspreading alone is not sufficient to
address nutrient pressures or meet long-term climate, air quality and water quality obligations.
The Fehily Timoney study specifically recommends that the poultry industry develops alternative
outlets for poultry manure, particularly anaerobic digestion (AD), as a means of reducing dependence RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 2-7
on landspreading, supporting circular economy objectives, and improving environmental performance
within the sector and this recommendation is carried through into the MCDP.
The proposed Renewable Biogas Plant directly responds to these identified needs and
recommendations. The facility will provide capacity to treat up to 99,000 tonnes per annum of poultry
manure and cattle slurry sourced. Through anaerobic digestion, the plant will recover nitrogen and
phosphorus, generate renewable biogas, and convert raw manures into stabilised, nutrient-managed
digestate. This will:
• reduce diffuse nutrient losses to local watercourses;
• support compliance with the Water Framework Directive and Nitrates Directive;
• contribute to renewable energy generation and national emissions-reduction targets; and
• provide farmers with a regulated, reliable and circular outlet for organic manures.
In contrast, under a ‘Do Nothing’ scenario, poultry manure and cattle slurry would continue to rely on
existing landspreading systems. Given the substantial evidence of nutrient loading pressures on water
bodies this approach would risk further deterioration in water quality, with associated impacts on
hydrology, hydrogeology and ecological status. The proposed biogas facility therefore represents the
only proven large-scale, most sustainable solution currently available in Ireland for managing poultry
manure at this scale.
2.4 Description of the Project Site
2.4.1 Wider Site Context
As shown on Figure 2-2, the proposed development site lies approximately 4km northwest of
Cootehill, Co. Cavan, 11.2km southeast of Clones, and 17.5km south of Monaghan Town.
Figure 2-2 Regional Location RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 2-8
The proposed Renewable Biogas Plant site is situated within a rural drumlin landscape in County
Monaghan, characterised by undulating pasture fields, hedgerows, scattered woodlands, and
numerous lakes and streams. The drumlins create a distinctive topography which generally limit long-
range views, while drainage is supported by a network of land drains and natural watercourses. The
surrounding area contains farmsteads, poultry units of varying scale, and dispersed rural dwellings,
with the nearest village, Drum, located approximately 2.6 km to the south-west. Regional and local
roads, including the R189 and R188, provide primary access, with the gas grid connection located
within these public road corridors. A hilltop enclosure lies c.175m south-west of the site, outside its
immediate setting.
There are eleven properties identified within 500m of the site (Figure 2-3). The two closest of these
properties to the south of the site are associated with the landowner who has provided consent to
make the planning application for this proposed development.
Figure 2-3 Residential Properties within 500m of Proposed Development
2.4.2 Proposed Development Site
The Proposed Development Site comprises one distinct element as shown in Figure 2-4:
i. The Renewable Biogas Plant site encompassing approximately 6.2 hectares (ha).
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It is located approximately halfway along the R189 between Cootehill (to the south) and Newbliss (to
the north), at a junction that accommodates the convergence of the L2280 (which leads west towards
Drum) and the L2320 (which leads east towards Rockcorry) with the R189.
Figure 2-4 Proposed Development Site Location
As noted above, the project also includes a connection to the national gas grid. The proposed
alignment for this connection, which will be developed by GNI is shown on Figure 2-5. RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 2-10
Figure 2-5 Proposed Gas Pipeline Route & Grid Connection Point
2.4.2.1 Renewable Biogas Plant Site
The Renewable Biogas Plant site is part of a larger farm unit and spans approximately 6.2 ha across
two fields which are predominantly improved grassland. The fields are separated by a hedgerow,
interspersed with a mix of tree species. The field to the west of the central hedgerow encompasses
two thirds of the site, with the smaller field to the east encompassing the remaining third. An
arboricultural survey completed of this central hedgerow found it to be of low quality. Overhead
power lines traverse the site from east to west.
A burnt mound deposit was identified during archaeological survey works on the site. This will be
excavated under licence from the National Monuments Service in advance of construction works. RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 2-11
The topography slopes gradually from the adjacent roads to the northeast and west, then rises steeply
towards a high point to the south (close to the adjacent farm property). The highest elevation is in the
south-west at 111.75m Above Ordnance Datum (mAOD) and lowest elevation in the north-east at
90.00 mAOD. This is typical of the topography of a drumlin landscape.
The site is bordered by maintained hedgerows and field drains, with three gated field accesses from
the adjacent public road; the R189 to the east, the L2280 Drumcall Road to the north and the L22802
McKeever’s Road to the west (refer to Figure 2-4).
Figure 2-6 Site Aerial Photograph
2.4.2.2 Site Drainage
The floodmaps.ie web portal indicates that neither the proposed Renewable Biogas Plant Site, or any
of the surrounding area are at risk of flooding in any of the available modelled scenarios. Flood risk is
considered further in Chapter 10 (Water and Hydrology) and the Flood Risk Assessment included as
Appendix 10.2 of this EIAR. Land drains and flow direction around the site boundaries are shown in
Figure 2-7. RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 2-12
Figure 2-7 Land Drains & Flow Direction
2.4.2.3 Existing Site Utilities and Access
2.4.2.3.1 Existing Potable Water Infrastructure
Uisce Éireann confirmed that a water connection is feasible from Kilkitt Water Treatment Plant (WTP)
(c.15km east of the site), however upgrades are required which are expected to be completed by 2030.
This timeline aligns with the assumed opening year of the Proposed Development. Uisce Éireann
records also indicate the presence of a water main along the local and regional roads that surround
the site. It is understood this forms part of the local Drumgole Group Water Scheme.
2.4.2.3.2 Existing Foul Wastewater / Drainage Infrastructure
No known existing foul wastewater / drainage infrastructure is located within or in close proximity to
the site.
2.4.2.3.3 Existing Surface Water Drainage Infrastructure
The topographical data indicates natural drainage towards the north-east across the Renewable
Biogas Plant site. As shown on Figure 2-7, a land drain along the northern field boundary of the
proposed Renewable Biogas Plant site conveys surface water runoff via a culvert under the R189 into
another land drain along the northern boundary of the field to the east, which is hydrologically
connected to the Coolkill Lough Stream. RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 2-13
Within the proposed Renewable Biogas Plant site, a network of land drains is present, primarily aligned
along the eastern and western field boundaries, effectively separating the lands from the adjacent
local road network.
A land drain runs through the central hedgerow that traverses the Renewable Biogas Plant site. This
drain connects into the land drain located along the eastern field boundary. Consequently, all drains
within both areas function as a linked system, conveying field drainage and surface run-off towards
the land drain located to the north of the proposed Renewable Biogas Plant site.
With the exception of these land drains, there are no watercourses on or adjacent to either site.
2.4.2.3.4 Existing Electricity Connection and ESB Substation(s)
In terms of power infrastructure, the Renewable Biogas Plant site is transected by a 10kV overhead
electricity line with four associated electricity poles located within the site. The line transects the
centre of the site in a west to east orientation.
2.4.2.3.5 Existing Natural Gas Infrastructure
The closest gas infrastructure to the proposed development is located at the Abbott Nutrition facility
in Dromore West, Co. Monaghan, approximately 3.5 km by road to the south of the site.
2.4.2.3.6 Existing Telecommunications Infrastructure
The Renewable Bogas Plant site is bounded to the north and east by an overhead telecoms line, with
numerous poles located on the site boundary.
2.4.2.3.7 Existing Roads & Access
The Renewable Biogas Plant site is bordered on three sides by the following roads:
• The R189 divides the Renewable Biogas Plant site.
• The L2280 Drumcall Road forms the northern boundary of the site and includes an existing
gated field access; and
• The L22802 (McKeever’s Road) forms the western boundary of the site and includes an
existing gated field access.
The R189 passes the site on a relatively straight horizontal alignment in a north-west to south-east
orientation, towards Cootehill. In terms of the vertical alignment, the low point of the road is at the
L2280 Drumcall Road junction, with the road gently rising upwards either side of this. The R189 is a
rural two-lane all-purpose single carriageway with a width of approximately 6m.
The L2280 Drumcall Road junction forms part of an at-grade crossroad intersection which connects to
the L2320 Drumgole Road. It is a rural all-purpose single carriageway with a width of approximately 4
m. This road also passes the site on a relatively straight horizontal alignment, rising upwards to the
south-west.
The L22802 (McKeever’s Road) is a rural all-purpose single carriageway with a width of approximately
3m. This road also passes the site on a relatively straight horizontal alignment, though does rise quite
steeply as it passes the site to the south-west.
The Renewable Biogas Plant site will require a newly designed access, as proposed in this application.
The gas pipeline connection will be provided in the R189 and R188 regional roadways. RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 2-14
2.4.2.4 Proximity to Seveso / COMAH Sites
There are no Seveso / COMAH sites in County Monaghan. The closest to the proposed development
area is a lower tier facility (College Proteins) at Crossdonery, County Cavan, located approximately 30
km to the south-west of the site. The closest COMAH site within Northern Ireland is also a lower tier
facility (Portagas Ltd) located approximately 32 km to the north-east at Milford, County Armagh.
2.4.2.5 Proximity to EPA Licensed Facilities
The closest EPA Licensed facility is Carleton Poultry Limited (P1128), located c.500 m to the south-east
on the L2320 Dernamoyle Road. This is a poultry farm that generates 395 tonnes of poultry manure
per year.
2.4.2.6 Linear Gas Grid Connection
A gas transmission pipeline will provide a physical connection between the Renewable Biogas Plant
and the existing national gas network in Dromore West. Co. Monaghan via a standard gas connection
agreement. While the development of the gas grid is not part of the planning application (as GNI will
deliver it), it is included in the EIAR for assessment purposes, as it forms part of the overall project for
the EIA Directive.
The works comprise the laying of an underground pipeline over approximately 3.5 km within the public
road corridor/road verge. The only gas infrastructure located within the main development site
boundary will be a gas grid entry unit. The associated gas pipeline will run externally to the site and
is not included within the planning application boundary but is considered in the EIAR for cumulative
and in-combination effects.
The gas pipeline will be progressed under the Section 39A consent process, regulated by the
Commission for Regulation of Utilities (CRU). The utility provider (GNI) has indicated that:
• They are agreeable to environmental recommendations made in the EIAR rather than
prescriptive mitigation.
• They will formally sign off on relevant environmental and traffic management measures
prior to lodging their Section 39A application.
• The gas line will serve no other users; it is a single-user dedicated connection, although it
may be possible for 3rd parties to connect to this pipe at a later date, subject to mutual
agreement of all parties.
The likely route will follow the R189 and R188 Regional Roads, within the public road corridor. No
private lands will be crossed outside of the connection point and gas grid entry unit within the
proposed biogas plant site.
RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
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2.5 Description of the Proposed Development
The proposed development will utilise AD technology to generate renewable biogas from up to 99,000
tonnes of organic waste feedstocks per annum. It will comprise a state-of-the-art biogas facility
designed to meet the highest environmental and safety standards.
The site will be stringently regulated by Monaghan County Council (MCC), the Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA), the Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine (DAFM) and the Health
and Safety Authority (HSA), and standards and controls will be applied by the authorities that are
designed to protect human health and the environment.
The form and character of the proposed development has been informed by the existing farmyard
building tradition, which in County Monaghan typically comprises a variety of structures that have
evolved over time in response to functional needs. The proposed buildings draw on these familiar
forms, simple pitched roofs, robust gable ends, and utilitarian layouts to ensure that the development
maintains a sense of continuity with the local rural architectural vernacular.
As shown in Figure 2-8 and Drawing Ref. PL03 (Proposed Site Layout Plan), the biogas plant comprises
a number of buildings, structures and plant including:
• 1 - Administration Building;
• 2 - Main Process Building (with associated vehicle turning areas);
• 3 - Odour Control System (with associated emission stack);
• 4 - Bunded Tank Farm;
• 5 - Digestate Treatment Plant (Evaporator);
• 6 - Digestate Drying Plant;
• 7 - Pellet Hall (for fertiliser storage);
• 8 - Combined Heat and Power (CHP) Building (accommodating two CHP Units);
• 9 - Boiler Unit;
• 10 - Shared Emission Stack (Digestate Drying Plant, CHP and Boiler Units);
• 11 - CO2 Liquefaction Plant;
• 12 - Biogas Upgrade Plant (BUP);
• 13 - Biogas Treatment Plant (Biological De-sulphurisation Units);
• 14 - Gas (Holder) Buffer Dome;
• 15 - Weighbridges and Wheel Washes;
• 16 - Feedstock Storage Tanks;
• 17 - Backup Gas Flare;
• 18 - Fuel Storage Tank;
• 19 - Gas Grid Entry Unit;
• 20 - Fire Water Storage Tank;
• 21 - Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) Storage Tanks;
• 22 - Freshwater Storage Tank (Underground);
• 23 - Staff and Visitor Parking;
• 24 - Control Building;
• 25 - Plant Room; and
• 26 - Back-Up generator. RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 2-16
Other integrated elements, though not numbered on Figure 2-8 include:
• Internal road and footway provision;
• Engineered stormwater drainage system;
• Landscaping and Earthworks;
• Lighting;
• Fencing and security gates; and
• Site entrance/exit off the L2280 Drumcall Road with gated frontage. This shall include
localised widening and realignment of this road over c.200m and reconfiguration of the
junction with the R189.
Figure 2-8 Renewable Biogas Plant Site Layout
Table 2-1 provides more detailed information on each of the above elements.RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 2-17
Table 2-1 Description of Plant Elements
Proposed Element Description Individual
Drawing Ref
Administration Building Administration building incorporating a reception area, welfare and changing facilities, canteen, offices, meeting/training room, storage, first aid, and
communication and control rooms. The building is single storey and will be c.27m long by c.16m wide, with a wall height of between c.2.9m and 3.6m
and roof apex of c.5.9m. This equates to a total gross floor area of c.432m2. The building will be serviced by a dedicated car park for site staff and
visitors and a covered bicycle parking area.
Drawing PL10
Main Process Building The main process building is the largest building within the site with dimensions of approximately 85m x 107m. It will be a split-level building to account
for a difference in elevation across its profile, with two thirds of the building on the upper level and one third on the lower.
The building will have varying wall heights of c.7m, 9m, 9.25m, 9.5m, 10m and 11.5m, with corresponding varying roof heights of c.10.4m, 11.8m, 12.1m,
12.4m, 12.6m and 14.9m. Overall, the building will have a total gross floor area of c.9,104m2.
The building will accommodate feedstock reception and pre-treatment areas, processing areas including digestate treatment and pasteurisation, raw
material storage, scrubbing and biofilter components of the odour control system, laboratory and solid digestate storage area (fibre hall).
The building will be served by a large vehicle turning zone adjacent to its southern façade. This allows for heavy goods vehicles (HGVs) (after they come
through the weighbridge and wheel wash) to manoeuvre into position and reverse into the multiple points of access at the rear of the building. Where
required, all entry points will have fast acting roller doors. A smaller turning zone will be available of the northern façade for smaller vehicle access. The
building will have multiple points of pedestrian access and will be serviced on all sides by a footway.
Drawing PL07 &
PL08
Feedstock Storage Tanks Five feedstock storage tanks will be located immediately adjacent to the eastern façade of the main process building. Each tank has a diameter of c.4m
and height of c.9.5m and will be served by a dedicated bay for direct vehicular access and connection.
Drawing PL16
Odour Control
System
Air extraction will be applied to all enclosed areas of the site where there is potential for odour to be produced, with extr acted air treated in a robust multi-
stage Odour Control System (OCS). Further information on the OCS is outlined in Section 2.4.2.
Drawing PL07 &
PL08
Bunded Tank Farm Bunded tank farm in which the AD process will take place. There will be six digester tanks with approximate specification as follows:
• c.25m diameter.
• c.11,530m3 volume.
• c.25m height.
An additional four tanks will be provided for buffering and storage, with the specifications as follows:
• c.4 – 17m diameter.
• c.57m3 – 3,516m3 volume.
• c.4.5 – 17m overall tank height.
Where required, tanks will be interconnected by stair wells, elevated walkways and pipe runs.
Drawing PL16,
PL21 & PL22
RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 2-18
Proposed Element Description Individual
Drawing Ref
A digestate treatment plant (evaporator), biogas desulphurisation units and gas holder are also located within the bunded tank farm area, as well as
ammonia strippers and activated carbon units. These elements are described separately below.
The tank farm will be serviced by an entry / exit Ramp that facilitates HGV access / exit from the bund (one-way system will be in place), whilst ensuring
containment integrity is not compromised.
Digestate Treatment Plant
(Evaporator)
The evaporator is a digestate treatment process that utilises evaporation technology to thicken the liquid fraction of the di gestate into a concentrate. The
condensate generated is a clean water source of sufficient quality to be reused in the digestion process to offset reliance on external water supplies. The
digestate treatment plant includes a c.20m tall tower, containers, skid and tank.
Drawing PL12
Digestate Drying Plant
(Dryer Building & Pellet
Hall)
Concentrate from the evaporator will be dried in the digestate drying plant to produce a dried digestate / pellet. The plant will comprise of two adjoining
buildings with dimensions of c.27m x 36m (dryer building) and c.25m x 35m (pellet storage hall). The dryer building will have a wall height of c.13 m, with
a roof apex of c.16m, and an associated dryer emission stack with height of 20m (shared with the CHP and boiler). The fertiliser pellet hal l would have a
wall height of c.11m, with a roof apex of c.13.2m, and would be served by fast acting roller door shutters on the north-eastern façade and a large vehicle
turning area. Overall, the dryer building would have a gross floor area of c.972m2 and the fertiliser pellet hall building would have a gross floor area of
c.875m2. Air from the buildings would be extracted and treated in the OCS.
Drawing PL13
CHP Building Acoustically contained engine building located to the west of the main process building with dimensions of c.21m x 16.6m, and a wall height of c.8.5m,
with a roof apex of c.10 m. This equates to a total gross floor area of c.368m2. The building will accommodate two 2 megawatt (MW) CHP engines and a
control room, with air ventilation units and multiple points of access. These units will generate electricity and heat for use in site processes. Exhaust gas
emissions from the engines will be discharged to atmosphere via a 20m high stack which will also discharge emissions from the dryer and boiler unit.
Associated external air coolers will be located adjacent to and west of the CHP building.
Drawing PL09
Boiler Unit & Heat Buffer
Storage Tank
An acoustically insulated boiler container will be located to the west of the CHP building. Container dimensions will be c.11m x 4.5m with a height of
c.6m. The boiler will be used during commissioning and maintenance to provide heat to the digesters and pasteurisation tanks when the CHP engines
are not running, and also to provide heat to various plant in the process. Emissions will be exhausted through the shared CHP/dryer stack. A heat buffer
storage tank for storing the hot water will be located close by within the tank farm bunded area.
Drawing PL09 &
PL16
Biogas Upgrade Plant
(BUP)
Plant to upgrade biogas to biomethane by separating methane from carbon dioxide. The plant includes a number of process container units. Two of
these containers will be stacked creating a vertical profile of c.7.8m. A scrubber tank is the largest element of the plant at a height of c.10.8m. There are
a range of other ancillary plant elements including loading pump, chiller, skids, compressor, activated carbon units and table top cooler.
Drawing PL18
CO2 Liquefaction Plant CO2 from the BUP will be diverted to this plant where it will be compressed, filtered, and cooled to reach the required purity and liquid state. The
liquefaction plant will produce food grade CO2, which can be used by industry e.g., food and beverage industry, greenhouses, and the refrigeration
sector. The liquefaction process is fully compliant with the requirements of the European Industrial Gases Association. Liquified CO2 shall be stored in
2no. vertical tanks at a height of c.11m. Also includes a number of vertical vents at a height of c.14.5m and skid / container units at a height of
approximately 3m for liquefaction, compression, electrical and process. A number of other ancillary elements are included. Includes a dedicated
collection bay for HGV traffic.
Drawing PL20 RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 2-19
Proposed Element Description Individual
Drawing Ref
Biogas Treatment Plant
(Biological De-
Sulphurisation Units)
Biogas treatment plant to remove ammonia and hydrogen sulphide from the biogas in order to protect the biogas upgrading plant and also to help
achieve the biomethane quality required. Includes two biological de-sulphurisation units comprising a container at a height of c.2.5m, and two tanks at a
height of c.14m. Also includes two activated carbon units.
Drawing PL24
Gas (Holder) Buffer Dome 1 no. c.2,000m3 capacity double membrane storage unit for biogas that maintains system pressure and acts as a buffer for biogas production and use,
ensuring a consistent flow and pressure to the downstream BUP. Diameter c.17.3m. Dome height c.13.1m. Lightning rod protection also provided around
the gas holder.
Drawing PL19
Gas Flare System Closed flare system comprising 1no. flare unit at a height of c.10.1m. For use during initial commissioning and as a backup facility during routine engine
and BUP maintenance.
Drawing PL15
Liquefied Petroleum Gas
(propane) Storage Tanks
3 no. LPG tanks located within a compound with the dimensions c.12m by 6m. The tanks shall be set back by 7.5m from buildings to provide appropriate
tank separation distance.
Drawing PL23
Gas Grid Entry Unit Gas grid entry plant will be located within a containerised unit and will compress the biomethane to a sufficient pressure to facilitate injection into the
adjacent national gas grid. Container dimensions will be approximately 10m x 3m with a height of c.2.9m.
Drawing PL23
Fuel Storage Tank Bunded fuel storage tank for backup generator and operational site vehicles, c.6m3. Refuelling of vehicles will take place on the bunded hardstanding
area adjacent to the diesel tank.
Drawing PL15
Backup Generator An acoustically insulated container accommodating a 500 kW diesel generator used to supply backup power. Container dimensions will be c.5m x 2m
with a height of c.2.5m.
Drawing PL23
Control Building Control building and plant room to facilitate electrical equipment. Building has dimensions of approximately 20m x 6m and a wall height of c.4m and roof
apex of c.5.5m, with a gross floor area of c.183m2.
Drawing PL23 &
Drawing PL11
Firewater Storage Tank c.650m3 capacity tank to store firewater to supply fire-fighting requirements on the site. Height of c.9m (excluding handrail) and diameter of c.10m. Drawing PL17
Freshwater Storage Tank
(Underground)
c.80m3 underground tank to store freshwater sources (i.e. groundwater and mains water) as back up for utilising in the process. Tank shall have
dimensions of c.8m x 4m x 2.5m and will be located underground.
Drawing PL03
Weighbridge Facility to record weight of incoming feedstock vehicles and departing end product collection vehicles. 60 tonne capacity. Dimensions c.18m x 3m. Drawing PL15
Wheelwash Facility to clean vehicle wheels entering and exiting the plant to prevent carry-over of mud and debris off-site. Drawing PL15
Car Parking Dedicated parking area adjacent to the administration building for staff and visitors. Drawing PL03
Fencing and Security
Gates 2.4m high mesh paladin fencing proposed around site perimeter. Sliding 2.4m high access gates to be located at site entrance / exit. Drawing PL14
Access Arrangements Access will be provided directly off the L2280 Drumcall Road on the northern site boundary via a priority T-Junction arrangement. The T-Junction will
connect to a two-way single carriageway arrangement into the biogas plant, which will be controlled by independent security sliding gates on the inbound
and outbound lanes.
Drawing 03208-F-
PL-01 RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 2-20
Proposed Element Description Individual
Drawing Ref
Drawing 03208-F-
PL-02
Landscaping Planting will be provided along northern, western, eastern and southern boundaries of the site to provide visual screening. Extensive planting will also be
carried out on dedicated green areas within the site to provide further visual screening, landscape integration and deliver biodiversity net gain.
Excess material excavated from within the site will be repurposed as landscaping fill material, which shall afford the possibility of developing screening
berms on the southeastern and northwestern portions of the proposed development site. These berms will be subject to a comprehensive suite of
planting to further integrate the proposed development within the landscape and minimise visual impact.
Drawing
LD.DRM1.1
Engineered Storm Water
Drainage System Comprising underground pipework and storm attenuation and harvesting storage connected to hydrocarbon interceptor, silt trap and hydrobrake to
control greenfield run off rate of discharge of surface water to local watercourse.
Drawing MON MCA
ZZ XX DR CE 2000
(included within
Engineering
Services Report)
Lighting Security lighting comprising both wall mounted and pole mounted flood lights. Lighting will be switched off from 9pm in the evening and will operate on
motion sensors. Lighting will also be directed down onto the surfaces thus reducing the glare to a minimum.
Drawing 3194-ISD-
ZZ-EX-DR-E-SK02
& Drawing PL14 RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 2-21
2.6 Construction and Commissioning of the Proposed Development
2.6.1 Construction and Commissioning Programme
Construction of the proposed development is expected to take up to two years. Once all the
equipment and systems are installed, the biogas plant must be commissioned. This involves testing all
the equipment and systems to ensure they are functioning properly and meeting the plant's design
specifications. This typically entails a commissioning period of 3 months.
2.6.2 Sequencing of Works
Construction of the proposed development will be undertaken broadly in-line with the indicative key
activity phases outlined in Table 2-2.
Table 2-2 Summary of Key Construction Activities and Sequence
Activity Sequence / Description Indicative
Timeline
Enabling Works • Establishment of site compounds, contractor facilities (offices, welfare units,
storage, parking).
• Erection of construction fencing/hoarding and installation of traffic
management measures.
• Initial surveying, setting-out and pre-earthworks drainage and pollution
controls.
• Utility diversions – ESB 10kV overhead line and telecom infrastructure.
• Excavation of archaeological burnt mound.
• Enabling works may occur in advance of, or overlap with, site preparation
activities.
Month 0-3
Site Preparation • Clearance of vegetation, topsoil stripping, and initial grading to achieve
development plateaus and stable working areas.
• Formation of temporary access routes and delivery areas; new site access
from the L2280 Drumcall Road, including localised widening and partial
realignment.
• Construction of temporary haul roads and storage areas.
• Soil arising from cut-and-fill works used to construct screening berms along
the south-eastern and north-western boundaries and landscaping of same.
Month 2-8
Site Utilities &
Infrastructure
• Excavation and installation of service trenches for utilities, including water,
power, telecoms and drainage.
• Utility installation may commence during site preparation and continue into
subsequent construction phases.
Month 2-12
Foundations • Excavation for foundations across the building platforms, tank farm, feed
bunker reception area and any underground stormwater storage/attenuation.
• Installation of reinforced concrete foundations, comprising pad footings
integrated into concrete floor slabs.
• Ground levels will vary across the site (approx. 101.5 mAOD to 94.5 mAOD),
with foundations established at formation level.
Month 4-12
Structural Works &
Building Envelope
• Construction of concrete slabs and erection of steel or concrete structural
frames.
• Installation of external walls, cladding, roofing and insulation to complete the
building envelopes.
Month 10-18 RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 2-22
Activity Sequence / Description Indicative
Timeline
• Construction of the full tank farm, including all digester and storage tanks.
• Formation of internal access routes, footpaths, and parking/yard areas.
Installation of Plant &
Equipment (MEP)
• Installation of plant and equipment associated with the anaerobic digestion
process, including tanks, mechanical units, pipework, and ancillary systems.
• Mechanical, electrical and plumbing works including process systems,
ventilation, lighting, power, water supply, drainage and control systems.
Month 14-21
Commissioning • Full testing and calibration of all equipment, plant, and control systems.
• Verification that operational, environmental, and safety performance meet
design specifications.
• Commissioning activities will be completed within the overall construction
period.
Month 21-24
Site-Wide
Landscaping &
Reinstatement
• Final re-grading of berms with topsoil, reinstatement of disturbed areas and
completion of all hard and soft landscaping.
• Final planting of trees, shrubs and vegetation in accordance with the
Landscaping Mitigation Plan.
Month 21-24
Construction methods will follow procedures and good practice outlined within a site-specific
Construction Environmental Management Plan (CEMP). To inform this, an outline CEMP together with
an appended Soil & Surface Water Management Plan (SSWMP) is provided with the planning
application. A Construction Traffic Management Plan will also be prepared in advance of the
construction works.
2.6.3 Construction Staffing, Working Hours, and Duration
In general, it is envisaged that construction work will take place during the following working hours:
• Weekday Working Hours: 07:00 to 19:00hrs;
• Saturday Working Hours: 08:00 to 14:00hrs; and
• No work on Sunday & Bank Holidays.
Certain activities may require work outside these hours, including the establishment of traffic
management measures or the delivery of abnormal or oversized plant and equipment. Where
required, such activities will be undertaken in accordance with the requirements of the relevant
statutory authorities and any conditions attached to the planning permission.
There will be up to 100 direct jobs generated throughout the 2-year construction period; however, it
has been assumed that the general workforce for construction would fluctuate between 30 to 80
persons on site at any one period depending on the stage of construction, with a general average of
40 construction workers on site over the course of the works. Parking will be provided within the
designated construction compound (refer to Figure 2-9).
2.6.4 Enabling & Site Preparation Works
Enabling works would primarily involve establishing the site (i.e. materials/plant compounds), site
clearance works, erection of fencing and hoarding, installation of pollution control/pre-earthworks
drainage, setting-up of traffic management measures and diversion of utilities.
The Contractor would be required to establish and maintain effective liaison with the local community RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 2-23
throughout the construction phase. This would include information about ongoing activities and
provision of contact details to report incidents or for further information. These aspects would be
addressed as part of the CEMP.
There are a range of underground and overhead services and utilities that pass adjacent to and
through the Renewable Biogas Plant site that would require diversion/accommodation during the
construction phase, normally at the request of the statutory undertaker. Such works would typically
take place in order to protect public supply or if there is potential for the existing services/utilities to
delay or interfere with the construction process.
These works will be carried out in accordance with Statutory Undertaker requirements (or they may
appoint their own contractor to undertake the works). This will largely be limited to the diversion of
the overhead electricity lines that pass through the site and overhead telecoms lines that pass along
the boundary.
The existing land drain along the central hedgerow currently conveys surface water from the adjacent
agricultural fields. This minor drain will become redundant as surface water will be managed through
engineered drainage systems, including SuDS and site-wide attenuation features designed to replicate
the existing hydrological function, once the site becomes operational. This hedgerow and associated
land drain will be removed during the enabling works with any drainage requirements managed in
accordance with the SSWMP until connected to the operational site drainage system. Crossings of
land drains by entrance roads will be suitably designed to ensure the diameter of pipework is sufficient
to accommodate the required flows.
A full archaeological excavation of a burnt mound (fulachta fiadh) will also be carried out in advance
of construction, under licence to the National Monuments Service (NMS) (Department of Housing,
Local Government and Heritage (DHLGH)), subject to their approval of a licence application and
method statement. See Chapter 15 – Cultural Heritage for further information.
2.6.5 Construction Compound
The Contractor’s construction compound will be established during the initial stage. This will comprise
of project offices (modular anti-vandal containers), equipment and material storage areas, welfare
facilities and designated car parking areas. Power will be supplied from the adjacent landowner’s
farmyard during construction until a permanent connection to the local 10 kV network is established.
There is sufficient space within the site to allow for construction offices, associated compound and
working space, without compromising buildability of the proposed development. No additional land
is anticipated to be needed to accommodate the works, other than for services / utilities diversions /
connections, which shall be undertaken by agreement with the relevant statutory undertakers.
As shown on Figure 2-9, it anticipated that the construction compound could initially be located in the
vicinity of the administration building/parking area (see blue area). This location is adjacent to the site
entrance, thus providing easy site access and good connectivity to the public road network, minimising
the need for traffic movements throughout the site.
Once the construction works are advanced, it is likely that the construction compound could be
relocated to the southern portion of the site to allow construction of the administration building (see
red area on Figure 2-9). RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 2-24
Figure 2-9 Proposed Construction Compound Locations
2.6.6 Earthworks
Earthworks for the Proposed Development will commence following completion of the topsoil strip.
Construction activities will require excavation for foundations, below-ground infrastructure and site
levelling, resulting in the generation of excavated soil and stone. Excavation depths will vary across
the site, with the deepest excavation extending to approximately 14 m within the southern portion of
the bunded tank farm. The location of temporary topsoil storage areas will be determined by the
Contractor during the detailed design and construction planning stage.
Wherever practicable, excavated soil and stone will be reused within the Proposed Development for
landscaping works, including the establishment of screening berms on the southeastern and
northwestern portions of the site. However, it is anticipated that not all excavated material can be
beneficially reused on-site. It is estimated that approximately 18,600 m³ of surplus excavated soil and
stone will be removed from the site during construction of the Proposed Development. This quantity
was derived by the Consulting Engineers on the project (McAdam Design) using the project earthworks
model developed in AutoCAD Civil 3D, based on the site topographic survey and the proposed
formation levels.
The Proposed Development is located on a greenfield agricultural site and based on the historical land RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 2-25
use and available ground investigation information, contamination of the excavated material is not
anticipated.
Surplus excavated soil and stone will be managed in accordance with the Waste Management Acts,
the Waste Framework Directive and relevant EPA guidance relating to excavated soil and stone. The
material will be removed from the site by suitably authorised contractors and transported to an
appropriately authorised soil recovery facility or other authorised receiving facility.
The excavation, transport, recovery or disposal of surplus excavated soil and stone will be undertaken
in accordance with the Waste Management Acts, the Waste Framework Directive and all other
applicable environmental and waste legislation.
The destination(s) for surplus excavated soil and stone will be identified by the appointed Contractor
prior to commencement of excavation works, having regard to the receiving facility's waste
authorisation, available capacity and waste acceptance criteria.
2.6.7 Traffic Management
Construction of the Proposed Development will generate traffic associated with construction staff
movements, deliveries of construction materials, the export of surplus excavated soil and stone, and
specialist vehicle movements during activities such as concrete pours. Construction activity will extend
over an estimated 24-month period and traffic volumes will vary depending on the phase of the works.
Construction access will be taken from the L2280 via the existing farm entrance, which will be
upgraded to accommodate two-way construction traffic. Localised widening and partial realignment
of approximately 200 m of the L2280 will be undertaken at the outset of construction to facilitate safe
HGV movements and maintain local traffic. Traffic management measures will be implemented
throughout these works in accordance with Chapter 8 of the Traffic Signs Manual.
Bulk earthworks will generate approximately 18,600 m³ of surplus excavated soil and stone requiring
removal from the site. During the early stages of construction, the export of this material has the
potential to generate up to approximately 28 HGV trips per day. During the structural construction
phase, imports of aggregates, concrete, reinforcement, steelwork and other construction materials
will also generate HGV movements. Construction programming and haulage scheduling will be
managed to minimise impacts on the local road network and ensure that construction HGV traffic
remains broadly comparable with the levels assessed within the Traffic and Transport Chapter.
Construction staff numbers will typically range between 30 and 80 personnel, with an average
workforce of approximately 40 personnel on site throughout the construction programme. This is
expected to generate approximately 15–40 light vehicle trips per day. Where practicable, staff arrival
and departure times will be scheduled to avoid peak commuter periods and car sharing will be
encouraged.
All construction traffic will approach and depart the site via the R189 and R188, which are the principal
regional routes serving the area. A Construction Traffic Management Plan (CTMP) will be prepared
prior to commencement of development and implemented throughout the construction phase. The
CTMP will include measures relating to construction vehicle routing and scheduling, temporary traffic
management, construction signage, wheel washing, dust and debris control, and communication with
local residents. RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 2-26
Works associated with the separately consented GNI gas grid connection will also occur within the
R189 and R188 public road corridors. Although these works will be undertaken under a separate
statutory consent process, they are anticipated to overlap only with the lower-intensity later stages
of construction of the Proposed Development (fit-out and commissioning).
2.6.8 Construction Environmental Management Plan
This section should be read in particular with the Outline Construction Environmental Management
Plan (oCEMP, Appendix 2.1), which sets out further measures for managing construction activities,
environmental risks, and mitigation actions. A Soil & Surface Water Management Plan (SSWMP) is
appended to the oCEMP outlining specific measures required for the management of soils and surface
water during construction works.
Throughout the lifecycle of any construction project, robust environmental management procedures
are essential to ensure compliance with all relevant legislation, policies, and best construction
practices. These procedures aim to minimise the environmental impacts of the development, as far as
is reasonably practicable.
The oCEMP shall be adopted by the appointed Contractor upon appointment and expanded upon into
a bespoke CEMP as the detailed design progresses and there is more certainty in terms of construction
methods, programme, etc.
The environmental legislation, policies, and best practice guidance outlined in the CEMP will reflect
current standards at the time of writing; however, these may evolve over time. It is the Contractor’s
responsibility to remain up to date with, and adhere to, all applicable legal, policy, and best practice
requirements relevant to their scope of work throughout the design and construction phases.
By implementing the CEMP effectively, the Contractor will demonstrate how construction activities
and associated design measures meet the requirements of environmental legislation, policy, industry
good practice, and the expectations of regulatory authorities and other stakeholders.
The Contractor will ensure full compliance with all relevant Irish and EU health, safety, and
environmental legislation. They are also responsible for keeping abreast of and adhering to any future
changes in regulations or legislation, regardless of whether such updates are specifically referenced
within the CEMP.
All of the construction phase mitigation measures proposed in this EIAR are deemed adopted for the
CEMP. Any condition of the planning permission that is relevant to the CEMP will be incorporated.
Aspects that will be addressed within the plan will include but are not limited to, waste and materials
management; noise and vibration; dust and air quality; traffic and vehicle management; pollution
incident control; and protection of vegetation and fauna. It shall include:
• a description of the sensitive features or receptors associated with the application area, and
the rationale for protection of these features;
• An overall programme for construction activities, together with, or at least reference to
method statements and risk assessments relating to certain activities that shall be prepared
by the appointed contractor; RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 2-27
• The control measures and monitoring requirements to be implemented during each stage of
the construction works to minimise resource use, protect the environment or minimise
disturbance of sensitive receptors;
• Names of the nominated person(s) responsible for implementing these measures and
undertaking the required monitoring, and the person(s) responsible for checking that these
measures have been implemented and monitoring completed;
• Reporting procedures and documentation requirements in relation to implementation of the
control measures and monitoring; and
• Actions to be taken in the event of an emergency or unexpected event.
The contents of the CEMP will be formally reviewed at least every 3 months to ensure that the plan
remains pertinent to site activities. Amendments to the CEMP may need to be made on more frequent
basis as appropriate as the works progress.
2.6.9 Resource & Waste Management Plan
A Resource and Waste Management Plan (RWMP) forms part of the EIAR (Appendix 8.1). The primary
objective of the RWMP is to identify activities within the project that will generate waste and to outline
how such waste will be managed in line with applicable legislative requirements.
Key features of the RWMP include:
• Defined waste management objectives: Establishing clear targets for reuse, recovery, and
disposal of construction waste, with an initial benchmark of at least 70% of materials being
reused, recycled, or recovered.
• Analysis of expected waste streams: Anticipated waste types include soil and stone, concrete,
timber, metals, plasterboard, plastics, glass, and other C&D materials, as well as minor
quantities of hazardous wastes such as paints, oils, and chemicals.
• Waste handling and segregation: Materials will be segregated on-site where practical, with
dedicated receptacles for different streams, and transported by licensed contractors to
appropriately permitted facilities. On-site segregation will be complemented by off-site
sorting when required.
• Excavated soils and stones: Approximately 98,420m³ of material will be excavated for
foundations, underground services, and road widening. Around 79,900m³ will be reused
within the main site for landscaping and fill, while 18,600m³ will be relocated to an offsite
facility, supporting a circular environmental management approach.
• Hazardous waste management: Any hazardous or contaminated material encountered will
be stored separately in bunded containers and removed off-site by licensed contractors.
• On-site practices: Burning of waste will not occur. Materials will be stored safely to prevent
environmental impacts, and continuous monitoring and record-keeping will be undertaken to
track all waste movements and ensure compliance.
Given its dynamic nature, the RWMP will be continuously reviewed and updated throughout the
construction period to reflect monitoring results, legislative developments, and any other relevant
factors. RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 2-28
2.6.10 Measures for Reduction or Elimination of Pollution
Best practice to prevent contamination of surface and groundwaters by spillages of fuels, lubricants
and other raw materials during construction will be implemented on the site. These measures will
include the following:
• Raw or uncured waste concrete shall be disposed of by removal from the site.
• Fuels, lubricants and hydraulic fluids for equipment used on the construction site, as well as
any solvents, oils, and paints shall be carefully handled to avoid spillage, properly secured
against unauthorised access or vandalism, and provided with spill containment according to
codes of practice.
• All construction tank and drum storage areas shall be rendered impervious to the materials
stored therein.
• Oil and fuel storage tanks shall be stored in designated areas, and these areas shall be bunded
to a volume of 110% of the capacity of the largest tank/container within the bunded area(s).
• In the event of a spillage, drainage from bunded areas shall be diverted for collection and safe
disposal.
• The integrity and water tightness of all the bunding structures and their resistance to
penetration by water or other materials stored therein shall also be tested and demonstrated.
• All fuel oil fill areas will have an appropriate spill apron.
• Fuelling and lubrication of equipment shall not be carried out close to watercourses.
• Any spillage of fuels, lubricants of hydraulic oils shall be immediately contained and the
contaminated soil removed from the site and properly disposed of.
• Waste oils and hydraulic fluids shall be collected in leak-proof containers and removed from
the site for disposal or re-cycling.
• Foul drainage from site offices shall be removed to a suitable treatment facility.
• Sites for use as storage areas, machinery depots or site offices shall be located at least 10m
from the nearest watercourse.
2.6.11 Health and Safety
The appointed contractor will likely act as the Project Supervisor Design Process (PSDP), responsible
for ensuring co-ordination of the work of designers throughout the project. Duties of the PSDP include:
• Identifying hazards arising from the design or from the technical, organisational, planning or
time related aspects of the project;
• Eliminating hazards or reducing risks (where possible);
• Communicating necessary control measures, design assumptions or remaining risks to the
Project Supervisor Construction Stage (PSCS) so they can be dealt with in the safety and health
plan;
• Ensuring that the work of designers is coordinated to guarantee safety;
• Organising co-operation between designers;
• Preparing a written safety and health plan for the project and delivering it to Stream prior to
tender;
• Preparing a safety file for the completed structure; and RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 2-29
• Notifying the Health and Safety Authority (HSA) and the client of non-compliance with any
written directions issued.
The obligations as set out in the Safety, Health, and Welfare at Work Construction Regulations will be
complied with. Principles of prevention will be considered and a design risk assessment for the site
development elements of the works carried out. Hazards will be identified and, where possible,
engineered out. Where this is not possible, mitigation measures will be employed. A record shall be
kept of any residual risks arising and these will be passed on to the contractor in the preliminary Health
and Safety Plan, prior to the construction stage.
During the detailed design phase, hazard and operability studies will be carried out. These studies are
a systematic method of identifying hazards and assessing mitigation measures.
A comprehensive Construction Quality Assurance (CQA) plan will be implemented during the
construction phase. The Plan will include Construction Quality Control (CQC) procedures to ensure
that materials and workmanship meet defined specifications. These procedures will include the
integrity testing of all surface water, foul water, process water pipe work and underground structures
in accordance with industry accepted standards and procedures.
All integrity testing will be inspected and witnessed by an appropriately qualified person acting on
behalf of Stream. Integrity test certificates will be signed by both the contractor’s engineer and the
engineer representing Stream.
Following the completion of construction and testing of the Plant and prior to the acceptance of waste,
it is proposed that a Construction Quality Assurance (CQA) Report will be prepared by a third party in
compliance with good industry practice.
Prior to commencement of operations, the plant will undergo a structured commissioning process to
verify that all civil, mechanical, electrical, instrumentation and control systems operate in accordance
with the design specification. Commissioning will include functional testing of process equipment,
emergency shutdown systems, fire protection systems, gas detection systems and other critical safety
systems before feedstock is introduced to the plant.
Stream will put in place a combined Quality, Environmental, Safety & Health (QESH) Management
System for the plant. The proposed facility will operate to internationally recognised quality,
environmental and health and safety standards as required.
In compliance with the Safety, Health and Welfare at Work Act 2005, Stream will prepare a safety
statement covering the operation of the plant and appoint safety representatives from the plant
workforce.
2.6.12 Construction and Commissioning of the Gas Connection (subject to Section 39A
consenting process)
The gas pipeline will likely be installed around month 18 of the 24-month construction programme,
ensuring interface with broader project timelines. Standard construction methods shall be utilised to
install the pipeline within the R189/R188 road corridor, primarily involving open cut dig techniques.
There may be instances where horizontal directional drilling is utilised (installing pipe where a ‘moling’
machine drills from one location to another pulling the pipe behind it using “no-dig” technology). This
is typically employed in areas of constraint such as watercourses crossings. Excavation works are RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 2-30
anticipated to proceed at an average rate of approximately 24 metres per day. The total installation
period is estimated at 4 months, including excavation, pipe-laying, backfilling, and full reinstatement.
All works are anticipated to be confined to the public road corridor and carried out under daytime
working hours. A Traffic Management Plan (TMP) will be prepared and submitted by GNI as part of
the Road Opening Licence application process. A single-lane one-way traffic management system will
be implemented where necessary. No full road closures are anticipated at any stage of the works.
2.7 Operation of the Renewable Biogas Plant
The Renewable Biogas Plant is expected to become operational in 2030. Once commissioned, the
facility will operate as an anaerobic digestion (AD) plant, processing organic waste feedstock to
produce biogas, which will be upgraded to biomethane for injection into the national gas grid, as well
as sustainable biofertilisers (digestate).
Key aspects of the operational phase include:
Regulatory Compliance: The facility will operate under an Industrial Emissions Directive (IED) license
issued by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The license will set limits and conditions for air
emissions, water, noise, and process monitoring, ensuring compliance with environmental and safety
standards designed to protect the environment and human health.
Maintenance and Access: Regular preventative maintenance and operational checks will be
conducted on plant equipment, tanks, and associated infrastructure. Access for operational vehicles
will be via the permanent site entrance from the L2280 and internal roads designed to accommodate
routine operational traffic.
Environmental Management: The facility will implement ongoing monitoring and management
practices, including emissions monitoring, digestate quality control, noise management, and site
housekeeping. Any residual impacts on the surrounding environment will be addressed through
mitigation measures identified in the EIAR and in compliance with the IED license.
Community and Safety Considerations: Operational activities will be managed to minimise
disturbance to nearby residents and local traffic. Safety systems, including controlled access,
emergency shutdown, and fire protection measures, will be in place in accordance with statutory
requirements.
This section includes details on operational aspects of the proposed development, including function,
staffing, and environmental management measures.
2.7.1 Operational Activities – Process Overview
The process can be broadly divided into the following four main stages:
• Feedstock Reception and Pre-Treatment;
• AD treatment;
• Post-treatment (following the digestion process); and
• Energy generation and use. RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 2-31
An overview of the AD process is presented in the diagram below, with details on each of the individual
elements that ensure the operation of these activities presented in Table 2-1.
2.7.1.1 Feedstock Reception and Pre-treatment
The Renewable Biogas Plant has been designed to process a mix of feedstocks, predominantly poultry
manure, reflecting the high concentration of poultry farms in County Monaghan. This focus ensures
that the facility efficiently utilises the region’s principal organic waste stream.
However, to ensure operational resilience and maintain biosecurity, the plant is designed to accept
supplementary feedstocks such as cattle manure and agri-food organic waste from local sources. This
flexibility is necessary for several reasons:
1. Biosecurity and Disease Management – Outbreaks of avian influenza and other animal diseases
can affect the availability of poultry manure at short notice. A mixed feedstock capability allows the
plant to continue operating without interruption.
2. Local Resource Utilisation – The inclusion of cattle manure and agri-food waste allows the plant to
use available local organic resources, reducing transport distances and supporting a circular economy.
This approach ensures the plant can operate consistently while responding to changing supply
conditions, maintaining environmental compliance, supporting local agricultural nutrient
management, and generating renewable energy to contribute to Ireland’s climate change and carbon
reduction binding commitments.
The planned feedstock mix is outlined in Table 2-3.
RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 2-32
Table 2-3 Feedstock Mix
Feedstock Type Annual Quantity (Up to 99,000
tonnes)*
Source
Poultry manure 80,000 – 99,000 tonnes
Material will be sourced from the
significant concentration of poultry
farms in County Monaghan and
surrounding areas.
Cattle manure 2,000 – 10,000 tonnes Material will be sourced from cattle
farms in the local area.
Agri-food organic waste 9,000 – 19,000 tonnes
This material will be sourced from
food and poultry processing plants
in the surrounding area.
* Note that the combination of feedstock types received at the proposed development collectively will not exceed the 99,000 tonne annual
limit
While poultry manure will form the majority of feedstock, cattle manure will also be accepted from
farms in the local area to provide an outlet for these materials and support local farmers. Flexibility
is also built into the system to accept agri-food wastes, particularly during periods when biosecurity
concerns (e.g., avian influenza outbreaks) may restrict the availability or handling of poultry manure.
This ensures continuity of operation while maintaining compliance with biosecurity and health
regulations.
Feedstock will be delivered to the plant in covered / sealed vehicles (c.14 deliveries per day) and will
be weighed and logged at the weighbridge before proceeding for offload in the reception hall of the
main process building. This building will be served by a large vehicle turning zone which allows for
HGVs to manoeuvre into position and reverse into any of the four points of access. All deliveries to
the plant will occur between 07:00 and 19:00 Monday to Saturday, with no deliveries on Sundays or
public holidays.
Sufficient feedstock storage capacity (up to three days) will be provided to accommodate weekend
and public holiday periods.
All handling of feedstock and pre-treatment activities will be carried out indoors with no external
offloading or storage. The main process building will be constructed to a high standard and
specification, using leak resistant building fabric. A ventilation and extraction system fitted throughout
the building will create negative pressure to contain fugitive odours and dust internally. Air extracted
from the building will be ducted to a multi-stage odour control system.
Deliveries to the reception hall shall be through fast acting roller doors, which will instantly close once
the vehicle is fully inside the building. All HGV entry points shall have air curtains installed that
effectively create a seal by pushing air into the building whilst the door is briefly open. This will
mitigate against the potential for fugitive odour release by providing separation of the reception hall
from the external environment.
Incoming solid feedstock will be tipped in the reception area. Pumpable waste will be delivered via
tanker and offloaded directly through a sealed system into external feedstock tanks.
Vehicle exteriors will be washed in the reception hall prior to departing the building and will also pass
through a dedicated vehicle wheel wash system prior to exiting so no debris is exported to public RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 2-33
roads. Departing vehicles will be weighed on the outbound weighbridge.
Wash down facilities will be provided within the reception hall to clean the floors. Wash water and
liquid from wet materials will be captured and drained via enclosed conduits to a sump from where it
will be pumped back into the process.
2.7.1.2 Anaerobic Digestion Treatment
The reception area will be partitioned from the pre-treatment area separating the tipping hall and
process hall areas. This partitioning allows for improved odour control.
Received material will be conveyed onwards to pre-treatment processing. Liquid derived primarily
from recirculated digestate and evaporator/ drier condensate, as well as harvested rainwater, will be
mixed with incoming feedstock to dilute and achieve the required consistency for processing through
the system.
Feedstock blended in the mixing tanks will be pumped to the digester tanks located in the bunded
tank farm. Here the organic material is broken down in the absence of oxygen in an enclosed/sealed
environment to produce both biogas (methane and carbon dioxide) and digestate (the organic
material remaining after the AD process). This material is retained within the digester tanks for c.30
to 35 days with the biogas collected within the tank roof space, which is connected to the biogas
treatment system. The AD process occurs 24 hours per day, 7 days per week and operates in
temperatures ranging from c.35°C to 40°C.
The digester tanks will each have a working volume of c.11,530m3 with external insulation and
cladding to retain heat. Material within the tanks will be continuously mixed to suspend the biomass.
Digestate will be displaced by gravity overflow from the digester tanks for onward treatment in the
pasteurisation process.
2.7.1.3 Post Treatment (Following the Digestion Process)
Digestate produced will be pumped to the pasteurisation tanks (located within the main process
building). Compliance with the Animal By-Product (ABP) Regulations requires pasteurisation at 70ºC
for one hour. Pasteurisation is a critical control point within the process, and the system will be
designed so that any loads not meeting the pasteurisation criteria will be recirculated and re-
processed, providing no opportunity for by-pass of this stage. The plant will include temperature
monitoring equipment and a reporting package for proof of batch time and temperature in order to
demonstrate achievement of the ABP sanitisation requirements.
The digestate will then be pumped to the dewatering plant (located within the main process building),
where it will be separated into solid (fibre) and liquid digestate fractions using centrifuge decanters.
Fibre digestate will be collected in a dedicated storage hall (fibre hall) in the main process building
prior to being transferred from the site (via HGVs) and exported for use in agricultural and / or
horticulture markets that have a demand for its valuable nutrient profile. HGVs will service the fibre
hall in a manner similar to that described above for the reception hall.
The plant is designed to further treat liquid digestate produced in the process. A portion of the liquid
digestate will be diverted through established ammonia stripping technology that denitrifies the liquid
so it can be recirculated to the start of the process to dilute the incoming feedstock. The ammonia RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 2-34
stripping stage will generate an ammonium sulphate fertiliser that will also be exported for use in
markets with a demand for this product.
The remainder of the liquid digestate will be treated in an evaporator plant that will thicken the liquid
fraction to produce a concentrate digestate as well as a condensate fraction. The condensate
generated is a clean water source that can be reused in the digestion process to offset reliance o n
external water supplies. The concentrate digestate generated will be sent to the drying hall where it
will be dried producing a stable, pathogen free fertiliser that can be exported off-site for use in
horticulture / agriculture (typically in pellet form). The drying process will also produce a condensate
that can be recirculated into the process.
2.7.1.4 Energy Generation and Use
Biogas generated in the digester tanks will be collected in the tank roof spaces and passed forward for
treatment. Treatment of the biogas will include ammonia scrubbing and removal of hydrogen
sulphide from the biogas in a biological de-sulphurisation plant.
Biogas comprises a mixture of methane (c.60%) and carbon dioxide (c.40%) and negligible quantities
of other impurities. In order to separate methane from the biogas to produce biomethane, the treated
biogas will pass through a biogas upgrade plant (BUP) that utilises amine scrubbing technology.
The plant will generate up to 120 GWh equivalent of biomethane per annum which would be enough
gas to supply the needs of up to 11,000 homes. This biomethane is indistinguishable from fossil fuel
derived (natural) gas and so can be used in transmission and distribution infrastructure and gas
appliances without the need for alteration. It is proposed to inject the biomethane into the gas grid
located c.3.5 km by road south of the site. A gas grid entry unit at the plant will connect to the existing
gas network via a new underground pipe delivered by GNI aligned within or adjacent to the existing
road corridor. Propane will be added to the biomethane to adjust the calorific value of the gas as
required.
CO2 recovered from the biogas upgrading process will be filtered and cooled in a CO2 liquefaction plant
to reach the required food grade standard and liquid state. Up to 15,000 tonnes per annum of liquified
biogenic CO2 will be transported off-site for use in industry, thereby delivering a further circular
economy benefit.
CHP gas engines will be installed in a standalone acoustically contained engine building. The electricity
generated by these engines will be used for parasitic load within the plant, and heat recovered from
the exhaust and cooling jacket of the engine will be used in the digestion, pasteurisation and digestate
drying processes as required. Two CHP engines (each rated 2 MW) will be installed to provide sufficient
duty standby to the plant during routine engine maintenance or unscheduled downtime. A backup
generator will also be installed to provide further security of electrical supply to the site. An electrical
grid connection will be established to the local 10 kV network on the site boundary as a further backup
facility.
An acoustically contained boiler will be installed for use during commissioning and maintenance to
provide heat to the digesters and pasteurisation tanks when the CHP engines are not running. The
boiler may also be used to provide any heat requirements for other processes on site. Emissions from
the gas engines and boiler will exhaust to the atmosphere through a 20m stack that will be sufficiently
high to ensure adequate dispersion. RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 2-35
A gas flare unit will be installed on site. This unit would only operate during scheduled downtime or
when gas cannot be exported from the site, with an expected maximum operational time of 2% of the
year.
2.7.2 Plant Design and Abatement Systems
The plant will be a state-of-the-art development utilising best available technologies and operating
systems. Several abatement systems are incorporated into the plant design to mitigate the potential
for adverse impacts on the environment and human health. These include indoor delivery and
handling of feedstock and its processing in an enclosed and sealed system, a multi-stage odour
treatment process, acoustic containment of engines and other noise generating equipment and an
engineered site drainage containment system.
Stream has extensive experience in air and odour containment and their similar Tully Biogas facility in
Ballymena, Co. Antrim has an excellent compliance record with the Northern Ireland Environment
Agency (NIEA) and is widely considered to be the standard bearer for odour containment in the biogas
sector. The following proven expertise, technology and odour management procedures used at the
Tully Biogas Plant will be applied to the proposed Monaghan facility.
Air extraction will be applied to all areas of the site where there is a potential for odour to be produced,
including the main process building, digestate drying plant / pellet hall and from the headspace of
relevant tanks. This will maintain negative pressure and prevent odour release. Extracted air will be
treated initially in scrubbers to remove odoriferous compounds. Air will then pass through a biofilter
to allow breakdown of any remaining compounds. As a final polishing stage, treated air will pass
through activated carbon filters prior to discharge through a 40m tall stack, which is designed to
ensure adequate dispersion of treated air high into the atmosphere.
Mitigation of potential fugitive emissions of odour will be carried out across the process. Firstly, all
feedstock and digestate products arriving / leaving site will be transported in covered / sealed vehicles
as appropriate and there will be no external handling of organic materials. As outlined, all handling of
feedstocks will be carried out in the main process building constructed to a high standard and
specification, using leak resistant building fabric and held under negative pressure. The air pressure
system operates by drawing in fresh air and creating a negative pressure differential within the
building, thereby ensuring that air flows inward rather than outward through openings, thereby
preventing fugitive emissions while also providing a high level of biosecurity. HGV entry to the main
process building will consist of fast acting roller doors equipped with air curtains, which will push air
into the building when open and mitigate against potential fugitive odour emissions.
The layout of the plant has been designed so that potentially noise generating equipment is located
within buildings or acoustic containers. Potential noise sources (such as CHP engines, dryer, pumps,
fans and agitators) have been identified and engineered with acoustic containment measures as
required to prevent potential impacts to receptors from noise emissions. External heavy vehicle
movements will be limited to daytime hours only during normal operation.
Operational areas of the site will benefit from an engineered site drainage containment system
comprising an impermeable surface. Bunds and other means of containment (designed to meet CIRIA
standards) will be provided for all tanks and pipework containing liquids whose spillage could be
harmful to the environment. RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 2-36
All process effluent associated with incoming feedstock together with any floor wash down in the
process building will be contained. This will be drained to a central sump inside the building from
where it will be recycled to the AD process. Therefore, in the unlikely event of a spill or in the event of
an extreme rainfall event or flooding on the site, this site-wide fully contained engineered process
water system is designed to prevent the release of potentially polluting materials to local drains.
It is proposed that Sustainable Drainage System (SuDS) measures will manage and control surface
water runoff from the site. Rainwater harvesting is a key measure that will be included in the
management of surface water for the plant. Harvested rainwater will be used in the process and any
excess runoff will be discharged from the site at greenfield run-off rates to existing surface water
drainage via an attenuation storage system. Oil water separators and silt traps will contain any
potential contaminants within the areas subject to surface water drainage.
Foul drainage collected from the on-site welfare facilities will pass through a package treatment plant
prior to the treated liquid being recirculated for use in the AD process. Collected solids (c.0.5
tonnes/annum) will likely be removed to the McBreen facility at Lismagratty, Cootehill Road, Cavan
c.20km southwest of the site (or similar licensed facility).
Landscape planting has been included in the site design and maximises screening opportunities both
along the site perimeter and within the site. This shall be enhanced further by the placement of
earthwork screening berms to the southeast and northwest of the Renewable Biogas Plant site to
enable the integration of the facility into the surrounding landscape. The berms will be landscaped
with trees to maximise screening potential. The Landscape Design Statement accompanying the
application outlines that by Year 1, planting will be well established to provide meaningful screening,
with further maturity enhancing effectiveness in subsequent years.
Green and grey colour tones have been incorporated into the design of buildings and tanks throughout
the development to reflect the surrounding landscape and help visually integrate the plant into the
local setting.
All aspects of the plant will be controlled and monitored by a central electronic Supervisory Control
and Data Acquisition (SCADA) telemetry control system. The system will allow for maintenance of
optimum conditions required at the various stages of the process to ensure safe and efficient
operation of the plant.
The COMAH Regulations do not apply to the proposed development as storage of hazardous materials
will not be in excess of the defined COMAH thresholds set out in Schedule 1 of the COMAH
Regulations. This is confirmed in Chapter 16 (Major Accidents and Disasters).
A plant manager will be responsible for directing all operations and maintenance (O&M) activities on
site and compliance with the site’s environmental permit including operational monitoring conditions.
Full-time on-site plant engineers will work to proactively manage the correct operation and
maintenance of the plant. This work will involve the immediate resolution of any technical problems
that may arise.
2.7.3 By-Products of the Anaerobic Digestion Process
As set out above, the AD process will produce a range of by-products. The typical annual quantities
anticipated to be produced are shown in Table 2-4. RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 2-37
Table 2-4 By-Products of the AD Process
Product Annual Quantity Likely Application
Fibre digestate Up to 60,000 tonnes These sustainable fertiliser products will be derived from
pasteurised digestate and will be suitable for application in the
agri-food sector, whether in horticulture or agriculture. They
can be applied for safe use wherever there is a suitable need
for the nutrients. This creates an excellent circular economy
use for these materials that offsets the need for synthetic
fertilisers.
Dried fertiliser / pellets Up to 7,000 tonnes
Ammonium sulphate Up to 9,000 tonnes
Biogenic CO2 Up to 15,000 tonnes
Food grade biogenic CO2 suitable for use in a range of
industries with a demand for this product in Monaghan and
other counties including beverage production, food
processing and packaging, greenhouses, refrigeration
industry and production of e-fuels and sustainable aviation
fuels.
As set out in Section 2.5.1.3, digestate treatment processes employed at the site will include
pasteurisation, separation (producing fibre digestate), evaporation and drying (producing a pellet).
Ammonium sulphate will be produced as a by-product of the ammonia stripping process. These
processes have been included in the site design to enable the export of nutrients away from Co.
Monaghan as required which, as outlined in Chapter 1 and Section 2.2, is under environmental
pressure due to the large quantities of manures being produced in the county. For example, a
significant proportion of the nutrient content present in imported feedstock (in particular phosphorus)
migrates to the fibre fraction of the digestate. There is a strong demand for fibre digestate in the
horticulture sector where it is used as a peat replacement substrate in the manufacture of garden
fertiliser products or in mushroom compost. In this way, nutrients such as phosphorus can be diverted
away from agriculture (where it is leading to environmental impact) to a sector which has a demand
for this valuable nutrient source. Fertiliser products produced at the plant can also be used to satisfy
local agricultural demand in accordance with proper nutrient management planning and good
agricultural practice. In this way the environment will be afforded full protection and the application
of digestate will not give rise to nutrient imbalances.
A further advantage of the fertiliser produced at the plant is that the pasteurisation process will kill
bacteria and pathogens present in manures which are currently being applied to land in their raw
state. By significantly reducing the microbial load, pasteurised digestate poses a much lower human
and animal health risk after application and is cleaner and safer to spread compared to untreated
manures.
The quality of digestate leaving the site will be controlled in accordance with the standards specified
in the EPA IE licence and the requirements of a permit issued by DAFM under Animal By-Product (ABP)
Regulations and will be certified as a non-waste where it complies with these quality standards. These
standards are established to ensure no direct or indirect adverse impacts on human, animal or plant
health and to prevent environmental pollution.
Similar to the Applicant’s Tully plant, long term digestate offtake agreements will be put in place with RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 2-38
horticulture companies and specialist agricultural contractors and agronomists who manage fertiliser
application on a nationwide basis and will ensure that the products are applied appropriately and in
accordance with good agricultural practice. Landowners are required to demonstrate annually
through nutrient management planning that proposed landbanks for landspreading have a
requirement for the nutrients contained in the materials applied to the land. Nutrient levels (i.e.
nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K)) in each fertiliser product produced at the plant will
be quantified, meaning farmers will be able to use them under controlled conditions in accordance
with good agricultural practice and their nutrient management plans, reducing the potential for
environmental impact to surface waters and replacing the need for imported synthetic fertilisers.
Application to land of sustainable fertiliser products produced at the plant is not part of the
development for which consent is sought in this application. The land spreading of these materials
should be considered a separate and distinct activity, governed by its own regulatory regime and the
responsibility of the individual landowners or occupiers who receive and apply digestate as a
biofertiliser.
Importantly, use of fertiliser products produced at the plant is subject to stringent and comprehensive
regulatory controls under existing environmental legislation and codes of practice, including but not
limited to:
• The EU Nitrates Directive (91/676/EEC), as transposed into Irish law by the Good Agricultural
Practice for Protection of Waters Regulations (S.I. No. 113 of 2022 and subsequent
amendments);
• The Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine (DAFM) Code of Good Agricultural
Practice for Reducing Ammonia Emissions;
• Inland Fisheries Ireland’s Code of Practice for the Protection of Waters;
• The 2025 Nitrates Derogation Terms and Conditions (where applicable).
These frameworks regulate nutrient management, application timing, rates, buffer zones, and
prohibited spreading periods to protect soil, water, air quality, and sensitive habitats.
The responsibility for compliance with these regulations’ rests with the landowners or occupiers
applying the fertiliser products and the relevant competent authorities, primarily DAFM and the EPA,
who monitor and enforce adherence to these standards.
2.7.4 Plant Consumables, Handling & Storage
Consumables required for the process are presented in the following table.
RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
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Table 2-5 List of Plant Consumables
Material Maximum Storage
Capacity
Use
Diesel 6 tonnes Refuelling of on-site vehicles.
LPG 16 tonnes Adjustment of calorific value of biomethane.
Oil & Lubricants 1 tonne Maintenance of plant and vehicles.
Scrubber Solutions 270 tonnes Required for operation of scrubber units.
Cleaning Solutions 3 tonnes Required for clean-in-place procedures.
Iron Additive 20 tonnes Added to digesters to reduce H2S.
Antifoaming Agent 3 tonnes Infrequent use in buffer and digester tanks.
Glycol 1 tonne Used in biogas treatment.
Struvite Suppressant 0.5 tonnes Required to prevent struvite build up in pipes.
Activated Carbon 500 tonnes Used in odour control system and biogas desulphurisation
plant.
Amine Solution 3 tonnes Used in the biogas upgrade plant.
Materials used on site will principally comprise diesel and oils for plant operation and maintenance
and raw materials such as antifoam agents and solutions used in processes on site. For liquid
substances required for automatic dosing systems, dedicated tanks with bunds and high-level bund
alarms will be provided. All liquid storage areas will be fully bunded with the capacity to store 110%
of the content of the tanks. Suitable procedures will be put in place for approved supply and delivery
of raw materials and deliveries carried out under supervision.
Best practice will be adopted for handling potentially polluting substances, such as fuel and raw
materials, including:
• Designated facilities designed and used for oil and fuel storage and refuelling (incorporating
appropriate bunds and drip trays);
• Refuelling of site vehicles will occur only in areas of hard standing with spill kits adjacent to
the re-fuelling area to enable a quick and effective response in the event that any leakages
occur;
• Maintenance of a site chemical and product inventory;
• A site drainage plan, including notations of areas of highest sensitivity;
• A list of emergency procedures, responsive to a risk assessment of areas of high sensitivity;
• Site induction of all personnel on emergency spillage procedures and staff trained in
emergency procedures; and
• A contact list for the emergency services, the relevant environmental regulators, the Health
and Safety Authority and specialist clean up contractors, if required.
2.7.5 Environmental Management
All activities on site will be undertaken in compliance with applicable health & safety and
environmental requirements. The plant will be stringently regulated with standards and controls
applied by the relevant authorities including the Health and Safety Authority (HSA), Environment
Protection Agency (EPA) and the Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine (DAFM). All
operational mitigation measures set out in this EIAR will be adhered to. RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 2-40
The biogas plant cannot operate without an Industrial Emissions (IE) License, which is issued and
regulated by the EPA. Under the EPA Act, 1992, the EPA issues licences that contain strict conditions
on how an activity must operate so as to protect the environment. The EPA grants and enforces IE
licences for specified industrial and agricultural activities including AD as listed in the First Schedule to
the EPA Act, as amended (11.4 (b) and (c)).
The IE licensing process under the EPA Act also incorporates Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
requirements. This ensures that potential environmental impacts, including emissions to air, water,
and soil, as well as odour, noise, and waste management, are fully considered and addressed before
the licence is granted.
2.7.6 Traffic and Access
Forecast average HGV vehicle movements associated with the development are presented in Table 2-
6 and will be managed to minimise disruption and allow for the continued safe operation of the local
road network.
Table 2-6 Forecast Operational HGV Traffic
Type of Vehicle Movement
Annual
Quantity
(t)
Vehicle
Payload
(t)
Average
Annual
Trips
(No.)
Average
Daily
Trips
(No.)
Feedstock (poultry manure along with cattle
manure and agri-food waste) (larger payload
movements)
94,000 28 3,357 12
Cattle Manure (smaller payload movements) 5,000 10 500 2
Chemical Delivery 8,750 28 313 1
Import Sub-total 15
Fibre Digestate 60,000 28 2,143 7
Pellets 7,000 28 250 1
Ammonium Sulphate 9,000 28 321 1
CO2 Export 15,000 20 750 3
Export Sub-total 12
Total 27
Provisions will include designated parking (including two accessible spaces, three electric vehicle
charging points and a covered bicycle parking area), delivery schedules, and traffic flow management
to prevent congestion in the surrounding area. RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 2-41
In line with the general principles of the ‘Spatial Planning and National Roads Planning Guidelines’
(2012) access to the site will be provided directly from the L2280 Drumcall Road on the northern site
boundary road. This road will require localised widening works between the site access and the R189.
Figure 2-10 Proposed L2280 Widening & Junction Improvement Works
As shown on Figure 2-10 Proposed L2280 Widening & Junction Improvement Works, the proposed
road widening and partial realignment of the L2280 shall be integrated with the access junction to the
proposed development, which shall operate as a priority T-junction arrangement. This shall be
controlled by independent security sliding gates on the inbound and outbound lanes. The road
improvement works also include for upgrade of the R189 junction southward to optimise visibility
sightlines at the junction. The proposed access strategy is in accordance with national design guidance
and hence a ‘safe and suitable access’ can be achieved.
The proposed development is forecast to generate an average of 27 HGV trips per day. As shown on
Figure 2-11, the principal haul routes serving the Proposed Development will be the R188 and R189
regional roads, with the R188 anticipated to accommodate the majority of feedstock deliveries. The
R188 extends from the R162 at Drumbear, south of Monaghan Town, via Cootehill to the R212 north
of Cavan Town. The R189 links the N54 west of Monaghan Town with the R188 approximately 3 km
north of Cootehill near Maghernakelly. RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 2-42
Figure 2-11 Operational Haul Routes
2.7.7 Operational Site Utilities and Infrastructure
The following outlines the utility and infrastructure requirements during the operational phase of the
project.
2.7.7.1 Power
The design philosophy for the proposed development is to generate the plant’s own power demand
on-site using gas fired CHP engines, with no intention to export power to grid.
Two CHP engines (each rated up to 2 MW) will be installed to provide sufficient duty standby to the
plant during routine engine maintenance or unscheduled downtime. A backup generator will also be
installed to provide further security of electrical supply to the site.
An electrical grid connection will also be established to the local 10 kV network on the site boundary
as a further backup facility.
2.7.7.2 Surface Water Drainage
The drainage strategy for the plant consists of a number of surface water drainage networks that
collect run-off from the proposed roofs and external hardstanding areas and provide appropriate
levels of attenuation, with an objective to reuse the maximum amount of collected surface water
within the AD process as possible.
Run-off will enter the drainage network via gullies, rainwater downpipes, or linear drains and travel
through a network of pipes to underground attenuation tanks. The tanks will attenuate flows up to
and including the 100-year plus 30% climate change allowance and discharge excess surface water to
the downstream network at a restricted flowrate. RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 2-43
A water treatment system comprising of SDS Aquaswirl Vortex Pollutant Separation System Chambers
and SDS AquaFilter Surface Water Filtration Units (or similar) will be installed on the inlet pipework to
the attenuation tanks, to reduce the overall amount of total suspended solids and other potential
compounds within the surface water run-off. Any harvested surface water used in the plant process
or discharged from the site will have undergone treatment via these units.
As noted above, the plant will be utilising rainwater within the AD process as part of daily operations.
This will significantly reduce the volume of water that would potentially be discharged from the site.
As a result, it shall provide betterment over existing greenfield run-off rates that would typically be
generated from the site. It is noted that the Renewable Biogas Plant site does include large permeable
areas that are typically associated with landscaping (i.e. earthworks berm). In general, any run-off
from these areas shall follow the existing drainage regime, directed to and utilising existing drainage
ditches that shall remain along the boundary of the site, with flow directed to the existing discharge
point on the north-east site boundary.
As a worst-case scenario, should onsite water re-use be halted, the proposal development will
discharge water at a rate equivalent to the greenfield run-off currently experienced with attenuation
being provided.
The maximum design discharge flow from the site will be 83.5l/s, the calculated greenfield runoff rate
for the site for a 1-in-100-year event.
If run-off does leave the site, it will discharge into an existing culvert via a headwall on the north-east
corner of the site, which sends flows to a ditch located on the opposite side of the R189. This ditch
conveys water to the nearest watercourse (Coolkill Lough Stream) to the north-east of the site.
Surface water from the widened section of the L2280 (Drumcall Road) will continue to be managed by
the current land drain arrangement, with new drainage ditches constructed along the upgraded road
section that will connect into the existing ditch conveying water to the Coolkill Lough Stream.
The Renewable Biogas Plant site has been evaluated for Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems (SuDS)
and the most suitable measures have been incorporated into the surface water management system
design for the plant. The principal behind SuDS is to reduce the quantity of discharge from
developments to predevelopment flows and also to improve the quality of run-off from proposed
developments.
2.7.7.3 Foul Wastewater
During construction, foul drainage will be limited to contractor facilities. As there is no municipal foul
drainage in the vicinity of the site, wastewater generated during construction will be collected and
removed off-site by an authorised company likely to the McBreen waste facility at Corranure, Co.
Cavan located c.20km southwest of the site, or other similarly licensed facility.
Foul drainage collected from the on-site welfare facilities during operation will pass through a
commercially sized package treatment plant. It is estimated the plant will generate c.2m3/day of foul
effluent. The use of treated effluent in the AD process is normal practice and is more sustainable than
sending to sewer (where available) and adds to the circular economy model for the plant. It shall be
pumped from the outlet of the package treatment plant to an above ground storage tank with large
volume capacity before being drawn into the main process building to aid the dilution of feedstock RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
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process and create a pumpable slurry. This also reduces demand on external water supplies.
Occasional removal of solids off-site will be required (estimated once per year) to an appropriate
facility, likely the McBreen waste facility at Corranure, Co. Cavan located c.20km southwest of the site
(or other similarly licensed facility).
2.7.7.4 Water Supply
The estimated water demand for potable / sanitary purposes for on-site staff during operation is
estimated to be approximately 2m3/day. Anticipated process water demand will be approximately
45m3/day. The demand profile will be consistent across the year, with no significant seasonal
fluctuations.
The plant design has water sustainability at its core, with processes designed to minimise water
demand. The plant will prioritise the use of harvested rainwater, reducing reliance on external
supplies. Rainwater will enter the drainage network via a system of traditional channel drains before
flowing into underground pipework and attenuation tanks with a combined water storage capacity of
1,338m3. Based on Met Éireann long-term average rainfall levels for the nearest weather station in
Ballyhaise, Co. Cavan Co. Monaghan, it is estimated that an average of up to 91m3/day of rainwater
will be harvested on the site (average based on annual rainfall levels). This is calculated based on a
hardstanding area of 3.6 hectares and a run-off co-efficient of 90%. Given the significant storage
capacity included in the design, it is anticipated that this will provide a significant portion of water
demand for the site.
A groundwater supply well will also be installed on the site. A Groundwater Abstraction Feasibility
Assessment completed for the site (Vol III, Appendix 10.4) found that the sandstone bedrock beneath
the site has the potential to provide a groundwater yield of up to 45m3/day, which would be sufficient
to supply potable water to the site and supplement process water supply to the site during periods of
low rainfall.
A connection will also be sought from the mains supply located adjacent to the site as a back-up water
supply source. Water would be drawn down from this source during off peak hours overnight and
stored in a dedicated underground storage tank (80 m3) on site.
Water use will be actively managed through a combination of operational controls (i.e. SCADA
operated pumps that automatically control water source) and record-keeping (i.e. recording of
quantities of each source used). The plant will be automated to minimise water use and ensure
harvested rainwater is used over other water sources where possible.
2.7.7.5 Firewater
Firewater for the plant shall be supplied via a c.650m3 above ground firewater storage tank located
on the eastern portion of the site. Hydrants shall be connected via pumps to the storage tank. Hydrant
locations have been designed in accordance with Building Regulations Technical Guidance Document
B – Fire Safety Clause 5.1.7.
MCC requirements in relation to fire safety and firefighting shall be fully complied with in the Fire
Safety Certificate application, which will be prepared during the detailed design of the Plant and in
advance of operation. RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 2-45
2.7.7.6 Natural Gas
A gas grid entry unit at the plant will connect to the gas network via a new 3.5 km underground pipe
along existing roads. This new section of piping and grid connection does not form a part of this
application and will be subject to a separate process undertaken by GNI, though has been considered
as cumulative development as appropriate throughout this EIAR.
From the biogas plant, this will be located within the verge or roadbed of the R189 through to its
junction with the R188. From here, it will be located within the verge or roadbed through to the
connection point with the existing gas network adjacent to the Abbott facility to the north of Cootehill.
2.7.7.7 Waste
Although feedstock to the proposed development will only comprise organic waste, provision shall be
made within the pre-treatment process for the inadvertent presence of inorganic materials within the
waste, which shall be managed accordingly. Unsuitable material removed by pre-treatment screening
will be exported off-site for further processing at appropriate licensed facilities.
Opportunity for waste prevention at the plant relates to the small amounts of office and canteen
waste that will be generated in the administration and welfare facilities, and from general usage and
wastage of materials as a result of the wider operation and maintenance of the plant.
A separate collection system will be provided for kitchen waste generated in the canteen. Food waste
from the canteen can be processed onsite and all other separately collected canteen waste will be
recovered/recycled off-site. Other wastes that will be generated in small quantities at the plant,
including waste oils, general office waste, paper and packaging, will be separately collected and
transferred off-site for recovery, recycling or disposal.
Waste prevention awareness will be promoted, and a source segregation policy implemented as part
of the Environmental Management System (EMS) to maximise the recovery of potential recyclable
materials from these waste streams. This shall be managed through the implementation of an
Operational Waste Management Plan.
2.7.7.8 Lighting
Lighting will provide a safe operational environment and has been designed taking due regard of
relevant environmental legislation to minimise light pollution.
The lighting scheme is based on 8m high free standing light columns fitted with cut off horizontal cowls
to minimise light spill and direct light downwards. Lighting design (including illumination levels and
luminaries) will be in accordance with the Chartered Institute of Building Services Engineers (CIBSE)
Lighting Design Guide, BS 5489-1:20131, NSAI EN I.S. 13201-2 Road Lighting Performance
Requirements and guidelines developed by Bat Conservation Ireland.
Lighting will also be directed down onto the surfaces thus reducing the glare to a minimum. External
lighting will be switched off from 9pm in the evening and will operate on motion sensors.
There will also be other plant/facility mounted lighting where required but such lighting will only be
switched on in the event of maintenance work being undertaken and will therefore be intermittent. RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 2-46
2.7.7.9 Landscaping
A Landscape Mitigation Plan has been developed to meet the needs of integrating the proposed
development within the landscape and minimising visual impact. A planting schedule has been
provided within this plan. Planting shall be provided along northern, western, eastern and southern
boundaries of the site. The landscape schedule provided within the Landscape Mitigation Plan includes
a comprehensive list of proposed species, specification, height, density, girth, seed mix and
percentage contribution for the following types of planting:
• Native hedgerow;
• Grassland areas (species rich);
• Specimen trees;
• Native Woodland mix; and
• Native Shrub mix.
Landscape planting will be arranged throughout the site to provide maximum screening potential and
integration. This shall be enhanced by utilisation of excess soil and stone material to create earthwork
screening berms in the southeastern and northwestern portions of the site. Trees will be planted on
the berms to maximise screening potential.
For planning purposes, a landscape specification has been provided within the Landscape Mitigation
Plan to set out implementation and maintenance guidelines for the proposed planting and
addresses:
• General requirements.
• Site preparation.
• Planting.
2.7.7.10 Pest Control
Pest control (including for vermin and flies) will be maintained throughout the operational life of the
proposed development. All feedstock reception, storage, and processing will take place within fully
enclosed buildings or vessels, preventing access by birds, rodents, or other wildlife. Regular washing
of process area floors mean the site will not be an environment that vermin would find attractive or
in which flies would propagate.
The facility will follow a structured pest management programme, including inspections, cleaning,
and, where necessary, professional pest-control measures (bait boxes, traps, or approved control
agents). Security measures, such as perimeter fencing and controlled access points, further reduce the
risk of pest ingress.
Operational experience at existing facilities demonstrates that fully enclosed feedstock handling
combined with structured hygiene and pest control protocols effectively prevents pest infestations.
Similar biosecurity and hygiene standards will be maintained at the proposed Monaghan facility
providing confidence that pests will not be an issue.
2.7.7.11 Site Security
Site security arrangements to prevent unauthorised access to the plant will include the following RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 2-47
measures:
• The site boundary will be enclosed by a paladin mesh panel perimeter fencing system c.2.4m
high.
• The vehicular access point will be closed outside of operating hours with sliding gate.
• A CCTV system will be installed to monitor the perimeter of the facility.
• Security monitoring of the site will be carried out at all times via a combination of in person
patrols or remote monitoring.
2.7.8 Operating Hours
The plant process will operate continuously 24 hours per day, Monday to Sunday. However, feedstock
deliveries will only be received between the hours of 07:00 and 19:00 Monday to Saturday. These
hours shall also apply to any materials that will be conveyed off site via the public road network, which
would include the export of the various fertiliser products and biogenic CO2.
2.7.9 Staffing and Occupancy
It is envisaged the plant will employ approximately 30 members of staff, working on a shift basis. In
addition to direct employment, the plant will also generate significant other indirect employment and
economic opportunities, including contractors for haulage and plant maintenance, administration and
other support services.
Personnel employed in a full-time capacity on site will typically include:
• Site manager;
• Operations supervisor;
• General operatives;
• Maintenance engineers;
• Laboratory technician; and
• Administrative personnel.
Stream will also work actively with local recruitment agents to promote recruitment from the local
community.
2.7.10 Parking Provision and Staff Welfare
Parking provision on the site shall be as follows:
• 30 regular spaces;
• 3 Electric Vehicle (EV) spaces;
• 2 accessible spaces; and
• Bicycle store with accommodation for up to 5 bicycles.
Based on the site accommodating approximately 30-staff per day working in shift patterns, this would
be suitable to provide for all staff driving with an allowance for visitors. There will also be sufficient
space provided for HGVs to park on site and welfare facilities will be provided for any required rest
breaks. RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 2-48
In no instance would parking be required offsite to service the needs and operation of the plant.
The administration building shall be the staff welfare hub on site. The welfare facilities include:
• Separate male and female changing rooms equipped with lockers to allow staff to change into
and out of work clothing;
• Separate male and female toilet facilities located adjacent to the changing areas;
• An accessible unisex WC and shower room designed to provide accessible sanitary facilities
for persons with reduced mobility;
• A separate driver's WC, enabling visiting HGV drivers to access welfare facilities without
entering operational areas;
• A canteen incorporating seating and food preparation facilities for staff breaks;
• A dedicated tea preparation area serving the meeting/training room and office
accommodation;
• A first aid room, providing facilities for the treatment of minor injuries and medical
emergencies;
• A meeting/training room for staff inductions, toolbox talks, operational meetings and training
activities; and
• A cleaner's store and general supplies store to support the maintenance and operation of the
building.
2.8 Decommissioning
The Renewable Biogas Plant is intended to operate as a permanent facility to support the local
poultry and agricultural industry, and decommissioning is not part of the current project.
Nonetheless, the plant will operate under an EPA Industrial Emissions Licence, which includes
requirements to ensure that any future decommissioning, should it ever become necessary, would
be carried out in accordance with established environmental management and regulatory standards.
This would include a Closure, Restoration and Aftercare Management Plan (CRAMP) to ensure that
decommissioning works are undertaken using appropriate techniques, mitigation, and disposal
measures, avoiding environmentally harmful effects or hazards to sensitive receptors.
Any materials arising from the demolition of buildings, tanks, plant, and hardstanding would be
recovered or recycled wherever feasible, in line with standard demolition practice. All
decommissioning operations would be conducted following appropriate guidance and best practice,
under a Demolition and Environmental Management Plan prepared by the demolition contractor,
ensuring that impacts on sensitive receptors would be appropriately mitigated.
RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
AUGUST 2026
VOLUME II
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT
CHAPTER 3
ALTERNATIVES
Stream BioEnergy Ireland Limited RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 3-1
Table of Contents
3 Alternatives ............................................................................................................................. 3-3
3.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 3-3
3.2 Policy Context.......................................................................................................................... 3-4
3.2.1 National Waste Management Plan ......................................................................................... 3-4
3.2.2 Monaghan County Development Plan 2025 – 2031 ............................................................... 3-5
3.3 Consideration of Alternatives ................................................................................................. 3-5
3.3.1 Do-Nothing Scenario ............................................................................................................... 3-5
3.3.2 Alternative Locations .............................................................................................................. 3-8
3.3.3 Alternative Scale ................................................................................................................... 3-22
3.3.4 Alternative Design ................................................................................................................. 3-26
3.3.5 Alternative Processes ............................................................................................................ 3-39
3.4 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................. 3-43
3.5 References ............................................................................................................................. 3-44
Table of Figures
Figure 3-1 Total Poultry (%) in RoI by Region (2023) ......................................................................... 3-10
Figure 3-2 EPA Licensed (c) and Below EPA Threshold (d) Poultry Farms ......................................... 3-11
Figure 3-3 Poultry Manure Quantity from EPA Licensed Farms in Cavan & Monaghan ................... 3-11
Figure 3-4 County Monaghan Poultry Farm Density and Gas Network ............................................. 3-13
Figure 3-5 Lough Egish - Potential Sites A & B ................................................................................... 3-14
Figure 3-6 Cootehill - Potential Sites Overview (A - E) ....................................................................... 3-15
Figure 3-7 Cootehill - Potential Site A ................................................................................................ 3-16
Figure 3-8 Cootehill - Potential Site B ................................................................................................ 3-17
Figure 3-9 Cootehill - Potential Sites C, D & E .................................................................................... 3-18
Figure 3-10 Site Layout Iteration 1..................................................................................................... 3-26
Figure 3-11 Site Layout Iteration 2..................................................................................................... 3-27
Figure 3-12 Site Layout Iteration 3..................................................................................................... 3-28
Figure 3-13 Options to Modify the Red Line Area to Accommodate Excess Fill Material ................. 3-29
Figure 3-14 Proposed Layout with Earthworks Berm (Shaded Yellow) ............................................. 3-30
Figure 3-15 Site Layout Iteration 4..................................................................................................... 3-31
Figure 3-16 Site Layout Iteration 5..................................................................................................... 3-32
Figure 3-17 Site Layout Iteration 6..................................................................................................... 3-33
Figure 3-18 Original Main Process Building Design ........................................................................... 3-37
Figure 3-19 Updated Main Process Building Design .......................................................................... 3-37
Figure 3-20 Biogas Plant Colour Scheme Options .............................................................................. 3-38
RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 3-2
Table of Tables
Table 3-1 Stage 3 Site Identification - Environmental Comparison ................................................... 3-19
Table 3-2 Cootehill - Sites D & E Environmental Analysis .................................................................. 3-20
Table 3-3 Consolidated Environmental Comparison ......................................................................... 3-21
Table 3-4 Compatibility of Selected Site with Siting Guidance .......................................................... 3-22
RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 3-3
3 Alternatives
This chapter was prepared by Paula Galvin of McCutcheon Halley Chartered Planning Consultants
(MHP). Paula holds an MSc in Spatial Planning, a BA and MA in Geography, a Diploma in Environmental
Impact Assessment (EIA) Management, and a Diploma in Planning and Environmental Law. She has
practised as both a planning and environmental consultant for over 20 years and has directed the
preparation of Environmental Impact Assessment Reports (EIARs) for a wide range of development
types, including residential, commercial, industrial, and renewable energy projects.
Paula has also been involved in the preparation of other applications for the Applicant, most notably
their now-operational plant in Tully, Ballymena, which provides a dedicated solution to the poultry
sector, similar to the intent of the current proposal. In addition, she recently secured planning
permission on behalf of the Applicant for the completion of a renewable biogas plant in Little Island,
Cork. Through this extensive experience, Paula is very familiar with the relevant processes and
therefore demonstrates the necessary competence to direct the preparation of this EIAR.
3.1 Introduction
The requirement to consider alternatives within an Environmental Impact Assessment Report (EIAR)
is set out in Annex IV (2) of the EIA Directive (2014/52/EU) and in Schedule 6 of Planning and
Development Regulations 2001 (as inserted by article 97 of the European Union (Planning and
Development) (Environmental Impact Assessment) Regulations 2018 which state (at paragraph 1(d)):
“A description of the reasonable alternatives studied by the person or persons who
prepared the EIAR, which are relevant to the proposed development and its specific
characteristics, and an indication of the main reasons for the option chosen, taking
into account the effects of the proposed development on the environment”.
The requirement is elaborated at paragraph 2(b), which makes clear that reasonable alternatives may
include project design proposals, location, size and scale, which are relevant to the proposed
development and its specific characteristics. The Regulations require that an indication of the main
reasons for selecting the preferred option, including a comparison of the environmental effects be
presented in the EIAR.
The EU’s 2017 ‘Guidance on the preparation of the environmental impact assessment report (Directive
2011/92/EU as amended by 2014/52/EU)’ states that reasonable alternatives “must be relevant to the
proposed project and its specific characteristics, and resources should only be spent assessing these
alternatives”. The guidance also acknowledges that “the selection of alternatives is limited in terms of
feasibility. On the one hand, an alternative should not be ruled out simply because it would cause
inconvenience or cost to the Developer. At the same time, if an alternative is very expensive or
technically or legally difficult, it would be unreasonable to consider it to be a feasible alternative”.
The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) ‘Guidelines on the Information to be Contained in
Environmental Impact Assessment Reports’, 2022 states: RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 3-4
“The objective is for the developer to present a representative range of the
practicable alternatives considered. The alternatives should be described with ‘an
indication of the main reasons for selecting the chosen option’. It is generally
sufficient to provide a broad description of each main alternative and the key issues
associated with each, showing how environmental considerations were taken into
account in deciding on the selected option. A detailed assessment (or ‘mini-EIA’) of
each alternative is not required.”
The EPA Guidelines also state that the range of alternatives considered may include the ‘do-nothing’
alternative.
Section 3.4.1 of the EPA Guidelines, highlights that the consideration of alternatives also needs to be
cognisant of the fact that “in some instances some of the alternatives described below will not be
applicable – e.g. there may be no relevant ‘alternative location’…” The Guidelines are also instructive
in stating: “Analysis of high-level or sectoral strategic alternatives cannot reasonably be expected
within a project level EIAR… It should be borne in mind that the amended Directive refers to ‘reasonable
alternatives… which are relevant to the proposed project and its specific characteristics’”.
Having regard to the nature of this proposed development, completion and operation of a consented
project this assessment of alternatives is considered under the following headings:
i. Do-Nothing Alternative;
ii. Alternative Location;
iii. Alternative Scale;
iv. Alternative Project Design; and
v. Alternative Processes
3.2 Policy Context
An overview of relevant policies around the siting of biogas plants is summarised as follows.
3.2.1 National Waste Management Plan
The National Waste Management Plan for a Circular Economy 2024 – 2030 (Local Government Ireland,
February 2024) sets out that transition to a circular economy is essential to reduce pressure on natural
resources, aid in achieving climate targets, support sustainable development goals and create
sustainable growth and jobs.
Volume IV Appendix 9 of the Plan sets out siting guidance for locating waste facilities, including biogas
plants. Guidance relevant to the proposed development is set out as follows:
• The Plan recognises that biogas plants can be located within a rural context / on agricultural
land (such as the proposed development site).
• The concept of the Proximity Principle (enshrined in European and Irish waste legislation) is
adopted in the Plan, requiring that consideration be given to locating biological treatment
plants (including biogas plants) as near as possible to sources of feedstock due to the
environmental and economic implications of transporting waste over large distances. RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 3-5
• The Plan states the importance of locating sites in agricultural areas with a demand for the
digestate (sustainable fertilisers) produced, again to avoid the transport of materials over long
distances.
• Sites need to be located close to the gas network to minimise distance required for
connection.
• Access to the site via a suitable national or regional road is preferred, with a guideline distance
to a national road of within 15km provided.
• Potential nuisance and proximity to neighbours needs to be considered, with the plan
specifying that residential properties can be located within 100 metres of the plant providing
adequate air / odour / noise / visual mitigation can be demonstrated.
• Sites such as the proposed development will need to be regulated by the Department of
Agriculture, Food and the Marine under Animal By-Product Regulations, and maintain total
physical separation from farm animals and feed / bedding.
The guidance notes there is scope to alter the siting criteria through appropriate planning conditions
and / or mitigation measures where it can be demonstrated there is no adverse impact to human
health or the environment.
3.2.2 Monaghan County Development Plan 2025 – 2031
The Monaghan County Development Plan acknowledges there is significant potential for the use of
bioenergy to make a meaningful contribution toward renewable energy targets. This has positive
environmental impacts such as diverting manures from landspreading to anaerobic digestion.
Monaghan County Council (MCC) acknowledges the potential of bioenergy to realise several
objectives contained in this Development Plan in the areas of energy supply and energy security,
climate change, environmental quality and pollution and economic development and rural
development. In this context MCC will promote and support its development and proposals for
bioenergy related development. These shall be considered on a case-by-case basis in accordance with
planning and environmental considerations.
In terms of renewable energy development, MCC indicates renewable energy proposals will be
supported, encouraged and facilitated at suitable locations where it is demonstrated there will be no
detrimental impact on the visual and residential amenities of the surrounding area and other matters
of acknowledged importance.
3.3 Consideration of Alternatives
3.3.1 Do-Nothing Scenario
According to EPA guidance, the range of alternatives can include a ‘Do-Nothing’ scenario. This
examines trends currently occurring at the site, for example likely land-use changes or other
interventions, the likely effects of climate change, and the significance of these changing conditions.
This section sets out how the site is predicted to change in the absence of the proposed development. RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 3-6
As part of a wider agri-business unit, the ‘Do-Nothing’ scenario would result in the continued
agricultural (pastoral) usage of the land required to accommodate the proposed development. This
land is typically used for grazing and cutting silage. From an environmental perspective, this would
forgo the opportunity to deliver a renewable energy facility that directly contributes to emission
reductions, circular economy objectives, and the transition to decarbonised agriculture, heat and
transport sectors. It would also make no contribution to the significant challenges faced in County
Monaghan regarding the management of agricultural wastes, in particular those that arise from the
large-scale poultry sector in the region. The opportunity for a significant investment in the local
economy and creation of a new income stream for farmers would also be lost.
This scenario does not represent a sustainable or environmentally sound outcome for the following
reasons.
3.3.1.1 Loss of Strategic Climate Change Benefit
The ‘Do-Nothing’ scenario would represent a lost opportunity in achieving Ireland’s legally binding
greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reduction target of 51% reduction by 2030 (compared to 2018
levels). A major component of Ireland’s emissions reduction strategy was outlined in the National
Biomethane Strategy (DAFM and DECC, 2024), which set a biomethane production target of 5.7 TWh
by 2030. The proposed development alone will produce over 2% of the 2030 biomethane production
target (0.12 TWh), playing a significant part in helping achieve this national emissions reduction goal.
As outlined in Chapter 2 Development Description, the project will primarily serve the agriculture
sector, and in particular poultry production. Climate change is challenging for Irish agriculture, with
the sector directly responsible for 37.8% of national GHG emissions in 2023 (mainly methane from
livestock, and nitrous oxide due to the use of nitrogen fertiliser and manure management). A Baseline
Emission Inventory prepared for Co. Monaghan (Fehily Timoney, 2023) found the County to be
representative of the national picture, with 31% of total emissions from the County in 2018 coming
from the agriculture sector (669,218 tCO2e/annum). As presented in Chapter 14 Climate, the
proposed development will offset up to 42,000 tCO2e/annum, meaning the proposed development
alone will deliver 12% of the 51% emissions reduction target for the agriculture sector in Co.
Monaghan (341,301 tCO2e/annum). In the ‘Do-Nothing’ scenario, these emissions reductions would
not be realised.
If the plant is not developed, the practice of direct application of poultry manure to land would
continue, leading to increased GHG emissions contributing to atmospheric warming as well as harmful
impact to air and water quality. As detailed in calculations shown in Chapter 14 Climate, the
landspreading of poultry manure is known to emit high levels of nitrous oxide (N2O) to the
atmosphere, a highly potent and harmful greenhouse gas with 265 times the Global Warming
Potential of CO2. N2O from agriculture is also a hard to abate emission point, which few developments
can support as comprehensively as the proposed development.
3.3.1.2 Loss of Strategic Environmental Benefit
A report commissioned by MCC titled ‘Baseline Study Poultry Sector, Co. Monaghan’ (Fehily Timoney,
2021) outlined the significant environmental challenges faced in Co. Monaghan regarding the
management of poultry manure. In particular, it highlighted the potential impact from landspreading RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 3-7
of material on Natura 2000 sites and recommended that sustainable outlets for poultry manure, such
as anaerobic digestion plants, should be developed within Co. Monaghan to help maintain the
sustainability of the poultry sector in the region.
These environmental challenges are also recognised in the Monaghan County Development Plan 2025
– 2031 and are exacerbated by Monaghan having the highest poultry density in the country (the Fehily
Timoney study estimates that over 250,000 tonnes of poultry manure are produced annually in the
County).
Over application of manure on agricultural land can lead to a build-up of nutrients in soils that
eventually leach into surface waters. A recent EPA report on surface water quality (EPA, 2024) detailed
overall poor water quality within the County:
• 75% of rivers reporting moderate or poor quality (6th worst in Republic of Ireland);
• 4 of 13 lakes assigned bad biological status located in Co. Monaghan; and
• 3 of 4 lakes with strong increasing trend in phosphorus located in Co. Monaghan.
The proposed development would provide an alternative treatment outlet for these manures, where
they would be used to generate renewable energy and produce sustainable fertilisers that can be
diverted away from sensitive areas, into regions / sectors that have a demand for this valuable nutrient
source. An example of this could be use of the fibre digestate fraction produced at the plant in the
horticulture sector, where it can be used as a peat replacement substrate in the manufacture of
garden fertiliser products. This export of nutrients to horticulture is already ongoing at the Applicant’s
Tully Biogas Plant in Co. Antrim.
In this way, the plant will act as a circular economy hub for the local agri-food sector, transforming
wastes generated by farming and food processing into green sustainable biofertilisers that will
displace imported synthetic fertilisers and their associated manufacturing and use emissions.
Production of these biofertilisers are also critical to meet the net zero requirements of supply chains
in the sector.
If this project is not developed, the ‘Do-Nothing’ scenario would therefore be a continuation of current
practices where management of organic wastes remains inefficient and unsustainable, ammonia
emissions to air and nutrient loading of watercourses continues due to the landspreading of raw
manure. Environmental pressures and impacts associated with poultry farming are also likely to
increase in line with projected growth within the sector.
3.3.1.3 Loss of Economic Benefit
The proposed development will result in an estimated capital expenditure of c.€120 million, of which
a significant portion will be spent locally (including civil, mechanical and electrical contractor firms).
When operational the plant will have an annual expenditure of c.€3.5 million to €4.5 million per
annum, most of which will be recycled in the local economy (e.g. payments to farmers and
procurement of local services including haulage and maintenance contractors etc.).
The plant will generate c.100 direct jobs and c.140 indirect jobs during the two-year construction
period. During the operational phase, the plant will support up to 30 jobs directly at the plant while
an estimated 75 job will be generated indirectly through supply of services to the site. This means
that the plant can deliver long-term, high-quality careers for local people. RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 3-8
Other economic benefits of the proposed development include payment of Local Authority rates of
c.€350,000 - €400,000 per annum to Monaghan County Council, a reduction of up to €13 million per
year in carbon abatement costs and savings of c.€3 million per annum from avoidance of imported
fertiliser.
The ‘Do-Nothing’ scenario would therefore result in these benefits not being accrued, a lost
opportunity to create new income streams and savings for farmers and would represent a significant
loss to the local economy.
3.3.1.4 Summary
The ‘do nothing’ scenario is not considered a reasonable or environmentally or economically
preferable alternative. It represents a missed opportunity to deliver a project that supports national
policy on renewable energy and GHG reduction targets, as well as helping to sustain the important
farming and agri-food sector in the County and boosting the local economy. At the level of the
receiving environment, the site would remain in agricultural use, with no change to its baseline
ecological value, hydrological characteristics, or visual environment. Existing manure management
practices would continue, resulting in ongoing nutrient loading to local soils and associated indirect
pressures in the wider hydrological network. As no improvements in odour, ammonia emissions,
nutrient management or greenhouse gas mitigation would occur, the Do-Nothing alternative would
have greater overall environmental effects than the proposed development.
In this context, proceeding with the development remains the most sustainable and justified option.
Each Chapter of this EIAR includes a description of the ‘Do Nothing’ alternative as it relates to the
proposed development and should be referenced in conjunction with this Chapter.
3.3.2 Alternative Locations
The following describes the staged site selection process used to identify the preferred site in
Maghernakelly, Drum, Co. Monaghan. These works were carried out during 2022 and 2023.
The assessment of potential sites was limited to land that the applicant could realistically secure as
these sites are owned by third parties and require their consent to use. Landowners were consulted
on availability once potential sites were identified.
All sites were assessed against relevant planning and environmental criteria including proximity to
sensitive receptors, transport links and planning and environmental designations. Each alternative
location was evaluated with explicit reference to potential environmental effects in accordance with
Annex IV (2) of Directive 2014/52/EU.
The alternatives considered represent the full range of reasonable and relevant options available to
the developer at the time of site selection, consistent with Annex IV (2).
While technical and operational feasibility formed part of the overall assessment, environmental
effects were the primary differentiator. RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 3-9
3.3.2.1 Stage 1 - Regional Identification
The first step in identifying a location for the proposed development is to scope the feedstock mix for
the plant and identify a suitable region that can provide the required feedstock volumes.
Stream has successfully operated Tully Biogas Plant, located near Ballymena Co. Antrim, since 2017.
It is one of the only facilities in the world that generates renewable biogas from poultry manure as the
sole feedstock, using an innovative combination of anaerobic digestion and nitrogen stripping
technology. Given the Applicant’s experience in processing poultry manure, it was decided to
replicate the success of the Tully plant in the Republic of Ireland and focus the development of a plant
on poultry manure feedstock, with cattle manure sourced from local farms along with agri-food wastes
(food production wastes).
Following national guidance on siting of biogas plants described in Section 3.2.1, factors considered
when selecting a region for the development included the proximity principle and identifying an area
where a large amount of potential feedstock is generated, thereby minimising transport distances for
feedstock coming into the plant. As shown in Figure 3-1, the majority of poultry livestock in the
Republic of Ireland (67%) is located in the border region (incorporating counties Donegal, Sligo,
Leitrim, Cavan and Monaghan).
Within the border region, Co. Monaghan had a significantly greater density of poultry activity
compared to the other four counties, as illustrated in Figure 3-2 and Figure 3-3. Based on producing
the highest quantities of poultry manure in the country, and a ready supply of cattle slurry, Co.
Monaghan was therefore identified as the preferred County within which to locate the proposed
development due to access to sufficient quantities of suitable feedstocks. RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 3-10
Figure 3-1 Total Poultry (%) in RoI by Region (2023)1
1 Source - Central Statistics Office Farm Structure Survey 2023 RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 3-11
Figure 3-2 EPA Licensed (c) and Below EPA Threshold (d) Poultry Farms2
Figure 3-3 Poultry Manure Quantity from EPA Licensed Farms in Cavan & Monaghan3
2 Source - EPA Research Report No. 347, 2020
3 Source - Fingleton White / Gas Networks Ireland, Border Region AD Feasibility Study 2022 RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 3-12
3.3.2.2 Stage 2 - Search Area Identification
The second stage in the site selection process is identification of a search area within Co. Monaghan.
The proposal involves generation of up to 120 GWh of biomethane per annum, which can seamlessly
replace natural gas in the network and is fully compatible with existing gas infrastructure, appliances
and technology. Biomethane can be introduced to the gas network in two ways:
• Direct injection to existing gas network via a pipeline; or
• ‘Virtual’ pipeline where biomethane is compressed at the biogas plant and transported in
specialist trailers via road to a Central Gas Injection (CGI) facility, from where it is
decompressed and injected to the gas network.
As stated in the National Biomethane Strategy (DAFM and DECC, 2024), direct injection is the most
efficient, sustainable and cost-effective method of transporting gas to end users. The virtual pipeline
option is not considered an economically viable option for the proposed development and the only
Irish CGI facilities either in operation or currently being developed are located in Cush, Co. Kildare and
Mitchelstown, Co. Cork. In addition, the virtual pipeline option is not considered sustainable due to
the additional heavy goods vehicle (HGV) movements required (c.2,000 additional movements per
annum) and the considerable energy demand and emissions associated with compression /
decompression and road transport of the gas.
Based on these considerations, the virtual pipeline method of gas transport was not considered a
viable option meaning a direct connection to the gas network would be required. Proximity to the
existing gas network was therefore a critical factor in the identification of a search area. As shown in
Figure 3-4, the gas network extends into Co. Monaghan at two locations, terminating at Lough Egish
in the east of the county and Cootehill in the southwest of the county. Therefore, the search area
should be located as close to these terminus points as possible (ideally within 5km). Lough Egish and
Cootehill were therefore brought forward as identified search areas for Stage 3 of the site selection
process. RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 3-13
Figure 3-4 County Monaghan Poultry Farm Density and Gas Network 4
3.3.2.3 Stage 3 - Identification & Consideration of Potential Sites
3.3.2.3.1 Lough Egish
Lough Egish is located in a rural area roughly equidistant (10km) between the towns of Ballybay and
Carrickmacross. It is classed as a Tier 6 settlement (Dispersed Rural Settlement) in the Monaghan
County Development plan, with the surrounding area characterised by a drumlin landscape and Lough
Egish, the largest lake in the surrounding area. The focal point of the area is Lough Egish Cross, around
4 Source - Fehily Timoney, Baseline Study Poultry Sector, Co. Monaghan, 2021 RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 3-14
which are located a church, bar, grocery shop, GAA pitch and several businesses. At the time of the
site selection process, the most prominent businesses included Lakeland Daires and Lough Egish Food
Park, comprising large scale industrial food processing facilities covering an area of approximately 20
hectares to the southeast of Lough Egish Cross (see Figure 3-5).
The Gas Networks Ireland (GNI) gas pipeline extends through Lough Egish Cross and terminates in the
Food Park. Development constraints for the area identified in the Monaghan County Development
Plan (2025 - 2031) include Lough Egish (the lake), designated as a proposed National Heritage Area
(Site Code 001605) and the Scenic View of Lough Egish (SV 21). No zoned lands or suitable brownfield
sites were identified. Based on these constraints, and in particular visual impact constraints associated
with the designated Scenic View, it was considered that any proposed site would need to be located
within or adjacent to existing large scale industrial land use. Two potential sites (Lough Egish - Site A
and Lough Egish - Site B) were identified, as shown on Figure 3-5.
Figure 3-5 Lough Egish - Potential Sites A & B
Site A measures c.1.9 hectares and is owned by Lakeland Dairies. The site area is too small to
accommodate the proposed development (generally a site > 5 hectares is required), but enquiries
were made with the landowner with a view to potentially including it along with other adjacent
landholdings. The Applicant was informed the site is not available.
Site B measures c.5.7 hectares and could accommodate the proposed development. The land is owned
by Americold which operates within Lough Egish Food Park. Again, enquires were made regarding the
commercial availability of the land but the landowner could not engage in commercial discussions on
this site. RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 3-15
3.3.2.3.2 Cootehill
Cootehill Town is located in the north of Co. Cavan on the border with Co. Monaghan. It is classified
as a ‘Self Sustaining Town’ in the Cavan County Development Plan 2022 - 2028, which is a town with
high population growth but requires consolidation and investment to become more self-sustaining.
According to the Plan, the town has seen significant growth with the recent construction of large
housing developments, business, industry and enterprise units. The largest industry in the town is
Abbott Nutrition, which is located to the north of the town in Co. Monaghan and processes 500,000
litres of milk per day to make infant nutritional products. The town is connected to the GNI gas
network, with the pipeline terminating at the Abbott facility to the north. It is a preferable location
to Lough Egish considering the highest density of poultry manure is located in the west of the county
(refer to Figure 3-4).
Figure 3-6 Cootehill - Potential Sites Overview (A - E)
A total of five sites were considered for selection around Cootehill (Cootehill - Sites A-E, Figure 3-6).
These are discussed in more detail below.
Cootehill - Site A
The Cavan County Development Plan 2022 - 2028 identified lands zoned for General Enterprise and
Employment within the town. The majority of these zoned lands (and the only zoned lands with the
required size to accommodate the proposed development (i.e. > 5 hectares)) are located to the west
of the town in Cootehill Enterprise Park. A c.7.4 hectare site was identified within the zoned lands
(Cootehill - Site A, Figure 3-7). RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 3-16
Figure 3-7 Cootehill - Potential Site A
The following constraints were identified following evaluation of this site:
• Location - Located in Co. Cavan with most feedstock sources (i.e. poultry manure) located in
the west of Co. Monaghan. This would require traffic delivering feedstock to the plant to be
routed through Cootehill town, which was identified as a potential constraint and likely to
cause environmental impact.
• Proximity to Cootehill - The site is located within c.1km from Cootehill town centre. It was
considered that alternative sites in a more rural location would be preferable considering the
proposed plant is serving agricultural needs.
Cootehill - Site B
A former quarry was identified c.4km east of Cootehill in the townland of Mayo (Cootehill – Site B,
Figure 3-8). This brownfield site is of sufficient size to accommodate the proposed development (6
hectares), however based on the following constraints it was not brought forward for further
consideration:
• Location - As with Site A, it is located in Co. Cavan with most feedstock sources (i.e. poultry
manure) located in the west of Co. Monaghan. This would require traffic delivering feedstock
to the plant to be routed from the north through Cootehill town, which was identified as a
potential constraint and likely to cause environmental impact. RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 3-17
• Access - The site entrance is located c1.5km off the R190 regional road along a local road
(L6086 Tullyunshin Road). This road is not suitable to accommodate traffic for the proposed
development and would require significant upgrade works that would make the project
unfeasible.
Figure 3-8 Cootehill - Potential Site B
Cootehill - Site C
The next potential sites identified were located to the north of Cootehill Town, in Co. Monaghan. As
these sites are located closer to the high density of poultry manure in west Co. Monaghan and to the
north of Cootehill, it means this feedstock would not have to travel through the town.
A site measuring c.6 hectares was identified adjacent to an existing manufacturing facility (Carleton
Cake factory) in the townland of Dyan, c.2.8km north of Cootehill (Cootehill - Site C, Figure 3-9). No
constraints were initially identified with this site and the landowner confirmed the site could be
commercially available.
Heritage constraints were identified for this site during pre-planning consultation with Monaghan Co.
Co. due to its proximity to Freame Mount Demesne, Dawson Grove Demesne and a number of
designated heritage assets. It was therefore decided to focus on sites in this general area that would
not be constrained by existing heritage assets. RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 3-18
Figure 3-9 Cootehill - Potential Sites C, D & E
Two potential landholdings were identified to the northwest of Site C along the R189 regional road
(Cootehill - Site D and Cootehill - Site E, Figure 3-9).
Site D is located c.3km north of Cootehill in the townlands of Drumgarkin and Tonnagh and comprises
an agricultural landholding of c.29 hectares. It encompasses land both to the east and west of the
R189. Site E is located on agricultural land c.4km north of Cootehill in the townland of Maghernakelly
with an area of c.11 hectares. No initial constraints were identified on either landholding and both
sites were identified as being commercially available.
3.3.2.3.3 Site Identification Conclusion
Stage 3 of the site selection process identified and considered seven sites within the chosen search
areas of Lough Egish and Cootehill. The process concluded that Cootehill - Site D and Cootehill - Site
E should be brought forward for a detailed environmental analysis (Stage 4) based on the
environmental considerations outlined in Table 3-1. RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 3-19
Table 3-1 Stage 3 Site Identification - Environmental Comparison
Site Environmental Comparison with Selected Sites Conclusion
Lough Egish
Sites A & B
From an environmental perspective, the Lough Egish options
would result in greater HGV travel distances for feedstock
delivery (being located in the east of the County), with associated
increases in transport emissions. The sites considered are also
more visually exposed to a designated scenic view and include
surface water features and mature hedgerows that elevate
ecological and hydrological risks. In comparison, Sites D and E
avoid these sensitivities and therefore represents a lower
environmental impact option.
Based on these environmental
considerations and a lack of
suitably available sites within
Lough Egish, it was decided to
focus the site search in the
Cootehill area.
Cootehill
Site A
This site is less preferable to Sites D and E due to the need for
HGV traffic to pass through Cootehill Town. Transport distances
to feedstock sources would also be longer. On this basis, this site
was therefore environmentally less favourable.
Based on the identified
environmental constraints,
Cootehill - Site A was not
brought forward for further
consideration.
Cootehill
Site B
Similar to Cootehill - Site A, this site is less preferable to Sites D
and E due to the need for HGV traffic to pass through Cootehill
Town. Transport distances to feedstock sources would also be
longer. On environmental grounds, this site is therefore inferior to
the sites brought forward to the next stage.
Based on the identified
environmental constraints and
significant road upgrade works
required, Cootehill - Site B was
not brought forward for further
consideration.
Cootehill
Site C
Heritage constraint for a project of this nature at this site due to
its proximity to Freame Mount Demesne, Dawson Grove
Demesne and a number of designated heritage assets. On this
basis, Sites D and E represent preferable options as they are
located further away from these assets.
It was decided to not consider
Cootehill - Site C further and to
instead focus on sites in this
general area that would not be
constrained by existing heritage
assets.
Cootehill - Site D and Cootehill - Site E therefore emerged as the preferred sites to be brought forward
for the more detailed environmental analysis outlined in Stage 4.
3.3.2.4 Stage 4 - Site Selection
A detailed environmental analysis was carried out by McCutcheon Halley in May 2023 that comprised
an assessment of potential planning and environmental constraints for Cootehill - Site D and Cootehill
- Site E under a number of headings. This is presented as Appendix 3.1 to this chapter.
It should be noted that site labelling outlined in Stage 3 above was not in place at the time the
assessment was carried out, therefore Cootehill - Site D is referred to as Site A and Cootehill - Site B is
referred to as Site B in the assessment report. The findings of this analysis are summarised in Table
3-2.
RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 3-20
Table 3-2 Cootehill - Sites D & E Environmental Analysis
Category Analysis Recommendation
Planning History No previous planning applications identified for either site. No bearing on site selection.
Zoning
Neither site within a defined settlement or zoning under the
Monaghan County Development Plan 2019 - 2025. Both
sites found to be consistent with development plan policy
and objectives supporting the rural economy and
renewable energy.
Planning policy supportive of
both sites.
Distance to Receptors
Development Plan policy regarding poultry houses
recommended a separation distance of at least 100m
unless consent granted by third party. The closest
residential property to Site D is 120m from the site
boundary. There is also an outdoor adventure centre
(Tanagh Centre) located immediately adjacent to the
boundary. Site D is sufficiently large to locate the plant
away from these receptors.
In relation to Site E, two properties to the south are located
within 80m of the boundary, however both of these
properties are owned by the landowner who consents to
the proposed development. All other properties in the area
are located >200m from the site boundary.
Both sites similar in terms of
distance to nearby receptors.
Transportation
Both sites located adjacent to regional road (R189) and
well located relative to poultry manure feedstocks in the
county.
Both sites similar in terms of
access to good transportation
links and proximity to feedstock.
Visual Impact
Neither site is in the vicinity of a designated scenic view.
Further assessment and design information required to
assess visual impact.
Both sites similar in terms of
potential visual impact.
Ecology Neither site within ecological designated area. Both sites similar in terms of
ecological designations.
Land & Soil
Both sites of national geological importance but, given the
relatively small footprint in the context of the overall
designation, not considered to be significant.
Both sites similar in terms of
potential impact to geological
heritage area.
Water Crosslea Stream Runs through Site D, while no surface
water features present on Site E.
Preference for Site E due to no
surface water feature present.
Flood Risk Neither site identified in an area at risk of flooding. Both sites similar in terms of
absence of flood risk.
Cultural Heritage
Potential constraint to Site D with regard to cultural
heritage as close to several protected structures. Site E
identified as being close to a designated enclosure.
Preference for Site E once site
boundary reduced to avoid
designated enclosure.
The assessment report recommended Cootehill - Site E to be brought forward for selection on the
basis of less potential impact to the water environment and adjacent cultural heritage.
3.3.2.5 Summary
Based on the comparative environmental assessment, the proposed development site (Cootehill - Site
E) demonstrates the lowest overall environmental impact profile of all reasonable alternatives. Among
all feasible options, environmental effects were the determining factor in selecting the preferred site, RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 3-21
consistent with Annex IV(2). The site is commercially available and is determined to be a suitable site
for the proposed development.
Following is a summary scoring Table where 1 = Preferred/Lower Environmental Risk, 2 = Moderate
Environmental Risk and 3 = Higher Environmental Risk.
Table 3-3 Consolidated Environmental Comparison
Site Transport &
Feedstock
Sensitive
Receptors
Landscape
& Visual
Water
Environment
Cultural
Heritage
Total Rank
Lough
Egish A
3 – Furthest
from feedstock;
longer HGV trips
3 – Receptors
around lake
3 – Within
Scenic View
SV21
3 – Close to lake
& watercourses
2–3 –
Scenic/heritage
setting
sensitivity
14–15 Lowest
Lough
Egish B
3 – Same
transport issues
as A
2 – Slightly
fewer
receptors
3 – Scenic
View SV21
applies
3 – Hydrology
constraints
remain
2–3 – As per
site A
13–14 Very Low
Cootehill
A
3 – HGVs must
pass through
Cootehill town
3 – Density of
receptors
in/near town
2 – No scenic
designations
1 – No water
concerns
1 – No heritage
constraints
10 Low
Cootehill
B
3 – Same
routing through
town
3 – Density of
receptors
in/near town
2 – No scenic
designations
1 – No water
concerns
1 – No heritage
constraints
10 Low
Cootehill
C
2 – Closer to
feedstock than
A/B
3 – Several
heritage
estate
receptors
2 – Near
heritage
sites/demesnes
1 – No water
concerns
3 – Heritage
(Freame
Mount,
Dawson
Grove)
11 Medium
Site D 1 – Close to
feedstock; no
town routing
2 – One
dwelling 120
m; activity
centre
adjacent
1 – No scenic
designations
3 – Stream runs
through the site
2 – Near
protected
structures
9 High
Site E
(Selected)
1 – Optimal
location relative
to feedstock
2 – Four
dwellings (2
No.landowner-
owned); >200
m
1 – No scenic
designations
1 – No
watercourse on
site
2-3 – Heritage
constraint
Hilltop
Enclosure
nearby
8 High
RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 3-22
Ultimately, planning and environmental considerations, particularly hydrology, receptor distances,
landscape integration and transport emissions were the determining factors differentiating the
preferred site from the reasonable alternatives.
This structured comparison meets the Annex IV(2) requirement for indicating the main reasons for
selecting the chosen option, including a comparison of environmental effects. As outlined here and
below, no alternative location, design, scale or process was identified that would deliver a lower
overall environmental impact than the proposed development site.
The National Waste Management Plan for a Circular Economy 2024 - 2030 was published after the site
selection process was completed (February 2024). This document included siting guidance for
biological treatment facilities. A review of the compatibility of the selected site against these
guidelines is presented in Table 3-4.
Table 3-4 Compatibility of Selected Site with Siting Guidance
Siting Criteria Does Selected Site
Meet Criteria?
Sufficient buffer distances to avoid nuisances such as dust, odour and noise.
Guidance setback distance from principal processing area of <100 metres stated for anaerobic
digestion facilities.
Site needs to be close to feedstock and end use destinations, with sites serving agricultural
needs suitable for rural location.
Site needs to be close to gas network.
Sites need to be visually screened (odour emission stack required to be sufficiently tall to allow
appropriate dispersion of treated air).
Sites need to be separated from surrounded farmland.
Sites should be within 15km of national road network.
The review clearly demonstrates the proposed site satisfies the relevant criteria and is appropriately
sited.
3.3.3 Alternative Scale
Alternatives in relation to the scale of the proposed development were considered in the context of
potential environmental impact, climate change targets, feedstock availability and the economic
viability of the project.
Ireland is legally committed to reducing GHG emissions by 51% by 2030, relative to 2018 levels, under
the Climate Action and Low Carbon Development (Amendment) Act, with biogas (upgraded to
biomethane) recognised in national strategies as a key resource for decarbonising “hard-to-abate”
sectors (e.g., agriculture, industrial heat, transport) and substituting fossil gas.
As noted in the National Biomethane Strategy (2024), a range of plant scales from small on-farm
facilities to large scale centralised plants will provide the country with the best chance of the delivering
on the 5.7 TWh biomethane generation by 2030 target. The strategy also notes that larger scale plants
are favoured by developers due to economies of scale, feasibility of gas treatment and cost of grid
connection. RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 3-23
The Biomethane Energy Report completed by GNI (September 2023) included the findings of a call for
information to prospective biomethane producers, which reported the likelihood that a smaller
number of larger scale plants would be developed to meet the needs of the biomethane market in
Ireland.
The following provides an assessment of the various scale options available.
3.3.3.1 Small-Scale (“Farm-level”) Plants
Small scale plants are typically located on a single farm and process agricultural feedstocks (e.g.,
manures, silage). They generally produce up to 10 GWh of biomethane per annum depending on
feedstock type and volume.
Advantages
• Low transport impact - minimal feedstock transport distances and therefore lower vehicle
movements and associated emissions.
• Modular deployment - can be built incrementally as feedstock supply and demand permit.
• Local co-benefits - improved nutrient recycling (digestate), farm income diversification.
Disadvantages
• Limited climate contribution - will not produce enough biomethane to significantly advance
national CAP25 biomethane targets (would require 570 10 GWh plants to reach 2030 target).
• Economies of scale - higher per-unit cost for biogas production; CAP25 envisages large-scale
plants for cost efficiency.
• Environmental controls - harder to monitor and regulate multiple small-scale sites, also
effective environmental and biosecurity controls (i.e. odour containment, indoor storage,
bunding, pasteurisation etc.) can be expensive to construct and maintain at this scale.
• Gas grid connection - often located remote to the gas grid so would require a ‘virtual pipeline’
to a centralised injection facility, less efficient and reducing economic feasibility.
3.3.3.2 Medium Scale Plants
These are plants serving a cluster of farms (e.g., a cooperative of farms within a region), aggregating
feedstock from multiple sources (such as farm residues, local organic waste). They would typically
have an output of 10 - 40 GWh per annum.
Advantages
• Economy of scale - better than farm-level, lower per-unit cost than small-scale.
• Improved viability - potentially more attractive for capital funding or grants.
• Climate change contribution - Decentralised yet sufficiently large to contribute to
biomethane targets.
RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 3-24
Disadvantages
• Infrastructure needs - Could potentially exceed EPA licensing thresholds meaning large
infrastructure investment required to ensure compliance with licence conditions that may not
be viable for plant size.
• Gas grid connection - Would likely need direct grid connection given gas volumes.
• Feedstock supply - Reliant on multiple feedstock suppliers and potentially multiple feedstock
types, meaning plants more complex to design, operate and maintain.
3.3.3.3 Large Scale (Centralised) Plants
A major AD facility with an output of > 40 GWh per annum. Feedstocks aggregated at regional or
national level.
Advantages
• Maximum economies of scale - lower cost per unit of biogas / biomethane, greater financial
viability.
• Significant contribution to national biomethane targets - each plant could materially
contribute to national targets. Up to 48 plants of the scale of the proposed development
would be required to meet 2030 biomethane production target. The proposed development
alone represents 2% of the 5.7 TWh of biomethane by 2030 target outlined in CAP25.
• Strongly aligns with CAP25 and national biomethane strategy - large-scale plants are a core
part of the government’s model for delivering biomethane at scale.
• Best Available Technology - large scale plants can support best available gas and digestate
treatment technologies and environmental and biosecurity controls (such as CO2 liquefaction,
digestate separation and drying, odour treatment, pasteurisation environmental
containment) to maximise the benefits of AD while ensuring no impact to the environment.
• Economically viable - easier to secure funding, grant support, and create significant local
employment and benefits to farmers.
Disadvantages
• Environmental footprint - greater land requirement, requires careful site selection to
minimise potential of environmental impact.
• Feedstock supply - needs to secure large volumes of feedstock.
• Gas grid connection - Must be located close to gas grid as transporting large volumes of gas
by road not economically feasible.
3.3.3.4 Preferred Scale
As stated in the baseline poultry study for Co. Monaghan (Fehily Timoney, 2021) and outlined in
Sections 3.3.1 and 3.3.2, there is a significant need for the development of a sustainable outlet for the
high quantities of poultry manure generated in the region, with anaerobic digestion identified as a
potential solution.
Considering the policy preference to treat these materials close to where they are produced, the high
volumes of feedstocks available (i.e. >250,000 tonnes of poultry manure produced per annum) and RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 3-25
the relatively low penetration of the gas network into the county, development of a large-scale plant
close to high poultry farm density and the gas network was selected as the preferred scale of plant.
3.3.3.5 Summary
The evaluation of scale alternatives for the proposed development demonstrates a large-scale plant
offers the best solution to addressing the identified environmental challenges in Co. Monaghan. The
County requires significant treatment capacity to manage the amount of feedstock being produced in
the region and a large-scale plant will help protect the future viability of the important agriculture
sector while reducing impact to air and water quality and helping Ireland meet net zero targets.
When considered in environmental terms, smaller and medium-scale plants would require multiple
facilities across the county to achieve equivalent manure management benefits, resulting in higher
cumulative emissions, reduced process efficiency and increased land take overall. The economy of
scale offered by the proposed larger plant means best available technologies in terms of odour
containment, noise abatement, biosecurity and digestate treatment (which are often too expensive
to implement at smaller scale plants) will be incorporated into the plant design, resulting in less
environmental impact. The scale of the proposed development will also maximise greenhouse gas
reductions and provide the greatest net environmental benefit.
RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 3-26
3.3.4 Alternative Design
3.3.4.1 Proposed Site Layout
The final design layout for the proposed development (as set out in Chapter 2) is the culmination of
an iterative design process carried out in parallel with and informed by the environmental assessment
work. A summary of the site layout development is provided within this section and is visually
presented in Figures 3-10 to 3-17.
A number of revisions of the proposed layout were developed as the scope of the project was
progressively refined to ensure conformance with planning, environmental and visual integration
requirements.
Figure 3-10 Site Layout Iteration 1
Iteration 1 of the proposed site layout is provided in Figure 3-10. This addressed existing topographical
constraints by configuring the site into a range of tiers/platforms hosting separate elements of the
plant (i.e. bunded tank farm, main process building (MPB)) on different finished ground levels. This
design would require a large amount of cut and fill, with the northern portion filled to raise ground
levels and the southern portion excavated into existing topography. RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 3-27
Whilst this layout design attempted to optimise the cut/fill balance, overall it would give rise to a
surplus of soil and stone material. As is evident from the yellow shaded area in Figure 3-10, the
required earthworks extended outside of the proposed planning boundary (red line area).
In terms of vehicle movement around the site, a one-way circulation system would operate around
the central hub of the MPB (the main destination point for the majority of HGV traffic generated by
the operation), with access also provided into the tank farm.
Figure 3-11 presents Site Layout Iteration 2, where the design of the plant has been optimised so that
all required earthworks could be accommodated within the red line through smaller buildings and the
utilisation of retaining walls and engineered slopes. The one-way system is further developed, with
HGV traffic entering the site from the L2280, being conveyed across the north of the MPB via a ramped
access and weighbridge/wheelwash. Within this layout, a range of vehicle turning zones have been
developed, most notably immediately to the north and south of the building (the south being where
the majority of vehicles will access the MPB).
Figure 3-11 Site Layout Iteration 2 RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 3-28
The updated layout also provides maximum flexibility in the process, with the inclusion of a digestate
evaporator, drying plant and pellet hall, enabling the production of different types of biofertiliser.
These include liquid digestate, fibre digestate, concentrate digestate and dried pellets.
Figure 3-12 Site Layout Iteration 3
Figure 3-12 presents Site Layout Iteration 3 that fully meets design requirements of the AD plant in
terms of optimal placement of all integrated elements, accessibility (tracking of vehicle movements
throughout the site), finished ground levels, engineering, earthworks and drainage. All buildings and
plant are sized and spaced appropriately throughout.
This layout accommodates modifications to the L2280, including partial realignment of the section
connecting to the R189 to provide appropriate sight lines / visibility splays. This resulted in some loss
of land within the red line area and subsequently required modification to the position and layout of
the Administration Building, its associated surface level car park and gas grid entry unit.
A number of retaining walls remain necessary to ensure a functional site in terms of levels,
configuration and earthworks. Finished ground levels still result in the generation of excess soil to be
moved off site. As presented in Figure 3-13, options were explored within the local area to establish
whether the red line boundary could be expanded to accommodate this material. RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 3-29
Figure 3-13 Options to Modify the Red Line Area to Accommodate Excess Fill Material
As illustrated on Figure 3-13, a number of options were considered to determine whether the red line
boundary could be extended to incorporate adjacent land within the Applicant's ownership, thereby
enabling the beneficial reuse of surplus excavated material on site.
Figure 3-13 identifies three areas immediately adjoining the site to the east, west and south that were
assessed for this purpose. Following an appraisal of engineering, environmental and operational
constraints, the land parcel to the west was discounted. However, the areas to the south and east
were considered suitable for the placement and profiling of surplus excavated soil and stone and,
consequently, the red line boundary was extended to include these areas.
The areas to the south and east were both considered suitable and complementary components of
the overall earthworks strategy and, consequently, the red line boundary was extended to include
both areas. While each area provides capacity for the beneficial reuse of surplus excavated soil and
stone, the southern extension offers the additional benefit of being directly connected to the main AD
plant site within the same landholding. This allows the earthworks to be integrated seamlessly with
the main development, including the formation of a landscaped screening berm that enhances the
visual integration of the Proposed Development within the surrounding landscape. This berm is shown
shaded in yellow on Figure 3-14. RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 3-30
Figure 3-14 Proposed Layout with Earthworks Berm (Shaded Yellow) RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 3-31
Figure 3-15 Site Layout Iteration 4
Site Layout Iteration 4, shown on Figure 3-15, was presented to MCC during the Section 247 pre-
planning consultation meeting held in July 2025. There were only minor changes from Iteration 3.
Following the pre-planning consultation, a number of changes were made to the proposed site design
and layout, resulting in Site Layout Iteration 5, shown on Figure 3-16. During the consultation process,
MCC highlighted the benefits of reducing the quantity of liquid digestate requiring export from the
site to support improved nutrient management within the County. In response, the process design
was refined to incorporate treatment of the liquid digestate fraction to produce a pelletised fertiliser
product. As the mechanical separation of digestate to produce a fibre digestate fraction already
formed part of the Proposed Development, this refinement related solely to the further treatment of
the liquid fraction. The revised process reduced the requirement for liquid digestate storage tanks and
associated process infrastructure, providing additional flexibility to optimise the overall site layout.
A further refinement introduced in Iteration 5 was the relocation of plant with a more industrial
appearance, including the Biogas Upgrading Plant (BUP), CO₂ Liquefaction Unit and CHP/Boiler Units,
from the eastern part of the site to a more central location. This enabled these structures to be
screened by surrounding buildings, reducing their visual prominence when viewed from the north and
east and improving the overall visual integration of the Proposed Development. RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 3-32
Figure 3-16 Site Layout Iteration 5
Other refinements included replacing the one-way internal circulation route with a two-way access
corridor aligned through the centre of the site. This reconfiguration created additional space for a
landscaped screening berm to the east of the Main Process Building (MPB), while also allowing internal
HGV movements to be more effectively screened from external views. As shown on Figure 3 -16,
almost the entire perimeter of the MPB visible from surrounding receptors is now capable of
accommodating landscape planting, representing a significant improvement in the visual integration
of the proposed development.
To further enhance the landscape strategy, the CHP units were enclosed within a dedicated building
located at the north-east corner of the bunded tank farm, reducing the visibility of industrial plant and
equipment from receptors to the north. In addition, one digester tank was removed from the tank
farm and the bunded area reconfigured, enabling the dryer building and pellet hall to be relocated
further from the site frontage. This refinement created additional space for soft landscaping along the
northern boundary, facilitating the construction of a further landscaped screening berm and
supplementary planting to strengthen the visual buffer between the Proposed Development and the
surrounding area. RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 3-33
Site Layout Iteration 5 subsequently formed the basis of the Environmental Impact Assessment and
was presented as the proposed development within the EIAR submitted in December 2025 and
following that January 2026.
Figure 3-17 Site Layout Iteration 6
The layout presented on Figure 3-17 represents the final design of the Proposed Development.
On 24 March 2026, MCC issued a request for Further Information under Article 33 of the Planning and
Development Regulations 2001 (as amended), advising that the information submitted with the
planning application was not sufficient to enable a decision to be made.
In relation to the proposed soil relocation area, MCC requested additional information concerning the
proposed reprofiling of the agricultural field, including confirmation of Environmental Impact
Assessment screening by the Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine (DAFM), preparation
of an Agricultural Improvement Plan by a suitably qualified agricultural adviser, a Hydrogeological Risk
Assessment, clarification of the quantity of excavated material proposed for relocation, and further
information regarding the suitability of the existing field access onto the L2320 for the associated HGV
movements. RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 3-34
Following consideration of the matters raised by MCC, the Applicant undertook a further review of
the reasonable alternatives available for the management of surplus excavated soil and stone arising
during construction of the Renewable Biogas Plant. The option included within the original planning
application involved the beneficial reuse of surplus excavated material through reprofiling of an
approximately 2.6 ha agricultural field within the wider landholding to the east of the R189. This
approach provided a local beneficial reuse for the material and minimised the distance over which it
would need to be transported.
As part of the further review, consideration was given to retaining the proposed soil relocation area
and undertaking the additional assessments and works identified through the Further Information
process or, alternatively, omitting this separate element of the Proposed Development and managing
the surplus excavated material off site. Having regard to the requirement for a separate construction
access onto the L2320 and the opportunity to reduce the overall extent of land and works forming
part of the current Proposed Development, the Applicant determined that the more appropriate
approach was to omit the soil relocation area and manage the surplus material off site.
Under the earthwork’s strategy, suitable excavated soil and stone will continue to be reused within
the Renewable Biogas Plant site to the maximum practicable extent, including as engineering fill and
in the formation of the proposed landscape screening berms. The project earthworks model identifies
approximately 98,420 m³ of excavated material, of which approximately 79,900 m³ will be reused
within the Renewable Biogas Plant site, resulting in a net surplus of approximately 18,520 m³. For the
purposes of the environmental assessments, this quantity has been conservatively rounded to
approximately 18,600 m³ of surplus excavated soil and stone requiring removal from the site.
The surplus material will be removed by suitably authorised contractors and transported for
appropriate reuse, recovery or disposal at an appropriately authorised receiving facility or facilities. A
specific receiving facility has not been identified at this stage. The Renewable Biogas Plant is
anticipated to become operational in 2030, with the relevant excavation and soil removal works
occurring during the preceding construction period. Given the period between preparation of the EIAR
and commencement of those works, the availability and capacity of individual authorised receiving
facilities may change. The final receiving facility or facilities will therefore be selected by the appointed
Contractor prior to commencement of the relevant excavation works, having regard to the applicable
waste authorisation, available capacity and waste acceptance criteria.
The environmental implications of the two approaches were considered as part of this review. The
previously proposed option had the environmental advantage of providing a local beneficial reuse for
the surplus material and minimising haulage distance, associated vehicle kilometres and transport
related greenhouse gas emissions. It did, however, require a separate approximately 2.6 ha land
reprofiling operation within the wider landholding, together with a separate construction access from
the L2320.
The original Water assessment also identified temporary construction related pathways associated
specifically with the reprofiling works, principally the potential for silt-laden runoff arising from soil
movement and ground disturbance and accidental releases from construction activity to enter the
existing field drainage network. These potential effects were assessed as negative, slight and short-
term prior to mitigation. The assessment did not identify any significant change to soil permeability or RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 3-35
aquifer recharge as a consequence of the proposed placement of soil within the area. Following
implementation of the identified surface water management measures, the residual construction
effect associated with the soil relocation area was assessed as neutral, imperceptible and short-term,
with the operational residual effect assessed as neutral, imperceptible and temporary.
The revised option removes this separate land reprofiling works and associated construction access
from the current Proposed Development and retains the agricultural field in its existing use.
Consequently, the temporary construction activities, water management pathways and mitigation
measure specific to the former soil relocation area no longer arise as part of the current Proposed
Development. The revised approach does, however, require the surplus excavated material to be
transported over a greater distance to an appropriately authorised off-site receiving facility or
facilities. The environmental trade-off between the alternatives therefore relates to the removal of a
separate land reprofiling and construction activity on the one hand, and the greater haulage distance
and associated transport related emissions on the other.
The revised approach does not materially alter the number of HGV loads required to transport the
surplus excavated material, as the same quantity of material required movement under the previously
proposed arrangement. Rather, the change affects the routing and distance over which those
movements will occur. Under the original proposal, the material would have been transferred over a
relatively short distance to the soil relocation area within the wider landholding. Under the revised
approach, surplus material will leave the Renewable Biogas Plant site via the L2280 and thereafter use
the R189 and R188 regional road network to access an appropriately authorised off-site receiving
facility or facilities.
Chapter 6, Material Assets: Traffic and Transport, has been updated to assess this revised
arrangement. Based on the approximately 18,600 m³ assessment quantity and an average load of
approximately 20 m³ per HGV, removal of the material is estimated to require approximately 930
loaded HGV trips, with approximately 28–30 HGV trips per day during the peak earthworks period.
The transport consequence of the revised strategy is therefore an increase in the distance travelled
by vehicles carrying the surplus material rather than an increase in the number of loads generated by
the earthworks themselves. Conversely, the revised approach removes the requirement for
construction HGVs associated with the soil relocation works to use the L2320 and the former field
access serving the soil relocation area.
The implications of the revised strategy for climate have also been incorporated into the updated
assessment in Chapter 14, Climate. The original EIAR recognised that the local reuse option reduced
greenhouse gas emissions by avoiding longer distance transport of the surplus excavated material to
an off site facility. The revised greenhouse gas assessment includes the off-site transport of the
approximately 18,600 m³ of surplus excavated soil and stone and therefore captures the increase in
transport-related greenhouse gas emissions associated with the greater haulage distance.
Notwithstanding this change, the overall assessment concludes that the effects of the Proposed
Project on climate remain positive, slight and not significant in EIA terms.
The revised strategy has also been considered in Chapter 13, Air Quality. The change affects haulage
distance rather than the number of HGV movements generated at the Renewable Biogas Plant site.
The construction dust and track out assessment already takes account of between 20 and 50 outward RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 3-36
HGV movements per day during peak construction periods and classifies the track out magnitude as
medium. The revised strategy therefore does not alter the basis or conclusions of the construction
dust and track out assessment. Construction traffic emissions also remain below the applicable
screening thresholds for a detailed local air quality assessment.
Chapter 10, Water (Hydrology & Hydrogeology), has similarly been updated to reflect the removal of
the former soil relocation area. The revised assessment therefore addresses the hydrological and
hydrogeological effects of the Renewable Biogas Plant and associated Linear Gas Grid Connection,
while the construction phase water management measures associated solely with the former soil
relocation works no longer form part of the Proposed Development. The revised Water Chapter
continues to address the management of soils and surface water runoff arising from excavation,
construction and road widening works at the Renewable Biogas Plant site.
Having regard to this comparison of environmental effects and taking account of the findings of the
updated Water, Traffic and Transport, Air Quality and Climate assessments, off-site management was
selected as the preferred alternative for the current Proposed Development. This approach enables
suitable excavated material to continue to be reused within the Renewable Biogas Plant site to the
maximum practicable extent, while removing the separate agricultural land reprofiling operation and
associated construction access from the current proposal. The environmental consequences
associated with the greater off site haulage distance have been incorporated into the relevant
technical assessments and do not alter the overall conclusions of the EIAR.
3.3.4.2 Proposed Architectural & Aesthetic Design
Similar to the proposed site layout, the final architectural and aesthetic design of the proposed
buildings (as described in Chapter 2) is the result of an iterative design process undertaken throughout
the planning and environmental assessment of the Proposed Development.
The original elevations of the Main Process Building (MPB), shown on Figure 3-18, comprised a simple
agricultural-style clad building with a pitched roof. The original design incorporated a uniform roof
ridge and wall height across the full length of the building, with maximum roof and wall heights of
approximately 15 m and 12 m, respectively.
As part of Stream's internal design review process, the architectural treatment of the building was
reconsidered to improve its visual integration within the receiving landscape. This resulted in a series
of architectural and aesthetic refinements, as illustrated on Figure 3-19, including modifications to the
building form, roof profile, façade treatment and material palette. RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 3-37
Figure 3-18 Original Main Process Building Design
In essence, the form and character of the MPB as shown on Figure 3-19 has been informed by the
existing farmyard building tradition, which in County Monaghan typically comprises a variety of
structures that have evolved over time in response to functional needs. The new design of the building
draws on these familiar forms, simple pitched roofs, robust gable ends, and a utilitarian layout to
ensure that the building maintains a sense of continuity with the local rural architectural vernacular.
Figure 3-19 Updated Main Process Building Design
The height of the pitched roof and associated walls was refined and set to meet the specific
operational need of that section of the building, rather than a uniform height. A decision was also
taken to allow the height of the roller shutter doors to be lowered, which in turn facilitated a reduction
in roof height.
This allowed for a significant lowering visual profile across the majority of the building, with wall
heights reduced to between 7 and 11.5 m and roof heights reduced to between 10.4 and 14.9 m.
The number of stacks associated with the odour control system was also reduce from two to one to
help reduce potential visual impact. RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 3-38
In terms of aesthetics, significant consideration was also given to the colour scheme for the buildings
and tanks in order to develop a preferred option that would provide the greatest degree of integration
into the landscape and skyline. Various options considered before arriving at the final design are
shown in Figure 3-20 below.
Figure 3-20 Biogas Plant Colour Scheme Options
3.3.4.3 Summary
Assessment of the alternatives considered during design of the plant confirms that the final design
configuration is optimal from a process engineering, civil engineering and environmental and planning
perspective. By prioritising the strategic placement of site features and the inclusion of screening
berms allowing the addition of landscaping and planting around the perimeter of the site, the final
design will minimise any potential environmental or visual impact from the plant.
The final design iteration provides improved environmental performance by reducing the visual profile
of the facility, taking industrial plant away from the regional road, increasing separation between
emission points and receptors, enabling meaningful landscape screening, and reducing internal HGV
turning movements. Earlier designs did not achieve the same level of environmental integration. RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 3-39
3.3.5 Alternative Processes
3.3.5.1 Alternative Waste Treatment Technologies
The following section outlines alternative technologies available for renewable energy generation and
why the production of renewable biomethane provides a more sustainable choice of technology for
processing organic waste over other treatment options. The primary treatment alternatives
considered in this context include anaerobic digestion (as proposed), composting (aerobic), and
energy-from-waste (EfW) incineration with energy recovery.
3.3.5.1.1 Anaerobic Digestion (Proposed Technology)
Anaerobic digestion is a biological process that breaks down organic waste in an oxygen-free
environment, producing biogas and digestate. The biogas primarily consists of methane (CH₄) and
biogenic CO₂. The proposed development will upgrade biogas to biomethane by separating and
capturing the biogenic CO₂, which will be utilised beneficially rather than released to the atmosphere,
thereby supporting Ireland’s climate mitigation targets, aligning with best practices for renewable gas
production and utilisation and enhancing overall environmental performance of the plant.
The AD process operates within sealed systems that avoid methane emissions (a potent greenhouse
gas) through stringent design controls and continuous monitoring.
Beyond greenhouse gas considerations, AD produces renewable energy and environmentally friendly
digestate, supporting circular economy principles through sustainable waste management and
nutrient recycling. The technology directly contributes to meeting national renewable heat and
transport targets, which remain less advanced than renewable electricity goals. The Climate Action
Plan 2025 underscores the importance of biomethane production from AD, aiming for 5.7 TWh of
renewable gas by 2030, with an abatement potential of 1.4 MtCO₂ equivalent, off which the country
is currently falling well short off.
In summary, anaerobic digestion of organic waste at the proposed development site offers a lower
emissions profile, renewable energy generation, biogenic CO₂ capture, and nutrient recycling benefits,
making it an environmentally preferable alternative to composting or EfW technologies for processing
organic waste streams.
3.3.5.1.2 Composting (Aerobic)
Aerobic composting involves the biological decomposition of organic waste in the presence of oxygen,
either in open windrows or enclosed systems. Composting is associated with higher emissions of
odour, ammonia, and VOCs, particularly when material is actively turned. In addition, the process may
generate dust and bioaerosols, which can become a nuisance or health risk if not properly managed.
These issues are particularly pronounced in open-air systems.
As the primary waste stream for the proposed development is poultry manure, in order to
appropriately compost this, it would be necessary to mix it with other waste streams, such as straw,
leaves, garden waste, wood chippings to achieve balance in nutrient ratios. This bulking process would RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 3-40
likely require a much larger facility than could be accommodated at the proposed development site
based on the proposed feedstock volumes.
Whilst typically more costly and complex, biomethane production through anaerobic digestion is
considered a more sustainable use of organic waste materials as it is a net producer of energy. This is
in contrast to composting, which requires the consumption of energy to provide aeration for microbial
activity whilst not producing any energy. The AD process generates enough heat and power both to
maintain itself and to allow export renewable gas to the grid.
The AD process also has a biosecurity advantage over composting in that it will destroy any pathogens
present in the feedstock during the pasteurisation stage to generate a pathogen free digestate for use
in agriculture and horticulture. Composting requires careful management to ensure pathogen
reduction.
3.3.5.1.3 Energy-from-Waste (EfW) Incineration
EfW, in common with AD, is a waste treatment technology that is also used to produce renewable
energy from waste. However, AD, and more specifically biomethane production, has a higher overall
energy efficiency compared to incineration. In addition, biomethane is a more flexible and adaptable
fuel that can be used for heating and as a transport fuel, as well as electricity generation which
incineration is limited to.
EfW technologies combust residual waste to generate energy, typically electricity, and occasionally
heat. Incineration of waste results in the emission of air pollutants including NOₓ, sulphur dioxide
(SO₂), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO₂), particulates (PM₁₀ and PM₂.₅), and potentially
heavy metals and dioxins (assuming it is not just poultry manure that is incinerated in such a plant).
While flue gas cleaning systems are required and effective in reducing emissions, the overall air
emission profile remains significantly higher than that associated with anaerobic digestion or
composting. The process also generates ash residues (bottom and fly ash), which require appropriate
disposal or treatment.
Incineration of low-moisture poultry manure is an effective waste-to-energy solution that can be
performed without the need for auxiliary fuel. Key aspects and considerations include using specific
incinerator designs, managing ash content, and controlling emissions. The process however destroys
valuable organic nutrients, precluding their return to soil systems. While the recovery of heat may
improve efficiency, Ireland’s current lack of district heating infrastructure significantly limits the
practical realisation of heat benefits. As such, EfW is less well aligned with circular economy principles
or Ireland’s national climate and decarbonisation strategies when compared with anaerobic digestion.
In terms of carbon reduction, biogas plants are more effective than EfW plants due to their ability to
capture methane and produce renewable energy with a lower carbon footprint. Biomethane
production also offers a much better fit in terms of creating a circular economy for the agri-food sector
in the region, producing sustainable fertilisers that can be applied back to land as well as producing
biogenic CO2 that can be used in food production and industry.
Anaerobic digestion offers the lowest overall air emissions profile due to its enclosed process,
produces renewable energy in a form that directly supports Ireland’s underachieving heat and
transport sectors, and enables nutrient recovery through digestate application. In contrast, RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 3-41
composting carries a higher risk of odour and VOC emissions, is less suited to food and wet commercial
waste, and provides no renewable energy benefit. EfW, meanwhile, generates significantly higher
emissions and does not facilitate resource recovery. Neither composting nor EfW support Ireland’s
renewable energy and decarbonisation goals to the extent anaerobic digestion does.
Accordingly, the proposed anaerobic digestion facility represents the most appropriate environmental
and technical solution for the site and waste stream in question.
3.3.5.2 Alternative Biogas Uses
Biogas generated from anaerobic digestion can be utilised in two main ways:
• directly combusted in CHP units on-site to produce electricity and heat; or
• upgraded to biomethane and injected into the national gas grid for broader energy use.
Combined Heat and Power (CHP)
The CHP option can provide on-site energy needs and export excess electricity to the grid. CHP offers
high energy efficiency by capturing heat. However, if there is insufficient local heat demand, the heat
component may be wasted, reducing overall efficiency.
From an emissions perspective, CHP combustion emits NOₓ, CO, PM, and trace VOCs, but at low levels
consistent with modern emission standards. Carbon dioxide is also emitted but this is biogenic and
considered carbon neutral.
Biomethane Upgrading and Injection to National Gas Grid
Alternatively, biogas can be upgraded by removing carbon dioxide, producing biomethane that meets
natural gas quality standards. This biomethane can be injected into the national gas grid, substituting
fossil fuel natural gas for various applications including residential heating, industrial processes, and
transport fuel.
This pathway provides significant flexibility as biomethane in the grid can reach a wide range of
consumers, facilitating the decarbonisation of sectors where direct electrification is challenging, such
as heating and heavy transport.
Additionally, the upgrading process allows for capture and beneficial use of biogenic CO₂, further
enhancing environmental performance.
From a climate perspective, injection of biomethane supports Ireland’s renewable heat and transport
targets, addressing sectors lagging renewable electricity. This pathway aligns with the Climate Action
Plan’s goal to deliver 5.7 TWh of biomethane by 2030.
Comparison
Using biogas to produce biomethane instead of generating electricity via CHP offers several key
environmental advantages:
• A High-Impact Solution for Decarbonising Difficult Sectors:
− When used as a direct replacement for fossil natural gas, biomethane enables
decarbonisation in hard-to-electrify sectors such as heating, transport, and industry. RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 3-42
• Avoids Waste of Renewable Heat:
− CHP systems can waste a significant portion of generated heat if there is no consistent
local demand or no district heating network. In contrast, biomethane offers flexibility,
as it can be used wherever gas infrastructure exists, avoiding the inefficiencies
associated with unused thermal energy.
• Biogenic CO₂ Capture and Utilisation:
− The biomethane pathway allows for separation and capture of biogenic carbon
dioxide during the upgrading process. This captured CO₂ can be utilised in commercial
and industrial applications, providing an additional environmental benefit—
preventing its release and displacing fossil-derived CO₂ used in industry.
• Lower Air Emissions:
− Upgrading to biomethane has lower combustion-related emissions and supports
cleaner air outcomes, especially important in sensitive or built-up areas.
3.3.5.3 Alternative Digestate Management Techniques
Digestate management alternatives include:
• Landspreading of whole digestate without any further separation or treatment.
• Additional treatment of digestate to ensure better nutrient management practices and reduce
potential environmental impacts.
Landspreading of whole digestate is not considered a viable option for the project given the issues
outlined in Section 3.3.1 and the problems associated with the over application of fertilisers in the
region.
Instead, whole digestate will be treated through a multi-stage process comprising separation
(generating a fibre component and liquid fraction), evaporation of the liquid fraction (generating a
concentrate and a condensate) and drying of the concentrate (generating a pellet). All digestate
produced at the plant will be treated in accordance with DAFM requirements, which includes
pasteurisation. These processes will allow the production of pasteurised sustainable biofertiliser
products with known nutrient levels that can be exported out of the county or used by local farmers
in accordance with nutrient management plans and good agricultural practice. This will result in
significant environmental and biosecurity betterment over current landspreading of raw manures or
landspreading of whole digestate.
Furthermore, condensate produced by these treatment processes will be re-circulated in the process,
significantly reducing volumes of traffic due to the reduction in the volume of digestate products
produced and reducing demand on local water supplies, both of which result in environmental
benefits.
3.3.5.4 Summary
Anaerobic digestion provides the most environmentally favourable and policy-aligned treatment
method for organic waste generated from County Monaghan’s large-scale poultry industry. In
comparison to composting, anaerobic digestion presents the only viable solution where energy
production and reduced environmental impact is achieved. RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 3-43
The technologies selected for processing the biogas and digestate produced at the plant offer
significant climate change and environmental benefits over other treatment options and will result in
a sustainable solution to managing organics wastes produced in the region.
In environmental terms, composting would lead to higher ammonia and odour emissions, while
Energy-from-Waste would generate higher combustion emissions and eliminate the nutrient-recovery
benefits of AD. Biomethane upgrading presents the lowest air-emission profile and the greatest
greenhouse-gas mitigation potential and is more efficient than CHP. For these reasons, the AD and
biomethane option is the most environmentally preferable technology.
Comparisons of alternative processes were carried out to a proportionate level appropriate for an
EIAR, recognising that detailed emissions modelling for technologies not proposed as part of the
development would not constitute reasonable assessment effort.
3.4 Conclusion
This Chapter sets out the reasonable alternatives considered by the Applicant to inform the proposal
of a renewable biogas plant at this location. Taking all alternatives into account and comparing their
likely environmental effects, the selected location, scale, design and processes represent the option
with the lowest overall environmental impact and the highest environmental and sustainability
benefit. Accordingly, this chapter demonstrates compliance with Annex IV (2) of Directive
2014/52/EU:
“A description of the reasonable alternatives (for example in terms
of project design, technology, location, size and scale) studied by
the developer, which are relevant to the proposed project and its
specific characteristics, and an indication of the main reasons for
selecting the chosen option, including a comparison of the
environmental effects.”
Alternative site locations, scale, design configurations and technologies were systematically
evaluated, with particular regard to local environmental sensitivities, planning policy, and the project’s
contribution to Ireland’s renewable energy and circular bioeconomy objectives. The selected
alternatives offer the greatest potential to minimise environmental effects while maximising resource
efficiency, energy recovery, and compatibility with surrounding land uses. RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 3-44
3.5 References
Fehily Timoney (2023) Baseline Emissions Inventory Report for County Monaghan
Government of Ireland (2024) National Biomethane Strategy
Government of Ireland (2025) Climate Action Plan 2025
Fehily Timoney (2021) Baseline Study Poultry Sector, Co. Monaghan – A baseline study quantifying the
scale of the poultry industry and identifying environmental impacts of the poultry sector within County
Monaghan
EPA (2025) Water Quality in Ireland 2019 - 2024
GNI (2023) Biomethane Energy Report
Central Statistics Office (2023) Farm Structure Survey
EPA (2020) Research Report No. 347
Fingleton White (2022) Border Region AD Feasibility Study
Local Government Ireland (2024) National Waste Management Plan for a Circular Economy 2024 -
2030
RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
AUGUST 2026
VOLUME II
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT
CHAPTER 4
POPULATION & HUMAN HEALTH
Stream BioEnergy Ireland Limited
RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 4-1
Table of Contents
4 Population & Human Health ................................................................................................... 4-4
4.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 4-4
4.2 Expertise and Qualifications.................................................................................................... 4-5
4.3 Proposed Project ..................................................................................................................... 4-5
4.3.1 Renewable Biogas Plant .......................................................................................................... 4-5
4.3.2 Linear Gas Grid Connection..................................................................................................... 4-6
4.3.3 Aspects Relevant to this Assessment ...................................................................................... 4-6
4.4 Methodology ........................................................................................................................... 4-9
4.4.1 Relevant Legislation & Guidance ............................................................................................ 4-9
4.4.2 Data Sources of Investigation ................................................................................................. 4-9
4.4.3 Study Area (Zone of Influence) ............................................................................................... 4-9
4.4.4 Population Impact Assessment Categories ........................................................................... 4-11
4.4.5 Description of Effects ............................................................................................................ 4-14
4.5 Difficulties Encountered ........................................................................................................ 4-14
4.6 Baseline Environment ........................................................................................................... 4-15
4.6.1 Current Land Use................................................................................................................... 4-15
4.6.2 Surrounding Land Uses ......................................................................................................... 4-15
4.6.3 Sensitive Receptors ............................................................................................................... 4-16
4.6.4 Public Transport and Accessibility ......................................................................................... 4-16
4.6.5 Population and Health Sensitivity within Study Area ........................................................... 4-17
4.6.6 Employment .......................................................................................................................... 4-22
4.6.7 Social Infrastructure .............................................................................................................. 4-23
4.6.8 Natural Resources within the Study Area ............................................................................. 4-24
4.6.9 Risk of Major Accident, Hazards, or Disasters....................................................................... 4-25
4.7 The ‘Do Nothing’ Scenario .................................................................................................... 4-27
4.7.1 Renewable Biogas Plant Site ................................................................................................. 4-27
4.7.2 Linear Gas Grid Connection................................................................................................... 4-28
4.8 Potential Impact Assessment ................................................................................................ 4-28
4.8.1 Construction Phase ............................................................................................................... 4-28
4.8.2 Operational Phase ................................................................................................................. 4-35
4.9 Mitigation Measures ............................................................................................................. 4-38
4.9.1 Renewable Biogas Plant Site ................................................................................................. 4-38
4.9.2 Gas Grid Connection ............................................................................................................. 4-41
4.10 Residual Impact Assessment ................................................................................................. 4-42
4.10.1 Construction Phase ............................................................................................................... 4-42
4.10.2 Operational Phase ................................................................................................................. 4-44 RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
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4.10.3 Cumulative Effects ................................................................................................................ 4-45
4.10.4 Summary of Post-mitigation Effects ..................................................................................... 4-47
4.11 Risk of Major Accidents or Disasters ..................................................................................... 4-48
4.12 Worst Case Scenario ............................................................................................................. 4-49
4.13 Interactions ........................................................................................................................... 4-50
4.14 Monitoring ............................................................................................................................ 4-50
4.15 Summary of Mitigation and Monitoring ............................................................................... 4-50
4.16 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................. 4-51
4.17 References and Sources ........................................................................................................ 4-52
RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
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Table of Figures
Figure 4-1 Location of the Proposed Development within the Study Area ....................................... 4-10
Figure 4-2 Health sensitivity: conceptual model (Source: Health Impact Assessment Guidance (IPH,
2021)) ................................................................................................................................................. 4-12
Figure 4-3 Health magnitude: conceptual model (Source: Health Impact Assessment Guidance (IPH,
2021)) ................................................................................................................................................. 4-13
Figure 4-4: Health Significance: Conceptual Model ........................................................................... 4-14
Figure 4-5: Residential Dwellings withing 500 metres radius (Source: MH Planning GIS Team) ...... 4-16
Figure 4-6: Basic Model of the Pobal HP Deprivation Index .............................................................. 4-18
Table of Tables
Table 4-1 Population 2016 & 2022, and Percentage Change (Source: CSO) ..................................... 4-17
Table 4-2: Pobal HP Index Relevant Index Score labels (Source: Pobal HP Deprivation Index)......... 4-19
Table 4-3: Deprivation Score within the Study Area (Pobal HP Deprivation Index, 2022 Census) .... 4-19
Table 4-4 Breakdown of the Population by Age Cohort (Source: CSO) ............................................. 4-19
Table 4-5: Age Dependency Ratio within the Study Area (Pobal Geo-Profiling, 2022 Census) ......... 4-21
Table 4-6: Self-reported Measure of Population Health (CSO, 2022 Census) ................................... 4-21
Table 4-7: Persons with a Disability (CSO, 2022 Census) ................................................................... 4-22
Table 4-8: EPA Licensed Facilities Within the Study Area (EPA, November 2025) ............................ 4-27
Table 4-9 Summary of Construction Phase Effects Post Mitigation .................................................. 4-47
Table 4-10 Summary of Operational Phase Effects Post Mitigation .................................................. 4-48
Table 4-11 Summary of Construction Phase Mitigation and Monitoring .......................................... 4-50
Table 4-12 Summary of Operational Phase Mitigation and Monitoring ........................................... 4-50
RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
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4 Population & Human Health
4.1 Introduction
This Human Health and Population Impact Assessment has been prepared to assess the likely
significant effects on human health population in respect of the Proposed Development.
The EU (2017) Guidance on the preparation of the Environmental Impact Assessment Report outlines
that human health is a very broad factor that is be highly project dependent. This guidance states:
The notion of human health should be considered in the context of the other factors in Article 3(1) of
the EIA Directive and thus environmentally related health issues (such as health effects caused by the
release of toxic substances to the environment, health risks arising from major hazards associated with
the project, effects caused by changes in disease vectors caused by the project, changes in living
conditions, effects on vulnerable groups, exposure to traffic noise or air pollutants) are obvious aspects
to study.
Human health should be considered in the context of environmental pathways which may affect
health such as air quality, noise, water and soil quality. All can contribute to negative effects on human
health by facilitating the transport of contaminants or pollutants. An evaluation of the effects of these
pathways on health, by considering the accepted standards of safety in dose, exposure or risk of air
quality and noise levels for example, is considered appropriate, as these standards have been arrived
at via scientific and medical research.
The EPA Guidelines (2022) notes that the transposing legislation does not require assessment of land-
use planning, demographic issues, or detailed socioeconomic analysis (EPA, 2022).
Furthermore, in accordance with the EPA (EPA, 2022), the assessment of impacts on population and
human health should refer to the assessments of those factors under which human health effects
might occur, as addressed elsewhere in the Environmental Impact Assessment Report (EIAR).
It is noted that other chapters of the EIAR also deal with likely significant environmental effects on
population and human health arising from traffic and transportation, air quality and climate, noise
and vibration, landscape and visual, material assets: built services and the risk of major accidents
and/or disasters and those chapters should be referenced in conjunction with this chapter of the EIAR.
Where these topics are dealt with in further detail elsewhere in this EIA Report, the relevant chapters
have been cross referenced in this Chapter to provide the Planning Authority with a context for their
determination.
The assessment of other health and safety issues that are carried out under other EU Directives are
also relevant. These may include reports prepared under the Industrial Emissions, Waste Framework,
Landfill, Strategic Environmental Assessment, Seveso III, Water Framework Directive, Floods or
Nuclear Safety Directives. In keeping with the requirement of the amended Directive, an EIAR
considers the results of such assessments without duplicating them. RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
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4.2 Expertise and Qualifications
This chapter of the EIAR has been prepared by Marcelle Jordaan and Sarah Robertson of AWN
Consulting.
Marcelle Jordaan is an Environmental Consultant at AWN Consulting. She has experience preparing
Population and Human Health Reports, EIA Reports, and EIA Screening Reports, as well as providing
EPA IE licence support, compliance reporting, site visits, environmental audits, and ongoing
environmental support to licensed sites across a range of developments. She works with clients across
different sectors, including pharmaceutical plants, ICT facilities, and residential projects. She holds a
BSc in Environmental and Biological Sciences, specialising in Environmental Microbiology, from North-
West University, South Africa.
Sarah Robertson is a Principal Environmental Consultant in AWN Consulting with responsibility for IED
licence applications, GMM and DAFM ABP certificates. She also provides EIAR management and
specialist input to EIAR chapters. Sarah has over fifteen years’ experience working in the
environmental field in impact assessment, EIAR management, environmental masterplans, urban
planning, waste management, specialist ecological surveys, AA screening and Natura Impact
Statements. Sarah holds a BA. Hons (mod Science), MSc. and a Diploma in Environmental Engineering,
and has worked in Ireland, the UK, and the USA.
4.3 Proposed Project
The “proposed development” for which the Applicant seeks planning permission comprises the
development of a Renewable Biogas Plant and alterations to the local road to facilitate access.
The overall “project” subject to Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) also includes the Linear Gas
Grid Connection, which forms part of the wider development but lies outside the planning application
boundary.
The following is a summary of the Proposed Project. Please refer to Chapter 2 of this EIAR for the
detailed description.
4.3.1 Renewable Biogas Plant
The project consists of the construction and operation of a Renewable Biogas Plant and associated
infrastructure. The principal elements of the plant comprise a main process building where the
feedstock for the anaerobic digestion (AD) process is received. An odour control system with a
dispersion stack will treat the air from the building. The feedstock passes to the AD tanks located
within a bunded tank farm. There is a combined heat and power (CHP) building within which a gas
fired CHP engine will generate electricity for the plant's energy needs. A Biogas Upgrade and
Treatment Plant will be installed to produce biomethane (a renewable natural gas) that will be
exported via a Gas Grid Entry Unit to the national gas grid. A CO2 Liquefaction plant will be installed to
capture the carbon dioxide in the biogas, turning it into liquid CO₂. A Dryer Building is proposed, where
the digestate will be dried, and a Pellet Hall will be constructed, where the digestate pellets will be
stored prior to removal from the site for use as a natural fertiliser product. Ancillary elements include
a gas dome, tanks to store incoming liquid feedstock, freshwater, firewater, and fuel, a backup gas RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
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flare, a backup generator, a plant building, and a control building. Widening of the local road, berms,
a new site entrance, weighbridges, wheel washes, parking, lighting and all ancillary development
works and services also form part of the development.
A high-level process flow follows.
4.3.2 Linear Gas Grid Connection
A gas transmission pipeline will provide a physical connection between the Renewable Biogas Plant
and the existing national gas network in Dromore West. Co. Monaghan. While the development of the
gas grid is not part of the planning application, as Gas Networks Ireland will deliver it, it is included in
the EIAR for assessment purposes, as it forms part of the overall project for the EIA Directive. The
works comprise the laying of an underground pipeline over approximately 3.5km within the public
road corridor.
4.3.3 Aspects Relevant to this Assessment
4.3.3.1 Introduction
The Proposed Development area covers 6.2 hectares and is located at the junction of the R189 and
L2280 roads in Maghernakelly, Drum, County Monaghan. The site is centred at ITM X: 658945, Y:
818441. It comprises agricultural fields and will primarily involve a change from the existing improved
grasslands to a Renewable Biogas Plant. The linear gas grid connection is within the public road
corridor. RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
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4.3.3.2 Population
Construction Phase
The potential increase in the temporary population of the area during construction as a result of the
employment of workers from outside the Monaghan area that may choose to reside in the immediate
and wider local area, is likely to amount to only a small percentage of the workforce employed during
the construction phase.
Operational Phase
There is no predicted increase in local population as a result of the operational phase of the proposed
development.
4.3.3.3 Employment and Economics
Construction Phase
The employment of workers from outside the Monaghan area will result in some additional trade for
local accommodation and services.
Operational Phase
During the operational phase, the Proposed Development will result in an increase (c. 30 workers) in
local employment.
4.3.3.4 Health
Construction Phase
Construction activities can generate dust emissions which have the potential to impact air quality,
which can potentially impact the health and well-being of nearby residents and workers. Dust
emissions will primarily occur during site preparation works and the movement of trucks on site and
entering/exiting the site.
Construction activities can generate noise and vibrations which can potentially impact the health and
well-being of nearby residents and workers.
Operational Phase
The Proposed Development and plant equipment can generate noise levels during operation due to
the operation of various mechanical components including CHP engines, dryers, pumps, fans, and
agitators. Excess noise can cause disturbances, affect sleep patterns, and lead to stress-related health
issues for sensitive receptors.
The plant will utilise best available technologies and operating systems. Several abatement systems
are incorporated into the plant design to mitigate the potential for adverse impacts on the
environment and human health. These include indoor delivery and handling of feedstock and its
processing in an enclosed and sealed system, a multi-stage odour treatment process, acoustic
containment of engines and other noise generating equipment and an engineered site drainage
containment system. RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
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The proposed 2 no. Combined Heat and Power (CHP) generators, boiler, dryer, and odour control
stack, once operational, will emit pollutants, primarily NO2, SO2, CO, PM10, PM2.5, and NH3 during
combustion and air extraction processes. Odour can be generated from the delivery and handling of
feedstocks. These pollutants can contribute to poor air quality.
There is a requirement for bulk diesel/ raw material storage on site which are utilised during the AD
process. The fuels will be stored in a bunded area in appropriately designed tanks. All raw materials
required for the AD process will be stored within the main building in appropriately designed tanks
and within bunded locations. In the event of accidental leaks or spills of these substances, including
the release of biogas and/or LPG gases, there is a potential risk of fire hazards as described in the
Major Accidents and Disasters chapter. These hazards can result in bodily harm to nearby workers and
residents, and/or result in pollutant emissions which can potentially impact the health and well-being
of nearby residents and workers.
4.3.3.5 Residential Amenity
Construction Phase
The construction phase may result in temporary disruptions to nearby businesses, residents, and
public amenities. These will largely relate to nuisances (noise, traffic, dust) and are discussed in detail
within this chapter and the corresponding specialist chapters.
The construction phase can result in increased traffic on the local road network, particularly during
the delivery of construction materials and equipment. Additionally, construction operatives will travel
to and from the site on a daily basis.
Operational Phase
Once operational, the primary impacts to residential amenity will be from landscape and visual
impacts, traffic generation, and air quality. These are discussed in detail within this chapter and the
corresponding specialist chapters.
4.3.3.6 Local Amenity Impacts
Construction Phase
The Proposed Development construction works can have a visual impact on the surrounding area. The
presence of construction works can alter the aesthetic appeal of the landscape and potentially impact
the wellbeing and satisfaction of nearby residents.
Operational Phase
The Proposed Development structures can have a visual impact on the surrounding area. The presence
of industrial facilities can alter the aesthetic appeal of the landscape and potentially impact the
wellbeing and satisfaction of nearby residents. RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
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4.4 Methodology
4.4.1 Relevant Legislation & Guidance
This chapter has been prepared in accordance with:
• Guidelines on the Information to be Contained in Environmental Impact Assessment
Reports. Environment Protection Agency (EPA, 2022).
• Health Impact Assessment Guidance. Institute of Public Health (IPH), (IPH, 2021).
• Environmental Impact Assessment of Projects: Guidance on the preparation of the
Environmental Impact Assessment Report European Commission (EU, 2017).
This chapter follows these guidelines and will examine the health effects relevant to the proposed
development as they relate to the relevant study area.
The description of the sensitivity, magnitude and significance, outlined within this assessment are
based on the Health Impact Assessment Guidance (IPH, 2021) criteria, while the probability and
duration of effects are based on the definitions set out within Section 3.7 of the ‘Guidelines on
information to be contained in Environmental Impact Assessment Reports’ (EPA, 2022).
4.4.2 Data Sources of Investigation
The following sources of information have been used in this assessment:
• 2022 Census results carried out by the Central Statistics Office (CSO) 03 April 2022. Made
available from https://www.cso.ie/en/
• 2016 Census carried out by the Central Statistics Office (CSO) 24 April 2016. Made
available from https://www.cso.ie/en/
• Pobal HP Deprivation Index based on 2022 Census Data (CSO) Made available from
https://www.pobal.ie/
• Pobal HP Deprivation Index based on 2016 Census Data (CSO) Made available from
https://www.pobal.ie/
• Google maps available from https://www.google.com/maps
• OpenStreetMap and contributors available from https://www.openstreetmap.org
• Health and Safety Authority (HSA) online register of Notified Seveso Establishments
available from:
https://www.hsa.ie/eng/your_industry/chemicals/legislation_enforcement/comah/list_
of_establishments/.
4.4.3 Study Area (Zone of Influence)
There is no specific guidance available on an appropriate study area to focus the assessment of existing
land use and/or permitted projects. The research area has been established using expert judgement
and based on the accessibility of data and taking into consideration the potential for impact from the
proposed development.
It is acknowledged that projects like the one proposed can have an impact on activity in a larger area
than only the site itself. Generally, the closer to the works, the greater the potential for impacts. Based RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 4-10
on our professional experience with similar developments, and the sensitivity of the surrounding
source-pathway-receptor human baseline, the majority of the potential environmental impacts are
likely to be confined within 50-150 m of the Proposed Development. Some effects from the Proposed
Development, including air quality and traffic, might have a larger area of effect, and these are
addressed in further detail in the corresponding expert assessments that set out the chapters within
this EIAR.
The project being considered is not expected to have Regional, National or International, or
Transboundary impacts on Human Health. Therefore, the study area has been restricted to the
neighbouring community (site-specific population), and wider community (local population). A
general study area of 1 km from the site location is included for population statistics, while the wider
area of 2.5 km from the site location has been used to inform the baseline description of the area.
In the desk-based assessment of Population Health Sensitivity the use of Electoral Divisions (ED)
statistics from CSO have been utilised. Electoral Divisions are the smallest legally defined
administrative areas in the state; developed with the intention of producing areas roughly equivalent
in both population and "rateable value" (CSO).
The Study Area for the Proposed Development includes Electoral Divisions (EDs) that are either
entirely or partially within 1 km of the site. The Proposed Development is located in the Dawsongrove
(177032) ED, with the Aghabog (177001) ED situated within 1 km of the Proposed Development site.
Both the Dawsongrove and Aghabog EDs are located in County Monaghan and are under the authority
of the Monaghan County Council.
Figure 4-1 Location of the Proposed Development within the Study Area
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4.4.4 Population Impact Assessment Categories
4.4.4.1 Assessment of Sensitivity of Population
The assessment of significance of an impact is a professional appraisal based on the sensitivity of the
receptor and the magnitude of effect. Within any area, the sensitivity of individuals in a population
will vary. The Health Impact Assessment Guidance (IPH, 2021) sets out conceptual model of the
different components of sensitivity (see Figure 4-2 Health sensitivity: conceptual model (Source:
Health Impact Assessment Guidance (IPH, 2021))). It uses criteria (segments) and indicative
classifications (levels) to explore, and explain, a finding of sensitivity. The conclusion may be
summarised as a high, medium, low or negligible sensitivity to change.
The existing sensitivity of the receiving environment (in terms of population and human health) has
been appraised for the study area with a desk-based assessment of routine demographic and health
indicators, rather than the use of surveys or collection of primary data. This includes analysis of
existing data (based on the availably of information) from the Central Statistics Office (CSO) and Pobal
to build up a profile of the baseline population information within the study area. Topographical maps
and Google maps have also been used to inform the baseline description of the area to inform the
proximity of the site to areas of economic activity, employment, community infrastructure, emergency
services, tourism and recreation amenities. RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
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Figure 4-2 Health sensitivity: conceptual model (Source: Health Impact Assessment Guidance
(IPH, 2021))
4.4.4.2 Magnitude of Impact
Magnitude considers the characteristics of the change which would affect the receptor as a result of
the proposal. The Health Impact Assessment Guidance (IPH, 2021) sets out a conceptual model of the
different components of sensitivity (Figure 4 3). Again, this model provides different components of
magnitude. It uses criteria (segments) and indicative classifications (levels) to explore, and explain, a
finding of magnitude. The conclusion may be summarised as a high, medium, low or negligible
magnitude of change. RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
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Figure 4-3 Health magnitude: conceptual model (Source: Health Impact Assessment Guidance
(IPH, 2021))
4.4.4.3 Significance of Effects
Significance relies on informed, expert judgement about what is important, desirable or acceptable
with regards to changes triggered by the proposal in question. The assessment of the significance of
effects in this assessment is a professional appraisal and has been based on the relationship between
the magnitude of the effects and the sensitivity of the receptor.
The Health Impact Assessment Guidance (IPH, 2021) sets out a conceptual model of the different
components of significance. It uses criteria (segments) and indicative classifications (levels) to explore,
and explain, a finding that a health effect is significant or not significant.
The Health Impact Assessment Guidance (IPH, 2021) model brings together different types of
evidence, e.g. scientific literature, public health priorities, regulatory standards and health policy. The
model thus not only take into account a range of evidence sources, but also a diversity of professional
perspectives, e.g. academics, public health practitioners, regulators and policy makers.
The model below, includes the factors of magnitude of impact and the sensitivity of receptors as
determined in Section 4.4.4.1 and Section 4.4.4.2 above. This EIA assessment typically relies on RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
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regulatory thresholds, where there would be formal monitoring by regulators, to set out the
acceptability or desirability of change to population health.
Figure 4-4: Health Significance: Conceptual Model
4.4.5 Description of Effects
The Description of Effects follows the terminology set out in Table 3.4 of the EPA Guidelines (2022)
which are reproduced in the Introduction Chapter of this EIAR.
4.5 Difficulties Encountered
No particular difficulties were encountered in preparing the population assessment.
There are uncertainties in relation to assessing impacts on individuals or communities due to the lack
of individual health data and the difficulty in predicting effects, which can only be based on general
guidance and assumptions.
Forecasting methods and methodology, if any, are set out within the specialist chapters that this
assessment relies upon. RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
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4.6 Baseline Environment
For the purposes of this baseline environment assessment, the three components (Renewable Biogas
Plant and Linear Gas Grid Connection) have been primarily considered as one development, with the
exception of the consideration of current land use.
4.6.1 Current Land Use
4.6.1.1 Renewable Biogas Plant Site
The Proposed Development site falls under the Monaghan Development Plan 2025 - 2031. Zoning
designations have been reviewed according to this plan. The Proposed Development site is currently
unzoned.
The Proposed Renewable Biogas Site covers 6.2 hectares and comprises two improved grassland fields
separated by an overgrown hedgerow and ditch. It is bounded by maintained hedgerows and ditches
and accessed via gated entrances from adjacent public roads.
It is positioned approximately 4.5 km north of Cootehill, 11.2 km southeast of Clones, and 17.5 km
south of Monaghan Town, with access from the R189 regional road, which connects to both the N54
and R188.
Boundary roads include:
• R189 to the east,
• L2280 Drumcall Road to the north,
• L22802 (McKeever’s Road) to the west.
Site access is proposed from the L2280 approximately 140 m west of the R189. It is proposed to widen
this road into the existing verge. Under the Monaghan Development Plan 2025 –2031, the site is
unzoned and surrounded by rural greenfield land with scattered residential properties and farms.
Approximately four low-sensitivity receptors lie within 200 m of the site. These are locations where
people are present only briefly or where a high level of amenity is not expected.
4.6.1.2 Linear Gas Grid Connection
The proposed pipeline is not part of the Proposed Development, however, it is assessed solely because
it is functionally related infrastructure, as required under the EIA Directive. The proposed route is
approximately 3.5km in length and is located along the R189 and R188. The route is entirely within
the existing public road corridor.
4.6.2 Surrounding Land Uses
The Proposed Development site is located in an area which is predominantly rural in nature, with a
dispersed residential population. The area comprises primarily single-family homes and farms,
reflecting the agricultural character of County Monaghan. These residences are spread across the
countryside, contributing to a low-density living environment. RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
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The Proposed Development is directly bounded on all sides by rural greenfield sites, along with a mix
of existing residential properties and farms.
The wider area is predominantly agricultural, characterized by a dispersed settlement pattern with
the majority of residential units being single, standalone structures spread across the landscape.
4.6.3 Sensitive Receptors
For the purposes of this chapter, the sensitive receptors are the residential dwellings depicted in the
following Figure.
Figure 4-5: Residential Dwellings withing 500 metres radius (Source: MH Planning GIS Team)
Within the 500m band, there are 11 dwellings. The nearest residential dwellings to the proposed
Renewable Biogas Plant Site are those to the south and southeast and both are linked to the
landowner who has given consent for the application.
4.6.4 Public Transport and Accessibility
The Proposed Renewable Biogas Site is in a rural area and as such there are limited to no public
transport options available in the wider vicinity of the site. TFI Local Link operates services within the
Cavan-Monaghan area, however these are not accessible from the Proposed Development site.
The R189 regional route is the principal transport route in the vicinity of the Renewable Biogas Plant
Site, travelling in a north-west to south-east direction across the study area and located directly
adjacent to the eastern boundary of the Site. The R188 regional route is also located within the study RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
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area, travelling in a north-east to south-west direction to intersect with the R189. Additionally, there
is a network of local roads throughout the study area.
4.6.5 Population and Health Sensitivity within Study Area
The purpose of the population health sensitivity assessment is to identify the likely sensitivity of the
local population and its capacity to absorb change. It is considered that for the purpose of this
assessment that available data on: Population; Deprivation; Life Stage; and Health Status within the
Study Area provides sufficient information to establish the population sensitivity and to provide the
Planning Authority with a context for this assessment.
4.6.5.1 Population
The most recent census of population was carried out by the CSO on the 3rd of April 2022. The census
compiles data for the whole state as well as smaller individual areas including counties, cities, towns,
and electoral divisions. Taking into consideration the location of the Proposed Development, the
census information on population, age profile, employment, and social class, has been analysed in
relation to the development site.
Table 4-1 denotes the population change of the State and the electoral divisions which make up the
Study Area for the census years 2016 and 2022. The latest census data (2022) shows that the ED of
Dawsongrove had a higher percentage population growth as compared to the Republic of Ireland
(ROI), while the ED of Aghabog saw a decrease in population growth ( see Table 4-1).
Table 4-1 Population 2016 & 2022, and Percentage Change (Source: CSO)
No. Area 2016 2022 %
Change
2016 -
2022
1 State – Republic of Ireland 4,761,865 5,149,139 +8.1%
2 Dawsongrove 681 752 +10.4%
3 Aghabog 342 318 -7.1%
4.6.5.2 Deprivation
The Health Impact Assessment Guidance (IPH, 2021) outlines that impact assessments should consider
if the population is already stressed by limited resources or high burdens as well as if groups are
affected that have reduced access to financial, social and political resources. Deprivation differences
between areas are indicative of social gradients, which are central to the consideration of health
inequalities.
Deprivation statistics for Ireland are available from the Pobal HP Deprivation Index that shows the
overall affluence and deprivation. This Index draws on data from the national Census and combines
three dimensions of relative affluence and deprivation: Demographic Profile, Social Class Composition
and Labour Market Situation that are measured by ten key socio-economic indicators from the Census
of Population. RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
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Figure 4-6: Basic Model of the Pobal HP Deprivation Index
The Pobal HP Deprivation Index Relative Index Score allows for the provision of descriptive labels with
the scores, which are grouped by standard deviation as seen in Table 4-2 below.
In order to make a uniform assessment using the conceptual model as set out in Figure 4-6 above a
relative Population Sensitivity the Deprivation Score of ‘Very disadvantaged’, or ‘Extremely
disadvantaged’ would represent a high sensitivity. Conversely, a ‘Extremely affluent’ or ‘Very affluent’
would represent a very low sensitivity.
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Table 4-2: Pobal HP Index Relevant Index Score labels (Source: Pobal HP Deprivation Index)
Deprivation Score Pobal HP Description Sensitivity of Population
> 30 Extremely affluent Very Low
20 to 30 Very affluent Very Low
10 to 20 Affluent Low
0 to 10 Marginally above average Low
0 to -10 Marginally below average Moderate
-10 to -20 Disadvantaged Moderate
-20 to -30 Very disadvantaged High
< -30 Extremely disadvantaged High
The data in Table 4-3 show the Pobal HP Deprivation Index Relevant Index Scores for the Study Area
based on the 2022 Census. Pobal have not released deprivation scores at the national level for 2022,
so the Monaghan County score has been utilised for comparison here instead. The Deprivation Index
shows that for the year 2022, both of the ED’s in the Study Area are ‘Marginally Below Average’, which
is in line with the deprivation index of Monaghan County. This indicates a Moderate Population
Sensitivity (Deprivation) within the Study Area.
Table 4-3: Deprivation Score within the Study Area (Pobal HP Deprivation Index, 2022 Census)
Area Deprivation Score Pobal HP Description
Monaghan County -3.23 Marginally Below Average
Dawsongrove -1.87 Marginally Below Average
Aghabog -2.33 Marginally Below Average
4.6.5.3 Life Stage (Age Dependency)
Table 4-4 Breakdown of the Population by Age Cohort (Source: CSO)
Area Age Cohorts
(years)
Population Age Cohorts Percentage
0-4 65 8.64%
5-9 54 7.18%
10-14 51 6.78%
15-19 57 7.58%
20-24 34 4.52%
25-29 40 5.32%
30-34 38 5.05%
35-39 59 7.85%
40-44 56 7.45%
45-49 52 6.91%
50-54 35 4.65% RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 4-20
Table 4-4 describes the population breakdown by age within the Study Area. The Health Impact
Assessment Guidance (IPH, 2021) outlines that life-course analysis is often used in public health and
reflects differing health sensitivities and needs at different ages. Typically, children and older people
are particularly sensitive to change, including due to being dependants. Dependents are defined for
statistical purposes as people outside the normal working age of 15-64. Dependency ratios are used
to give a useful indication of the age structure of a population with young (0-14) and old (65+) shown
as a percentage of the population of working age (15-64).
A low dependency ratio indicates that there is a larger proportion of working population age (15–64)
years as compared to young (0-14) and old (65+). Conversely, a high dependency ratio indicates that
there is a larger proportion of young (0-14) and old (65+) as compared to working population age. High
dependency ratio can also indicate if some groups are more likely to be at home during the day (for
example, due to childcare, or retired persons) and would therefore be more likely to be impacted by
a development within the area.
Area Age Cohorts
(years)
Population Age Cohorts Percentage
Dawsongrove 55-59 46 6.12%
60-64 49 6.52%
65-69 45 5.98%
70-74 31 4.12%
75-79 25 3.32%
80-84 9 1.20%
85 and over 6 0.80%
Aghabog
0-4 12 3.77%
5-9 21 6.60%
10-14 28 8.81%
15-19 31 9.75%
20-24 10 3.14%
25-29 9 2.83%
30-34 14 4.40%
35-39 18 5.66%
40-44 21 6.60%
45-49 26 8.18%
50-54 28 8.81%
55-59 21 6.60%
60-64 24 7.55%
65-69 15 4.72%
70-74 15 4.72%
75-79 11 3.46%
80-84 11 3.46%
85 and over 3 0.94% RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 4-21
Age dependency ratio is available through the Pobal Online Geo-Profiling tools
(https://maps.pobal.ie/) which are based on the national Census.
The age dependency ratio for the Study Area is presented in Table 4-5. This ratio reflects the
proportion of individuals typically considered economically dependent (children aged 0–14 and adults
aged 65+) relative to the working-age population. The Study Area shows lower overall dependency
when compared with the national average, indicating a higher proportion of working-age residents.
Within the sensitivity conceptual model (IPH, 2021) shown in Figure 4-2, a population characterised
by a higher proportion of working-age adults is considered to be at a more independent life stage,
with fewer characteristics associated with dependency. This demographic profile suggests that
residents are more mobile, more likely to be engaged in employment outside the home, and therefore
potentially less sensitive to disturbance or disruption arising from a development than a more
dependant population
Table 4-5: Age Dependency Ratio within the Study Area (Pobal Geo-Profiling, 2022 Census)
Area Age Dependency Ratio for Census Year (%)
2016 2022
State - Republic of Ireland 52.70 53.22
Dawsongrove 37.26 38.03
Aghabog 38.01 36.48
4.6.5.4 Health Status (General Health)
The CSO as part of the census records an overall self-reported measure of population health within
Ireland. Areas with a poor health status are typically considered to be of a higher sensitivity and more
susceptible to change in environmental conditions.
Table 4-6 below shows the self-reported measure of population health within the Study Area
compared to ROI. This shows the area predominately self-reports their health as ‘Very Good’, which
is in-line with national trends.
Table 4-6: Self-reported Measure of Population Health (CSO, 2022 Census)
Area % population describing their general health
Not Stated Very Bad Bad Fair Good Very Good
State - Republic of Ireland 6.74% 0.32% 1.41% 8.64% 29.66% 53.23%
Dawsongrove 1.32% 0.27% 1.06% 7.97% 30.05% 59.30%
Aghabog 1.89% 0% 0.62% 9.75% 30.19% 57.55%
4.6.5.5 Ability to Perform Daily Activities
People’s ability to perform day-to-day activities is relevant to population sensitivity, particularly where
there are changes in access to services or community amenities. Persons with disabilities can also be
more susceptible to the changes in environmental conditions. The CSO as part of the census records
an overall self-reported measure of persons with disabilities within Ireland. RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 4-22
Table 4-7 details the number of persons with a disability compared to the population as a whole. The
data shows both ED’s within the Study Area have a lower percentage of persons with a disability than
the national average, indicating relatively limited restrictions on daily activities.
Table 4-7: Persons with a Disability (CSO, 2022 Census)
Area Persons with a disability Population % Persons with a disability
State - Republic of Ireland 1,109,557 5,149,139 21.5%
Dawsongrove 147 752 19.55%
Aghabog 56 318 17.61%
4.6.5.6 Summary of Population Health Sensitivity
The sensitivity of the surrounding area has been considered based on the details of the published data
available from CSO and Pobal.
The 2022 census data reveals that the Electoral Division (ED) of Dawsongrove experienced a higher
percentage of population growth compared to the national growth rate in the Republic of Ireland
(ROI), while the ED of Aghabog saw a decline in population growth. According to the 2022 Deprivation
Index, both the EDs within the Study Area are classified as ‘Marginally Below Average,’ which aligns
with the deprivation status of Monaghan County. This suggests a Moderate Population Sensitivity
(Deprivation) for the area.
Based on dependency ratios, the Study Area exhibits a lower level of dependency compared to the
national average, therefore a large proportion of the population is within working age, implying a
higher degree of self-sufficiency and resilience to change.
Additionally, health self-reporting shows that the majority of the population in the Study Area rates
their health as ‘Very Good,’ consistent with national trends. Both EDs have a lower percentage of
individuals with disabilities than the national average, implying fewer limitations on daily activities
within the population.
Taking these factors into consideration, it can be concluded that the population in the Study Area
exhibits a relatively lower sensitivity to change, categorising it with regard to the criteria set out in
Figure 4-2 as having a low to medium population sensitivity.
4.6.6 Employment
With reference to the Monaghan County Development Plan 2025-2031, ‘the agri-food industry plays
a significant role in the County’s economy and accounts for over 60% of County Monaghan’s
employment.’ Other key employment areas within the county include the industrial, enterprise, and
services sectors which have expanded in recent years due to the county’s location on the Republic of
Ireland/Northern Ireland border. Within the study area, the predominant industries include
agriculture, professional services, forestry and fishing, commerce and trade, and some manufacturing.
The proposed development site surroundings are characterized by extensive agricultural lands with a
few small residential settlements. There are only a small number of commercial businesses within RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 4-23
2.5km from the proposed development. There are 3 no. existing industrial sites located within the
study area; these are described in Section 4.6.9 below. The existing commercial facilities within the
study area and their distances from proposed development site boundary are:
• Tanagh Outdoor Education and Training Centre – 1.52km south
• Michael Prior Manufacturers – 1.52km northeast
• Carleton Cake Company – 1.55km south
• P. Reilly Plant Hire – 1.71km southeast
• Eire Tints – 2.0km southeast
• Tyrone Guthrie Centre (Arts Centre)– 2.48km northwest
4.6.7 Social Infrastructure
The purpose of describing the location and character of the local environment provides useful
information on the current local community and usage within the study area to provide the Planning
Authority with a context for this assessment. This includes community and social infrastructure that
covers a range of services and facilities that meet local and strategic needs and contribute towards a
good quality of life. In this context it includes local business, residential areas, education, health
facilities, emergency services, and places of worship, and green infrastructure.
Furthermore, the following considers tourism and landscape amenity within the study Area which
provides an indication on current intrinsic values placed on the area for local, national and
international users that may be impacted by the proposed development.
While a general study area of ED’s within 1 km from the site location is included for population
statistics, the wider area of 2.5 km from the site location has been used to inform the baseline
description of the area.
Retail and Commercial Locations
There are no shopping or retail areas within the Study Area of the Proposed Development site.
Commercial buildings in the vicinity of the Proposed Development site include Carleton Cake Company
(food manufacturer), P Reilly Plant Hire (plant and machinery hire), Eire Tints (window tinting service)
and Hilltop Water (water cooler supplier).
Education, Childcare, Schools
There are no childcare facilities or schools within the Study Area.
Healthcare Services
There are no healthcare services within the Study Area.
Emergency Services
There are no emergency services (fire/Garda stations) within the Study Area.
Places of Worship
There are 2 no. places of worship in the vicinity of the development:
• St John the Evangelist's Church, c. 2.06 km southeast RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 4-24
• Holy Trinity c. 2.00 km southeast
4.6.7.1 Green Infrastructure, Landscape and Amenity within the Study Area
The nearest recreational facility is Tanagh Outdoor Education and Training Centre c. 1.5km south of
the site. Annamakerigh Lough and surrounding forest in the northernmost portion of the study area,
and the Dartrey Forest in the south-east of the study area, are the primary green infrastructure and
recreational amenities within the study area. There are no other noteworthy parks or public
recreational areas in the vicinity of the Proposed Development site.
In terms of landscape amenity, the lands surrounding the site constitute predominantly rural and
agricultural greenfields. The primary land use in this area is farming, with scattered residential
properties and farmsteads. The landscape character is classified as Drumlin Foothills, marked by gently
rolling hills typical of the region, which enhance the rural and agricultural nature of the area.
There are no listed or scenic views, no landscape or amenity designations pertaining to the site. There
are no Architectural Conservation Areas (ACA), or Special Areas of Conservation (SAC) located within
the Study Area. There are no recorded monuments, protected structures, National Inventory of
Architectural Heritage sites and sites listed on the Record of Monuments and Places (RMP). It is not
considered that there is significant landscape amenity in the study area.
4.6.7.2 Tourism within the Study Area
As noted in the Monaghan County Development Plan 2025-2031, tourism is an emerging economic
sector for Monaghan bringing both economic and social benefits to the county. The following is stated
in Chapter 4 (titled Economic Development) within the Monaghan County Development Plan 20 25-
2031:
“County Monaghan has a wide range of historical, cultural and landscape interests
that, if sensitively managed, have the potential to raise the County’s profile as a
significant tourist destination that will strengthen the County’s offering under the
Ireland’s Ancient East destination brand.”
The Proposed Development is located in a rural area with no cultural or historic sites of significance in
the vicinity. Overall, tourism is not a major industry in the immediate environs of the site.
4.6.8 Natural Resources within the Study Area
The local environment also includes areas of natural resources that relate to populations and human
health that may be impacted by the proposed development, this includes economic resources,
recreational and bathing waters, and drinking water resources.
Geological Heritage and Economic Resources
Natural resources and land use in the Study Area has also been considered as they may have
implications for the development of the lands. A review of Geological Survey Ireland online maps has
shown that there are no extractive industries, active quarries, or mineral localities in the area. The
Proposed Development site is located in a geological heritage site- the Rockcorry-Cootehill Ribbed RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 4-25
Moraines (Site Code MN015). These moraines form part of the largest field of ribbed moraines found
anywhere in the world (which also includes the Scotshouse-Redhills cross cutting ribbed moraines).
The entire field includes over 3,000 features and this subset, covering an area of 18 by 10 kilometres,
contains approximately 160 individual features. For these reasons, this is one of the most important
geological terrains in Ireland.
The features are too large to undertake any conservation efforts on their part, but the landscape itself
is noteworthy. It is an objective of the Monaghan County Development Plan 2025-2031 (Objective
GEP-5) to promote the features as unique landscapes in accordance with the recommendations of the
Geological Survey of Ireland.
The GSI (2025) mineral database was consulted to determine whether there were any mineral sites in
close proximity to the Renewable Biogas Plant Site and the Liner Gas Grid Connection. There were 4
mineral sites identified within a 5 km radius of the proposed site development.
Recreational Waters and Bathing Waterbodies
A review of EPA maps that includes the Register of Protected Areas (RPA) under the Water Framework
Directive (WFD) has shown that there are no protected Recreational Waters or Bathing Waterbodies
within the Study Area.
The proposed development site is approximately 350 meters west of the Coolkill Lough stream, which
discharges into Coolkill Lough. The Rockcorry Stream originates from Coolkill Lough, flowing northwest
through Drumgole Lough before turning south and discharging into the Dromore River, located around
3 km from the site. No watercourses traverse the site, according to the EPA.
Drinking Water Resources
A review of Geological Survey of Ireland online maps and EPA maps that includes the Water
Abstraction locations, and Groundwater Public Supply Source Protection Zones (SPZ) has been
undertaken. There are no groundwater drinking water protections areas within the Study Area.
The GSI dataset for groundwater wells and springs indicates five boreholes within the Study Area, with
no listed use. It is therefore possible that they are in use as domestic water supplies. There is one
known reported abstraction from surface water in the vicinity of the Proposed Development
(Monaghan County Council, 2025). The area is supplied by Drumgole Group Water Scheme which
abstracts water from Annaghmakerig Lough located c.1.9km north of the Proposed Development.
However, as stated in the Water and Hydrology chapter, no hydrological connection is identified
between the site and Annaghmakerig Lough.
4.6.9 Risk of Major Accident, Hazards, or Disasters
The potential for a project to cause risks to human health, cultural heritage, or the environment due
to its vulnerability to external accidents or disasters is considered where such risks are significant, e.g.,
the potential effects of floods on sites with sensitive facilities. Where such risks are significant then
the specific assessment of those risks in the form of a Seveso Assessment (where relevant) or Flood
Risk Assessment may be required. RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 4-26
Landslides, Seismic Activity, and Volcanic Activity
In general, risk of landslides in Ireland is considered to be low, as the country is not located in a region
with high seismic activity or large mountain ranges. Landslides are more common in unconsolidated
material than in bedrock, and where the sea constantly erodes the material at the base of a cliff
landslides and falls lead to recession of the cliffs. Landslides have occurred in Ireland in recent years
in upland peat areas due to disturbance of peat associated with construction activities. The landslide
susceptibility map (GSI spatial map viewer) identifies areas which are subject to landslides and is
measured from low to high. The landslide susceptibility map considers the location of landslides and
what causes them (slope, soil type and the impact of the flow of water). Based on the GSI spatial map
viewer (2025), the area of the proposed development and its surrounding have not been assessed for
Landslide Susceptibility and is classified as ‘Low’. No Landslides have been recorded in a 10km radius
of the site.
There are no active volcanoes in Ireland so there is no risk of volcanic activity.
In Ireland, seismic activity is recorded by the Irish National Seismic Network. The Geophysics Section
of the School of Cosmic Physics, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, has been recording seismic
events in Ireland since 1978 (www.dias.ie). This network consists of several seismometers that are
located throughout Ireland. Seismic activity and earthquake risk in Ireland are generally considered to
be low. This is because Ireland is located on the western edge of the Eurasian Plate, which is a tectonic
plate that is not known for its seismic activity. However, earthquakes can still occur in Ireland,
although they are typically small and have little impact. There is a very low risk of seismic activity to
the Proposed Development site. This means that there is less than a 2% chance of potentially
damaging earthquake shaking in the next 50 years.
The Proposed Development site is not vulnerable to landslides, seismic activity or volcanic activity
within its boundary. Therefore, there is no significant potential for the Proposed Development to
cause risks to human health due to its vulnerability to landslides, seismic activity or volcanic activity.
Proximity to Seveso or Industrial Emissions Sites
The Seveso Directive (Directive 82/501/EEC, Directive 96/82/EC, Directive 2012/18/EU) was
developed by the EU after a series of catastrophic accidents involving major industrial sites and
dangerous substances. Such accidents can give rise to serious injury to people or serious damage to
the environment, both on and off the site of the accident. The Chemicals Act (Control of Major
Accident Hazards involving Dangerous Substances) Regulations 2015 (S.I. No. 209 of 2015) (the
“COMAH Regulations”), implement the latest Seveso III Directive (2012/18/EU).
The purpose of the COMAH Regulations is to transpose the Seveso Directive into Irish law and lay
down rules for the prevention of major accidents involving dangerous substances, and to seek to limit
as far as possible the consequences for human health and the environment of such accidents, with
the overall objective of providing a high level of protection in a consistent and effective manner.
Establishments are either lower tier establishments or upper-tier COMAH sites with above threshold
quantities of dangerous substances present, and to which the provisions of the COMAH regulations
apply. RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 4-27
The Health and Safety Authority (HSA) list of Notified Seveso Establishments has been used to identify
if the Proposed Development falls within the consultation distance of any nearby Seveso
Establishments. There are no Upper or Lower Tier Notified Seveso Establishments within the Study
Area. The site is not a Seveso facility and is not within the consultation distance of any Seveso facility.
Therefore, there are no implications for major accidents or hazards at the Proposed Development site.
There are three EPA Licenced facilities within the Study Area that could potentially give rise to
cumulative effects, detailed in Table 4.8 below. Licensed facilities are required to comply with specific
licence conditions, including monitoring and reporting on their emissions (such as emissions into the
air, water, and soil), to ensure that they do not pose a risk to human health or the environment.
Table 4-8: EPA Licensed Facilities Within the Study Area (EPA, November 2025)
Registration number Name Category Licence type Distance (km)
P1128 Carleton Poultry Limited Industry IEL 0.5
P1124
Mr Steven & Ms Ann Niblock
Industry IEL 1.9
P1071 Ak Agriculture Limited Industry IEL 2.5
It is important to note that the proximity of a licensed facility does not necessarily mean that the
Proposed Development will be impacted by their emissions. However, it is essential to consider these
sites as part of the existing environment and to consider and understand the potential for cumulative
impacts or other interactions with the Proposed Development at this location.
Risk of Flooding
A Stage 1 Flood Risk Assessment has been completed, by AWN Consulting Ltd., in accordance with the
Department of the Environment, Heritage and Local Government (DoEHLG) Flood Risk Management
Guidelines for Planning Authorities published by the OPW in 2009.
The assessment concluded that the entire site falls within Flood Zone C and no further justification
test is required. No residual risk is foreseen as the development is located outside any flooding zones
associated with future scenarios.
Overall, it is concluded that the proposed development, and the surrounding area, is not at risk from
flooding since the proposed development is located in Flood Zone C. It is concluded that the risk of
flooding to the proposed development will be minimal; therefore, the likelihood of a flood impacting
the Proposed Development is unlikely and not significant.
4.7 The ‘Do Nothing’ Scenario
4.7.1 Renewable Biogas Plant Site
Under the “Do Nothing” scenario, no industrial-scale anaerobic digestion (AD) facility is developed on
the Renewable Biogas Plant Site and the existing use of land and its landscape and visual character
remain largely unchanged. However, the county faces a critical poultry waste management challenge, RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 4-28
with high concentrations of production that cannot be addressed at scale by small, dispersed
measures alone. The proposed development represents a proven large-scale solution to help alleviate
these issues in the country. The gas grid in Co. Monaghan is extremely limited. While this particular
site may remain undeveloped, it is very likely that a facility of similar scale will be developed locally,
as the waste issue must be addressed to ensure a viable poultry industry, protect water quality, and
manage environmental pressures.
In the event that the Proposed Development does not go ahead, there would additionally not be
employment generated from the construction and operational phases of the proposed development.
4.7.2 Linear Gas Grid Connection
No gas grid installation over the 3.5 km road would occur under the “Do Nothing” scenario.
Consequently, there would be no disruption to the road corridor, and no temporary disturbance
associated with construction activities such as noise, dust and visual disruption. However, the area
would miss the permanent benefits of improved energy infrastructure, with no enhanced gas access
for local residents, businesses, or future development.
4.8 Potential Impact Assessment
This section describes the potential environmental effects that are likely to arise during the
construction and operation of the proposed development in the absence of mitigation. Section 4.9
sets out the mitigation measures required to alleviate identified effects.
Specific effects with respect to matters such as air quality, noise, traffic, visual impact etc. are dealt
with in the respective assessments in this EIAR. The main potential impacts on population and human
health from the proposed development are potential for spills/leaks, air emissions, noise, visual, and
traffic impacts. The baseline environment, pollution pathways, relevant mitigation measures and
residual impacts have been assessed in greater detail within the corresponding specialist chapters;
Land & Soils Chapter, Water & Hydrology Chapter, Air Quality Chapter, Noise and Vibration Chapter,
Landscape and Visual Impact Chapter, Traffic and Transportation Chapter and the Major Accidents
and Disasters Chapter.
A summary of the main potential impacts as they are relevant to human health criteria during
construction and operation of the proposed development is presented herein.
4.8.1 Construction Phase
The potential impacts of the proposal during the construction phase of the development are outlined
below.
4.8.1.1 Land Use
4.8.1.1.1 Renewable Biogas Plant Site
During the construction phase, the land use change for the Renewable Biogas Pant Site will be from
an agricultural greenfield site to a construction works area. The topsoil will be removed and areas will
be excavated to provide for underground services and foundations. Without any mitigation measures RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 4-29
the overall potential impact associated with surface water drainage and neighbouring property
nuisance in the area during the construction phase is considered negative, not significant and short
term.
4.8.1.1.2 Linear Gas Grid Connection
Construction of the shallow trench within the roadway will result in temporary disruption to traffic
and potential for generation of noise and dust as the trench progresses. The overall potential impact
associated with the grid connection during the construction phase is considered neutral, not
significant and temporary.
4.8.1.2 Population
4.8.1.2.1 Housing, social infrastructure and amenities
There are a no notable parks, local amenity areas, shops, or retail areas within the Study Area, and
therefore there is no impact to these. It is not anticipated that the Proposed Development will have
significant impact on local tourism. The Proposed Development will not create any significant
wastewater discharge during the construction phase which could have an impact on local amenities
or the local population.
4.8.1.2.2 Construction Traffic
The World Health Organisation Report ‘Health Effects and Risks of Transport Systems: The Hearts
Project’ (World Health Organisation, 2006) states that road traffic is a major cause of adverse health
effects - ranking with smoking and diet as one of the most important determinants of health in Europe.
The report states;
“Traffic-related air pollution, noise, crashes and social effects combine to generate a wide range of
negative health consequences, including increased mortality, cardiovascular, respiratory and stress-
related diseases, cancer and physical injury. These affect not only transport users but also the
population at large, with particular impact on vulnerable groups such as children and elderly people,
cyclists and pedestrians.”
In the Department of Communications, Climate Action & Environment document Cleaning Our Air –
Public Consultation to Inform the Development of a National Clean Air Strategy vehicle emissions are
included as a key source of health impacts in Ireland (DOCCA&E, 2017).
An assessment of the additional traffic movements associated with the proposed development during
the construction and operational phases is presented in the Traffic and Transportation Chapter.
During construction, potential impacts may include:
• Increased vehicle movements associated with construction staff travelling to / from the site;
• Increased vehicle movements consisting of HGV and construction plant that may result in
traffic congestion on roads;
• Increased queuing and congestion;
• Increased conflict between pedestrians / cyclists and vehicular traffic; and
• Severance of pedestrian and cycle routes. RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 4-30
The immediate vicinity of the development site is rural and there are no areas of residential
development near to the development site. The proposed development is considered to have little
potential to have a significant effect on the working population in the area or to have a significant
effect on the residential population using the adjoining roads infrastructure including the R189, R188
and L2280.
During the construction phase of the proposed development, in the absence of mitigation measures,
local workers and to a lesser extent local residents can be affected by a range of temporary and short-
term effects such as noise, dust and traffic.
Following removal of the previously proposed Soil Relocation Area, the construction earthworks
strategy has been revised such that approximately 18,600 m³ of surplus excavated soil and stone will
be removed from the Renewable Biogas Plant site to an appropriately authorised receiving facility or
facilities. As assessed in Chapter 6, Material Assets: Traffic and Transport, this is anticipated to require
approximately 930 loaded HGV trips, with approximately 28–30 HGV trips per day during the peak
earthworks period. The revised strategy does not materially alter the number of HGV loads associated
with movement of the surplus material compared with the previously proposed arrangement but
increases the distance over which those movements will occur. Surplus material will leave the site via
the L2280 and thereafter use the R189 and R188 regional road network. Construction traffic
associated with the former soil relocation works will therefore no longer use the L2320 or the former
field access. These movements have been incorporated into the construction traffic assessment in
Chapter 6 and do not alter the conclusion that construction traffic effects on Population and Human
Health will be negative, short-term and not significant.
It is considered that the predicted increases in traffic during the construction phase will have a not
significant, negative, and short-term impact on human health.
4.8.1.2.3 Visual Impact
Landscape and visual impacts arising from the construction of the Renewable Biogas Plant are
considered in the LVIA with respect to the effect on perceived landscape character, views, and on the
general visual amenity experienced by people, including local residents. As stated in the LVIA, visual
receptors most likely to be affected by the Renewable Biogas Plant Site during the construction phase
are the residents of dwellings within c.500m of the Site. Aside from these receptors, users of the
regional and local roads located in the immediate vicinity of the Site, where there is potential for brief
but clear views of the development are also considered receptors. A large part of this temporary
construction activity within the site will however remain partially or fully screened from view by
intervening topography and vegetation. It is considered that there is medium-low visual receptor
sensitivity in the immediate surrounds of the site.
Construction phase visual impacts for the renewable biogas plant are considered negative, short-term
and ranging between substantial-moderate to moderate. Construction phase visual impacts for the
gas grid connection are negative, short-term and slight to moderate. Visual impacts will reduce
considerably beyond 500m-1000m from the site due to intervening topography and vegetation. RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 4-31
4.8.1.3 Employment & Economics
The main potential impacts on local businesses associated with the Proposed Development will be in
relation to nuisances; air quality, noise, visual impact, and traffic. The potential impacts and mitigation
measures to address them are dealt with within the corresponding chapters of this EIA Report as
follows:
• Chapter 13 - Air Quality and Odour
• Chapter 12 - Noise and Vibration
• Chapter 5 - Landscape and Visual Impact
• Chapter 6 - Material Assets - Traffic and Transport
It is estimated that c. 100 construction workers will be employed during the construction phase of the
Proposed Development. The potential increase in the temporary population of the area during
construction as a result of the employment of workers from outside the Monaghan area that may
choose to reside in the immediate and wider local area is likely to amount to only a small percentage
of the workforce employed during the construction phase; but will result in some additional trade for
local accommodation and services. It is expected that the majority of the work force will travel from
existing places of residence to the construction site rather than reside in the immediate environs of
the site. However, some local employment from within the wider local area is expected.
It is not anticipated that the Proposed Development will have significant impact on local tourism.
Construction will additionally have an indirect positive effect on support industries such as builder
suppliers, construction material manufacture, maintenance contracts, equipment supply, landscaping
and other local services. There will also be a need to bring in specialist workers on a regular basis that
may increase the above estimated working population at times. Specialists are only likely to stay for
shorter periods depending on the nature of the work. The construction phase, therefore, is considered
to have the potential to have a not significant, short term and positive impact on the economy and
employment of the local and wider area.
4.8.1.4 Health
4.8.1.4.1 Site Safety
The proposed development has the potential for an impact on the health and safety of workers
employed during the construction phase. The activities of the applicant’s contractors during the
construction phase will be carried out in accordance with the Safety, Health and Welfare at Work
(Construction) Regulations 2013 (S.I. No. 291 of 2013) to minimise the likelihood of any impacts on
workers’ health and safety.
As outlined in Section 4.6.9 there is a negligible risk of seismic activity, volcanic activity and sea level
rise. Regarding landslides, with reference to GSI landslide susceptibility mapping, there is a negligible
risk of landslides impacting the Proposed Development.
There are no COMAH sites located within 10km of the proposed development. There are no
constraints to the proposed development at this location from nearby Seveso establishments. RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 4-32
As stated in the Stage 1 FRA completed by AWN and Section 4.6.9, the site is located entirely within
Flood Zone C. The overall flood risk to and from the development is minimal.
The potential effect is therefore imperceptible, and unlikely, with respect to Major Accident Hazards
or Natural Disasters on Population and Human Health during the Construction Phase of the proposed
development.
4.8.1.4.2 Flooding
As stated in the Stage 1 FRA completed by AWN and Section 4.6.9, the site is located entirely within
Flood Zone C. The overall flood risk to and from the development is minimal and imperceptible.
4.8.1.4.3 Water Supply and Power
As stated in the Material Assets – Built Services Chapter, during the construction phase of the
Proposed Development, water will be supplied by bowser tanks and an electrical connection to local
infrastructure will be established during advanced works. All utility works will be undertaken in
accordance with the relevant requirements of the respective service providers. In the absence of
mitigation, the potential impact associated with power and electrical supply during the construction
phase is considered negative, not significant, and short-term. The potential impact on potable water
supplies and infrastructure during the construction phase is negative, imperceptible, and short term.
4.8.1.4.4 Noise and Vibration
Exposure to excessive noise is becoming recognised as a large environmental health concern.
According to the 2015 European Commission report ‘Noise Impacts on Health’, (European
Commission, 2015), the most common effects of noise on the vulnerable include:
• Annoyance
• Sleep Disturbance
• Heart and circulation problems
• Quality of Life
• Cognitive Process
• Hearing problems
It is acknowledged that humans are particularly sensitive to vibration stimuli and that any perception
of vibration may lead to concern. In the case of road traffic, vibration is perceptible at around 0.5mm/s
and may become disturbing or annoying at higher magnitudes. Noise and vibration impacts associated
with the development have been fully considered within Chapter 12 of the EIA Report.
The results presented in the Noise and Vibration Chapter indicate that construction noise levels are
likely to be experienced at the closest residential NSLs during the various construction phases of work
occurring within the proposed development site. Based on the potential construction noise levels, the
impacts at the closest residences are determined to be negative, imperceptible to slight, and
temporary to short-term, to negative, significant to very significant and temporary.
The key potential sources of vibration relate to the periods where breaking of made ground or rock is
required (for utility works and in unlikely event of rock extraction at lower ground levels). There may
also be a requirement for piling for the main structures depending on the final detailed design. The
closest occupied NSLs relate to the residential properties to the south west and east. Due to the RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 4-33
distance of sensitive locations to site works, there is little likelihood of structural or even cosmetic
damage to existing neighbouring dwellings as a result of vibration, and hence the potential impacts
are neutral, not-significant and temporary to short-term to negative, not significant and temporary
to short-term.
4.8.1.4.5 Air Quality
The primary elements in relation to the construction of the proposed development with the potential
to impact air quality and subsequently human health are:
• Dust soiling effects on people and property from general site preparation, construction
vehicles and construction activities;
• Potential human health effects from dust (PM10 and PM2.5) emissions from general site
preparation, construction vehicles and construction activities;
• Engines emissions from construction vehicles or machinery and construction traffic.
There is one no. high sensitivity residential property within 20 m of the site boundary. In line with the
UK Institute of Air Quality Management (IAQM) guidance document ‘Guidance on the Assessment of
Dust from Demolition and Construction’ (IAQM, 2024) as referenced in Chapter 13 Air Quality the
overall sensitivity of the area to dust soiling impacts is medium based on the IAQM criteria outlined
in Table 13-12.
Combining the magnitude of the construction activities – demolition, earthworks, construction and
trackout (movement of vehicles) – with the overall sensitivity of the area indicates there is at most a
medium risk of dust soiling impacts and a low risk of dust-related human health impacts associated
with the proposed works. In the absence of mitigation, the likely effect of the dust impacts within the
ZoI are predicted to be direct, short-term, negative and slight.
There is also the potential for traffic emissions to impact air quality with respect to human health in
the short-term over the construction phase, particularly, due to the increase in HGVs accessing the
site. The construction stage traffic has been reviewed, and a detailed air quality assessment has been
scoped out as described in Section 13.5.3.2 of Chapter 13 Air Quality. It can therefore be determined
that the construction stage traffic will have a likely, direct, short-term, and neutral impact on human
health as a result of changes in air quality, which is overall not significant in EIA terms.
4.8.1.4.6 Soil and Water Quality
With reference to the Water & Hydrology Chapter and the Land & Soils Chapter, during the
construction of the Proposed Development there is a potential risk of accidental pollution to land and
water from the following sources:
• Suspended solids (muddy water with increase turbidity) – arising from excavation and ground
disturbance;
• Cement/concrete (increase turbidity and pH) – arising from construction materials;
• Hydrocarbons (ecotoxic) – accidental spillages from construction plant or onsite storage;
• Wastewater (nutrient and microbial rich) – arising from accidental discharge from on-site
toilets and washrooms. RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 4-34
Additionally, a reduction in soil quality via unmitigated pollutants entering the soil has the potential
to lead to negative impacts on human health and populations. Hydrocarbons and petroleum products
for example have a risk for humans by inhaling the fumes / dust from contaminated soil. Depending
on the type of contaminant and the level of exposure, soil contamination can have serious health
implications. No hazardous waste has been identified within the vicinity of the proposed development
or its surrounding areas. Given the historical and current use of the land—primarily agricultural—it is
unlikely that hazardous waste or soil contamination is present within the site or surrounding areas.
Therefore, in the absence of mitigation measures, the potential impacts during the construction phase
on human health and populations due to changes to the potential for contamination of soil and
groundwater are negative, moderate and short-term.
With reference to the Water & Hydrology Chapter there are no recorded recreational waters, bathing
waterbodies, surface water abstraction points, Public Supply Source Protection Areas or Group
Scheme Preliminary Source Protection areas located downstream of the Proposed Development site.
There are a number of wells in the study area which may be used for drinking water. A surface water
Group water Scheme identified as Drumgole GWS supplies the region, however, there is no
hydrological connection between the group water scheme and the proposed development. As stated
in the Water and Hydrology Chapter, in the absence of mitigation, there is no potential for impacts on
human health and populations from water emissions.
4.8.1.5 Local and Residential Amenity Impacts
Considering the Renewable Biogas Plant Site and Linear Gas Grid Connection in combination, it is not
considered that there is no potential for significant impacts on human health and populations with
respect to local and/or residential amenity impacts during the construction phase of the Proposed
Development. There are there are no recorded recreational waters, bathing waterbodies, shopping
areas, listed or scenic views, landscape or amenity designations pertaining to the site. There are no
Architectural Conservation Areas (ACA), or Special Areas of Conservation (SAC) located within the
Study Area. The Proposed Development is located in a rural area with no cultural or historic sites of
significance in the vicinity.
As described in the Landscape and Visual Impact Chapter, during the construction phase, construction
equipment, machinery, and partially completed structures will become characteristic elements during
this phase, potentially visible from a broader area than ground-level activities. These are typical
activities for a development of this type and scale and will represent a noticeable increase in activity
levels compared to the baseline for this rural site. Although the construction phase will likely have an
adverse impact on the landscape character, there are a limited number of visual receptors in close
proximity to the Site for whom this impact would be noticeable.
In the absence of mitigation, the likely landscape impact from the Renewable Biogas Plant is likely to
be negative, moderate, and short-term in the immediate surrounds of the site, with effects of
moderate-slight to slight significance beyond 500-1000m. The likely landscape impacts from the gas
grid connection in respect of populations and human health during the construction phase are
negative, moderate to slight, and short-term, with effects reducing to slight-imperceptible to
imperceptible significance beyond 500-1000m where effects will be barely discernible. RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 4-35
4.8.2 Operational Phase
4.8.2.1 Land Use
4.8.2.1.1 Renewable Biogas Plant Site
Once operational, the development site will be an operational Renewable Biogas Plant Site,
representing a change in use from the previous agricultural greenfield land use. The Proposed
Development is within lands that are unzoned under the Monaghan County Development Plan 2025-
2031.
The overall potential impact associated with land use, property, and access during the Operational
Phase will be localised, neutral, not significant and long term.
4.8.2.1.2 Linear Gas Grid Connection
Once operational, the Linear Gas Grid Connection will be buried underground, and there will be no
impact to the existing land use.
4.8.2.2 Population
4.8.2.2.1 Visual Impact
Visual impacts arising from the operation of the Proposed Development are considered in the
Landscape and Visual Impact Chapter with respect to the effect on perceived landscape character,
views, and on the general visual amenity experienced by people, including local residents.
As stated in the LVIA, ‘the most notable visual effects will occur in areas within the immediate vicinity
to the north of the Renewable Biogas Plant Site. Beyond this, there will be limited visibility of the
development, aside from partial views through and over intervening topography and vegetation from
the surrounding landscape context.’ The operational visual impacts of the Proposed Development
have been assessed from 10 no. viewpoints, described in the Landscape and Visual Impact Chapter.
The operational phase visual impacts of the Proposed Development range from imperceptible,
neutral, long-term to moderate, negative, and long-term.
4.8.2.2.2 Travel and Transport
As described in Section 4.8.1.2.2, road traffic and vehicle emissions are key sources of health impacts
in Ireland.
An assessment of the additional traffic movements associated with the proposed development during
the operational phase is presented in the Traffic and Transportation Chapter. The traffic generated by
the development is modest with an average of 28 no. HGV trips per day and limited staff vehicle
movements due to shift working. Given the site location is in a rural area and the low volume of new
traffic, no perceptible impact on human health, amenity, or safety is anticipated.
The potential effect is therefore neutral, imperceptible, and long term in respect of Traffic and
Transport impacts, on Population and Human Health for the operational phase of the proposed
development. RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 4-36
4.8.2.3 Employment & Economy
The main potential impacts on local businesses and residences associated with the proposed
development will be in relation to nuisances; air quality, noise, visual impact and traffic. The potential
impacts and mitigation measures to address them are outlined in the following sections of this chapter
and in detail within the corresponding chapters of this EIA Report as follows:
• Air Quality and Climate Chapter
• Noise and Vibration Chapter
• Landscape and Visual Impact Chapter
• Traffic and Transportation Chapter
The Proposed Development site is located in a rural area with a dispersed settlement pattern and a
limited number of commercial establishments. It is not expected there will be any likely significant
effects on local residential figures in association with the operation of the proposed development.
However, the increase in employment (approximately 30 no. staff) will result in a positive,
imperceptible, and permanent impact in the area during the operational phase.
4.8.2.4 Health
4.8.2.4.1 Air Quality
As outlined in the Air Quality Chapter, National and European statutory bodies have set limit values in
ambient air for a range of air pollutants. These limit values or “Air Quality Standards” are set for the
protection of human health and the environment. The applicable limit values in relation to the
proposed development are set out in Table 13-1 of Chapter 13.
The key elements in relation to the operation of the proposed development with the potential to
impact air quality and subsequently human health are:
• Engine Emissions from vehicles accessing the site
• Nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulphur dioxide (SO2) and carbon monoxide (CO) from the 2 no.
Combined Heat and Power (CHP) generators, 1 no. boiler and 1 no. dryer
• Particulate matter (as PM10 and PM2.5) from the 1 no. dryer
• Ammonia (NH3) emissions from the 1 no. odour control stack
• Odour emissions from the 1 no. odour control stack and dryer
Detailed air dispersion modelling of emissions of NO2, CO, NH3, SO2 and odour from the Proposed
Development determined that pollutant concentrations will be in compliance with the relevant limit
values set out in Table 13-1 which are set for the protection of human health. Therefore, overall the
effect due to the facility’s emissions on sensitive human health receptors is considered to be direct,
permanent, negative and not significant. The impact of the proposed development in terms of odour
can be considered direct, negative, permanent and slight, which is overall not significant in EIA terms.
With reference to the Air Quality Chapter, detailed dispersion modelling of traffic emissions at
sensitive receptors in proximity to (within 200m) impacted road links was scoped out for the
operational phase, in line with the TII screening criteria. Operational stage effects of traffic on air RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 4-37
quality are predicted to be direct, imperceptible, negative and permanent, which is overall not
significant in EIA terms.
4.8.2.4.2 Noise and Vibration
As described in Section 4.8.1.4.2, exposure to excessive noise and/or vibration is becoming recognised
as an environmental health concern. Noise and vibration impacts associated with the development
have been fully considered within the Noise and Vibration Chapter of the EIA Report.
Plant associated with the operation of the proposed development will be capable of generating noise
to some degree. Noisy plant items located externally will potentially have the greatest impact on the
receiving environment. As per Chapter 12 Noise and Vibration, the review of the potential predicted
increases in noise level at the nearest noise sensitive locations concludes that noise levels will be at
or below the adopted fixed noise limits established in Section 12.4.3.4. The associated impact is likely
to be neutral, imperceptible and long term to negative, slight and long term in the absence of specific
mitigation.
The operational phase of the proposed development will not give rise to any significant levels of
vibration off site and therefore the associated impact on human health is not significant.
For the purposes of assessing the potential noise impact, it is appropriate to consider the relative
increase in noise level associated with traffic movements on existing roads and junctions with and
without the proposed development, given that traffic from the development will make use of the
existing road network and existing site access. The results of the predictions indicate that there will
be a negative, not significant to slight and short term effect due to an increase in traffic on public
roads.
4.8.2.4.3 Soil and Water Quality
With reference to the Land & Soils Chapter, there are no sensitive economic features, potential
contamination or historical geological features at the site. There will be no abstraction from
groundwater during the Proposed Development operations.
The potential impacts during the operation phase on Population and Human Health in respect of the
environmental factor of Land, Soils, Geology, and Hydrogeology is neutral, imperceptible and
permanent.
With reference to the Water & Hydrology Chapter, the site will be served by an attenuation system
which will allow the majority of the surface and wastewater to be reintroduced into the AD process.
As there are no recorded recreational waters, bathing waterbodies, no downgradient surface water
abstraction points or Public Supply Source Protection Area or Group Scheme Preliminary Source
Protection Areas and no potential for off-site flooding, there is no potential for impacts on human
health and populations.
During the operational phase of the Proposed Development there is no potential for impact on human
health and populations due to changes in Water & Hydrology.
RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 4-38
4.8.2.5 Local and Residential Amenity
4.8.2.5.1 Renewable Biogas Plant Site
It is considered that there is no potential for significant impacts on human health and populations with
respect to local and/or residential amenity impacts during the operational phase of the Proposed
Development. There are there are no recorded recreational waters, bathing waterbodies, shopping
areas, listed or scenic views, landscape or amenity designations pertaining to the site. There are no
Architectural Conservation Areas (ACA), or Special Areas of Conservation (SAC) located within the
Study Area. The Proposed Development is located in a rural area with no cultural or historic sites of
significance in the vicinity.
Potential impacts during the operational phase with regards to land/soil emissions, employment, air
quality, noise emissions, and visual impacts have been established above. Although the Renewable
Biogas Plant is a built development of a scale and extent that is not typical of the area, it is being
developed to serve the local agricultural sector and will likely not notably detract from the productive
rural character of the landscape. The influence of the Renewable Biogas Plant on landscape character
will be most notable within the immediate landscape, where the form and extent of the built
structures has the potential to generate a notable change to the character of the landscape. In the
absence of mitigation, the likely landscape impact from the Renewable Biogas Plant is likely to be
negative, moderate, and permanent in the immediate vicinity of the site, with effects of moderate-
slight to slight-imperceptible significance beyond 500-1000m.
4.8.2.5.2 Linear Gas Grid Connection
Once operational, the Linear Gas Grid Connection will be buried underground, and there will be no
impact to the existing land use.
The likely landscape impacts from the gas grid connection in respect of populations and human health
during the construction phase are neutral, imperceptible, and permanent, with effects of
imperceptible significance beyond 500-1000m.
It is considered that there is no potential for other significant impacts on human health and
populations with respect to local and/or residential amenity impacts during the operational phase of
the Proposed Development.
4.9 Mitigation Measures
4.9.1 Renewable Biogas Plant Site
4.9.1.1 Incorporated Design Mitigation
As outlined in Chapter 2 Proposed Development, the plant will be a state-of-the-art development
utilising best available technologies and operating systems. This industry is subject to rigorous safety
and environmental regulations and a proactive planned preventative maintenance programme will be
operated to minimise risk of plant and equipment failure. Furthermore, the plant will be operated by
skilled and trained personnel suitably qualified to manage and maintain a biogas facility. RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 4-39
Several abatement systems are incorporated into the plant design to minimise the potential for
adverse impacts on the environment and human health. Firstly, in terms of odour containment,
feedstock will be delivered to the site in covered HGVs and deposited in the enclosed main process
building. All handling of feedstock and pre-treatment activities will be carried out within enclosed
buildings. The main process building will be sealed using leak proof building fabric and a ventilation
and air extraction will be applied to all areas of the site where there is a potential for odour to be
produced, including the main process building, digestate drying plant / pellet hall and from the
headspace of relevant tanks. This will maintain negative pressure and prevent odour release.
Extracted air will be treated initially in scrubbers to remove odoriferous compounds. Air will then pass
through a biofilter to allow breakdown of any remaining compounds. As a final polishing stage,
treated air will pass through activated carbon filters prior to discharge through a 40m tall stack, which
is designed to ensure adequate dispersion of treated air high into the atmosphere. Air quality and
odour dispersion modelling has determined that concentrations of all pollutants are in compliance
with the relevant ambient air quality standards.
Further measures to prevent fugitive emissions include the installation of fast-acting roller doors at all
HGV entry points, as well as air curtains at HGV entry points. Such measures contribute to a significant
reduction in odorous emissions, reducing the potential for adverse amenity impacts and associated
impacts on health and wellbeing.
In terms of noise reduction, the site layout incorporates a significant amount of noise screening
around its southern and eastern boundaries through the use of earth berms, which will be developed
during the initial stages of the earthworks to reduce noise emissions from the site. Potential noise
sources have been identified and will either be located within buildings or appropriate acoustic
enclosures. All HGV entry points have fast acting roller shutter doors to maintain the building closed
at all times. External HGV movements via the public road network will be limited to 07:00 to 19:00
daytime hours during normal operation.
In terms of potential impact to water, the proposed development incorporates appropriate design
measures such as the proper storage and containment of liquids and proper drainage systems in line
with best practice, standard details, policies and guidelines. All mitigation measures contained within
the Land & Soil Chapter and the Water & Hydrology Chapter will be implemented, including the
implementation of emergency response procedures, training, and spill kits.
It is established that there is no potential significant impact from Water & Hydrology, Hydrogeology,
Land, Soils, and Geology with respect to Human Health and Populations, and no further mitigation
measures are required.
As stated in the Landscape and Visual Impact Chapter, the site is proposed to be regraded so that the
proposed structures are set into the landscape, rather than situated on the more elevated areas of
the site. This regrading also provides a measure of screening along the southern and eastern site
boundaries, as these become the most elevated areas of the site and form a berm around the
proposed development. Additionally, the colour scheme of the Proposed Development has been
designed to minimise the visual impact of the built structures. A range of landscape mitigation
proposals have been included in the supporting Landscape Design Statement and Landscape
Mitigation Plan and are described in detail in Chapter 5. RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 4-40
4.9.1.2 Construction Phase Mitigation
The mitigation measures to address the potential impacts on population and human health from the
Proposed Development have been assessed within the corresponding specialist chapters; Land & Soils
Chapter; Water & Hydrology Chapter; Air Quality Chapter; Noise and Vibration Chapter; Landscape
and Visual Impact Assessment Chapter; and the Traffic and Transportation Chapter.
To minimise nuisance for neighbouring properties, the Construction Environmental Management Plan
(CEMP) prepared by Stream Bioenergy (2025) will be implemented and adhered to by the construction
Contractor and will be overseen and updated as required if site conditions change by the Project
Manager, Environmental Manager, Resource Manager, and Ecological Clerk of Works where relevant.
All mitigation measures outlined within this EIAR, and within the CEMP will be implemented during
the construction phase. The construction contractor will update this CEMP to include any additional
mitigation required to ensure compliance with any subsequent planning conditions relevant to the
Proposed Development.
A suite of best practice dust mitigation measures appropriate for sites with a medium risk of dust
impacts are outlined in Section 13.11.1 of Chapter 13. These include measures for dust control at the
site is to ensure that no significant nuisance occurs at nearby sensitive receptors. The measures draw
on best practice guidance from Ireland, Air Quality Monitoring and Noise Control Unit’s Good Practice
Guide for Construction and Demolition (DCC, 2018), the UK, Guidance on the Assessment of Dust from
Demolition and Construction Version 2.2 (IAQM, 2024), Controlling Particles, Vapours & Noise
Pollution from Construction Sites (BRE, 2003), Planning Advice Note PAN50 Annex B: Controlling The
Environmental Effects Of Surface Mineral Workings Annex B: The Control of Dust at Surface Mineral
Workings (The Scottish Office, 1996), Controlling the Environmental Effects of Recycled and Secondary
Aggregates Production Good Practice Guidance (ODPM, 2002)) and the USA, Fugitive Dust Technical
Information Document for the Best Available Control Measures (USEPA, 1997).
The dust mitigation measures proposed in Chapter 13 will reduce dust emissions and thus dust-related
human health effects.
The CEMP will ensure that construction practices adhere to best practice noise control measures from
BS 5228. This includes guidance on several aspects of construction site mitigation measures, including,
but not limited to; selection of quiet plant; noise control at source; screening; liaison with the public,
and; monitoring. Further details are provided in the Noise and Vibration Chapter.
As stated in Chapter 6, Traffic and Transportation, during the construction phase, the following
mitigation measures are proposed in respect of Populations and Human Health:
▪ A Construction Traffic Management Plan will be prepared, including measures to provide
information to affected parties, including advising land and property owners in advance of any
diversions. Local access shall be maintained at all times. In addition, it is proposed that
temporary signage shall be put in place to minimise disruption and ensure all road users
understand that construction works are in progress.
▪ A detailed ‘Construction Environmental Management Plan’ (CEMP) details the allowable
working day, construction traffic, parking arrangements and incorporates environmental
protection measures. RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 4-41
The Construction Traffic Management Plan (CTMP) will be prepared and agreed with the local
authority in advance of works commencing. Construction HGV routes will be defined to avoid local
residential areas and sensitive receptors, with access limited to designated haul routes. Construction
deliveries will be scheduled to avoid local network peak hours where possible. Wheel-wash facilities
will be used where necessary to prevent deposition of mud or debris on public roads. All construction
vehicles will be required to comply with safety standards, including visible identification, reversing
alarms, and, where relevant, banksmen assistance for manoeuvres.
The Contractor during the Construction Phase will be responsible for the implementation of these
plans.
4.9.1.3 Operational Phase Mitigation
The mitigation measures to address the potential impacts on population and human health from the
proposed development have been assessed within the corresponding specialist chapters; Land & Soils
Chapter; Water & Hydrology Chapter; Air Quality Chapter, Noise and Vibration Chapter; Landscape
and Visual Impact Chapter; Traffic and Transportation Chapter; and the Major Accidents and Disasters
Chapter.
As stated in the Traffic and Transportation Chapter, during the Operational Phase, the plant will
operate a delivery management system to monitor and manage HGV scheduling. Staff will be
encouraged to adopt sustainable travel modes, supported by the provision of on-site showers, and
lockers. Regular road maintenance and inspection of the site entrance will be conducted to ensure
safety and cleanliness of the immediate road interface.
When commencing the operational phase of the proposed development drivers that will be using the
site will be required to attend a HGV driver induction lecture which the Applicant has initiated at other
similar sites and considers a crucial tool for ensuring that all drivers are fully aware of the rules and
expectations regarding safety, adherence to the haul route, speed limits, and courteous behaviour
towards other road users. Further detail is contained within the Traffic and Transport Chapter.
All mitigation measures outlined in the Major Accidents and Disasters Chapter will be implemented
throughout the operational phase of the development. This will include the development of a site
Major Accident Prevention Policy and Emergency Response Plan. As no likely significant effects were
identified, no additional mitigation measures are proposed.
4.9.2 Gas Grid Connection
The population and human health effects of the gas grid connection have been assessed as part of the
overall project. These works are outside the control of the applicant, and any mitigation identified for
them is presented as recommended rather than committed. The assessment clearly distinguishes
between mitigation measures incorporated within the applicant’s design and those that would rely on
delivery by third parties, in this case Gas Networks Ireland, ensuring transparency and robustness in
the evaluation of likely effects.
The adherence to the general recommendations contained within the corresponding specialist
chapters, including adherence to a CEMP, will ensure that there are no significant construction and
operational phase impacts arising from the Gas Grid Connection. RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 4-42
During the operational phase, there are no significant impacts to Populations and Human Health
associated with the gas grid connection, hence no additional mitigation is recommended.
4.10 Residual Impact Assessment
This section assesses potential significant environmental impacts which remain after mitigation
measures are implemented. These impacts can be summarised as follows:
4.10.1 Construction Phase
4.10.1.1 Businesses and Residences
It is predicted that there will be a slight positive impact on local business activity during the
construction phase with the increased presence of construction workers using local facilities.
The presence of these site personnel in the area during the construction phase will create a slight
additional demand in the area for services, particularly for food from local shops, restaurants and
cafés. There will also be economic benefits for providers of construction materials and other
supporting services, e.g., quarries. This is predicted to result in a positive, local to regional, indirect,
not-significant, and short-term socioeconomic impact.
The residual impacts on local businesses and residences in relation to air quality, noise, visual impact,
and traffic has been summarised in the below sections.
4.10.1.2 Land and Water Emissions
There are no source pathway linkages to potable water supplies or water amenities. The
implementation of mitigation measures outlined above will ensure that the residual impacts during
the construction phase in respect of the environmental factor of Soils, Geology, and Hydrogeology is
short term, imperceptible, and neutral. There are no significant potential impacts impact on human
health and population with regards to the hydrological environment during construction phase,
therefore, there are no residual impacts.
4.10.1.3 Air Emissions
Best practice mitigation measures are proposed for the construction phase of the proposed
development, which will focus on the proactive control of dust and other air pollutants, to minimise
generation of emissions at source. The mitigation measures that will be put in place during
construction will ensure that the impact complies with all EU ambient air quality legislative limit values
(set out in Directive 2008/50/EC), which are based on the protection of human health. Therefore, the
predicted residual, dust-related, human health impact of the construction phase of the proposed
development is short-term, direct, negative, localised and not significant.
4.10.1.4 Noise and Vibration Emissions
During the construction phase of the project, with mitigation, there is potential for a reduction of up
to 5 dB at the closest NSLs during construction using the suite of mitigation measures set out in the
Noise and Vibration Chapter. Overall impacts are likely to be negative, not significant and temporary RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 4-43
to short term to negative, moderate and temporary to short term at nearby noise sensitive
properties.
Vibration effects during this phase are determined to be negative, not significant and temporary to
short term.
4.10.1.5 Traffic and Transportation
The revised construction traffic assessment, including the off-site removal of approximately 18,600
m³ of surplus excavated soil and stone, has been considered in Chapter 6. Having regard to the
temporary nature of the traffic increase and implementation of the identified construction traffic
management measures, no significant residual effect on Population and Human Health is predicted.
The residual traffic effect is assessed as negative, slight and short-term.
4.10.1.6 Major Accidents, Hazards, and/or Natural Disasters
The mitigation measures that will be put in place by the proposed development during the
construction phase means the interaction between major accidents and disasters and human health
are not significant.
4.10.1.7 Renewable Biogas Plant Site – Landscape
Considering that the nature of the construction phase landscape impacts will be short-term, the
mitigation measures outlined in the above sections will ensure that there will be no significant residual
effects. Residual landscape impacts are deemed negative and ranging from moderate to moderate-
slight during the construction phase of proposed development.
4.10.1.8 Renewable Biogas Plant Site – Visual Amenity
Considering that the nature of the construction phase visual impacts will be short-term, the mitigation
measures outlined in the above sections will ensure that there will be no significant residual effects.
Residual visual impacts are deemed negative and substantial-moderate to moderate during the
construction phase of proposed development, reducing considerably beyond 500m-1000m of the site.
4.10.1.9 Linear Gas Grid Connection – Landscape
Considering that the nature of the construction phase landscape impacts will be short-term, the
mitigation measures outlined in the above sections will ensure that there will be no significant residual
effects. Landscape impacts during the construction phase of proposed development are deemed
negative and slight within the immediate surrounds of the area, reducing to slight to imperceptible
within the wider study area.
4.10.1.10 Linear Gas Grid Connection – Visual Amenity
Considering that the nature of the construction phase visual impacts will be short-term, the mitigation
measures outlined in the above sections will ensure that there will be no significant residual effects.
Residual visual impacts are deemed negative and moderate-slight during the construction phase of
proposed development, reducing considerably beyond 500m-1000m of the site. RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 4-44
4.10.2 Operational Phase
4.10.2.1 Businesses and Residences
The Proposed Development will result in an imperceptible, positive, and permanent impact due to
increased employment opportunities and improved accessibility to jobs in the area during the
operation phases.
The predicted impacts on local businesses and residences in relation to air quality, noise, visual impact,
and traffic has been summarised below.
4.10.2.2 Land and Water Emissions
There are no source pathway linkages to soils, potable water supplies or water amenities in the
operational phase. The implementation of mitigation measures outlined above will ensure that the
residual impacts to human health during the operational phase in respect of the environmental factor
of soils, geology, and hydrogeology is imperceptible, neutral, and permanent. There are no significant
potential impacts impact on human health and population with regards to the hydrological
environment during the operational phase, therefore, there are no residual impacts.
4.10.2.3 Air Emissions
As detailed in the Air Quality and Odour Chapter, detailed air dispersion modelling of emissions from
the proposed development determined that potential odour and pollutant concentrations will be in
compliance with the relevant limit values. As demonstrated by the dispersion modelling results,
potential odour and pollutant concentrations with the proposed development operational are
compliant with all National and EU ambient air quality limit values and, therefore, will not result in a
significant impact on human health. Vehicles accessing the site will emit pollutants which may impact
Air Quality and Human Health. However, the increased number of vehicles associated with the
proposed development will not cause a significant change in air pollutant emissions in the locality. The
residual impacts to human health are predicted to be direct, permanent and not significant.
4.10.2.4 Noise and Vibration Emissions
Following the implementation of the indicated mitigation measures, noise generation will be within
the operational-phase limit values established for the Proposed Development in Chapter 12, Section
12.4.3.4. The residual noise impact on human health associated with the proposed development
operations is expected to be negative, slight and permanent at the nearest sensitive receptors.
During the operational phase of the proposed development, there are no significant source of
vibration. Predicted impacts are neutral, not significant and long term.
4.10.2.5 Traffic and Transportation
The mitigation measures described in Section 4.9 will ensure that there will be no significant residual
effects of proposed development trips during operational phase. The overall residual effect of the
operational phase traffic will be negative, not significant and permanent. RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 4-45
4.10.2.6 Renewable Biogas Plant Site – Landscape
As stated in the Landscape and Visual Impact Chapter, the proposed landscape mitigation, in
conjunction with the embedded mitigation of the design, will help to integrate the proposed
structures of the Renewable Biogas Plant Site into the pattern of the landscape. The proposed
landscape mitigation will also help to screen some of the less elevated elements of the Renewable
Biogas Plant and to re-establish the boundaries of the Site in keeping with the existing landscape
character.
The residual impact of the Proposed Development with respect to human health and populations can
be considered to be negative, permanent, and ranging from moderate (within 500m of the
development) to slight-imperceptible beyond 1km of the Proposed Development.
4.10.2.7 Linear Gas Grid Connection – Landscape
Residual impacts are assessed to be as described in Section 4.8.2.2.1.
4.10.2.8 Visual Amenity
The impact to visual amenity from the renewable biogas plant site and linear gas grid connection has
been considered in combination within the Landscape and Visual Impact Chapter.
It is considered that following the implementation and establishment over seven years of the
mitigation measures described in Section 4.9 above, the residual impacts to visual amenity from the
various elements of the Proposed Development range from imperceptible, neutral, and permanent
to moderate, negative, and permanent. In the short-term, operational-phase visual effects will be as
assessed in Section 4.8.2.2.1.
4.10.3 Cumulative Effects
The cumulative impact of the Proposed Development with any/all relevant other planned or permitted
developments are discussed below. There are existing residential and commercial developments close
by, along with the multiple permissions remaining in place in the area. Multiple developments in the
area could potentially be developed concurrently or overlap during the construction and operational
phases.
Existing developments that are already built and in operation contribute to the characterisation of the
baseline environment. As such any further environmental impacts that the Proposed Development
may have in addition to these already constructed and operational developments has been assessed
in the preceding sections of this chapter.
The likely cumulative impact of the proposed development in conjunction with these cumulative
developments upon health in relation to noise, dust generation, construction traffic, visual impacts,
etc., associated with the works; have been assessed in the respective EIA Report Chapters. RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 4-46
4.10.3.1 Construction Phase
4.10.3.1.1 Renewable Biogas Plant
The implementation of mitigation measures detailed in Section 4.9 and the Land & Soils Chapter; as
well as the compliance of the identified cumulative development with their respective planning
permissions, will ensure there will be minimal cumulative potential for change in soil quality or the
natural groundwater regime during the construction phase of the proposed development. The
residual cumulative impact of the Proposed Development in combination with other planned or
permitted developments can therefore be considered to be neutral, imperceptible and short-term
with respect to land, soils, geology, and hydrogeology.
According to the IAQM guidance (2024), should the construction phase of the proposed development
coincide with the construction phase of any other development within 500 m then there is the
potential for cumulative construction dust impacts. Detailed dust mitigation measures are proposed
within the planning applications for each of the cumulative developments. In addition, a high level of
dust mitigation is proposed for the construction phase of the Proposed Development. Provided the
dust mitigation measures are in place for the duration of the construction phase of the Proposed
Development and other permitted developments then cumulative dust impacts will be short term,
direct, negative and not significant.
Cumulative traffic impacts are assessed within the Traffic and Transport Chapter of this EIAR. Given
the location of other permitted developments and the likely potential for traffic generation it is not
considered likely that there will be a perceptible cumulative impact.
The Noise and Vibration Chapter has assessed for cumulative effects and has concluded that due to
the nature, scale and location of the surrounding developments, there are no potential for any
significant cumulative noise or vibration impacts.
The residual cumulative effects on human health during the construction phase at the Renewable
Biogas Plant site are negative, not significant, and short-term
4.10.3.1.2 Gas Grid Connection
The implementation of the mitigation measures described in Section 4.9 will ensure that there will be
minimal potential for cumulative impacts in respect of land and soils, dust emissions, traffic impacts,
noise emissions, and landscape and visual impacts.
The residual cumulative effects on human health during the construction phase at the Gas Grid
Connection site are negative, not significant, and short-term.
4.10.3.2 Operational Phase
4.10.3.2.1 Renewable Biogas Plant
All developments are required to ensure they do not have an impact on the receiving water
environment in accordance with relevant legislation such that they would be required to manage
runoff and fuel leakages. There is no cumulative impact identified for water quality in respect of
populations and human health. RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 4-47
Air dispersion modelling of emissions associated with the operational phase of the proposed
Renewable Biogas Plant and other nearby industrial sites with relevant air emissions and an IE licence.
The full results can be seen in the Air Quality Chapter. The cumulative NO2 modelling results indicate
that ambient ground level concentrations of NH3 (Ammonia) are in compliance with the relevant air
quality standards for all modelled years at the worst-case receptor (considers boundary, gridded and
sensitive receptors). The cumulative operational phase impact is considered permanent, direct,
negative and not significant in terms of air quality.
The residual cumulative operational noise effects are negative, slight to moderate and long term at
nearby noise sensitive properties. All cumulative noise impacts will remain dominated by the
proposed development.
The proposed development will necessitate a negligible number of additional movements of vehicles
on the local road network. The operation of the other developments will result in additional traffic
within the local environment. The development will have a cumulative impact on the broader
transportation environment. Even accounting for background traffic growth, the development will not
have a significant impact capacity of the local network. Cumulative traffic impacts are assessed within
the Traffic and Transport Chapter. Given the location of other permitted developments and the likely
potential for traffic generation it is not considered likely that there will be a perceptible cumulative
impact.
The Proposed Development will represent a change-of-use of the development site from greenfield
agricultural lands to a renewable biogas plant. The cumulative landscape and visual effects are
included in the Landscape and Visual Impact Chapter. As stated in the Landscape and Visual Impact
Chapter, it is recognised that there are numerous planning applications within the wider landscape,
that have the potential to generate change in the landscape over time. These, however, comprise
domestic-scale proposals, agricultural development works, or small-scale, incremental changes to
components of existing industrial and recreational areas, and no developments of scale, with the
potential to alter the baseline against which the proposed development is assessed, were identified.
The residual cumulative effects on populations and human health during the operational phase at the
Renewable Biogas Plant site are negative, not significant, and long-term/permanent.
4.10.3.2.2 Gas Grid Connection
There are no potential significant cumulative effects and therefore no residual cumulative effects on
populations and human health during the operational phase of the Gas Grid Connection.
4.10.4 Summary of Post-mitigation Effects
The following Table summarises the identified likely significant residual effects during the construction
phase of the proposed development following the application of mitigation measures.
Table 4-9 Summary of Construction Phase Effects Post Mitigation
RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 4-48
Aspect Likely
Significant
Effect
Quality Significance Extent Probability Duration Type
All
aspects
Soil and
groundwater
contamination
impacts to
human health
Neutral Imperceptible Localised Unlikely Short-term Direct
All
aspects
Dust
Generation
Negative Not significant Localised Likely Short-term Direct
All
aspects
Noise and
Vibration
Negative Moderate to
Not Significant
Localised Likely Temporary
to short-
term
Direct
All
Aspects
Traffic and
Transportation
Negative Slight Local Likely Short-term Direct
All
Aspects
Landscape and
Visual Impacts
Negative Slight to
Moderate
Local Likely Short-term Direct
The following Table summarises the identified likely residual significant effects during the operational
phase of the proposed development post mitigation.
Table 4-10 Summary of Operational Phase Effects Post Mitigation
Aspect Likely Significant
Effect
Quality Significance Extent Probability Duration Type
Biogas
Plant
Landscape and
Visual Impacts
Negative Moderate
(within 500m)
to slight-
imperceptible
Localised Likely Permanent Direct
Biogas
Plant
Air Quality Negative Not Significant Localised Likely Permanent Direct
Biogas
Plant
Traffic Generation Negative Not Significant Localised Likely Permanent Direct
Biogas
Plant
Noise and
Vibration
Negative Slight to
Moderate to
Not Significant
Localised Likely Permanent Direct
4.11 Risk of Major Accidents or Disasters
The Proposed Development has been designed with consideration given to the health and safety risks
of people living and working in the vicinity. The facility has been designed by skilled personnel in
accordance with internationally recognised standards, design codes, good practice, and experience.
With reference to Chapter 16 Major Accidents and Disasters, there is the potential for a loss of
containment of biogas from storage of pipework in the event of mechanical failure of pipework,
connections, or fittings, or as a consequence of accidental damage to equipment and pipework. If
released and ignited, the potential consequences of a biogas release in a major accident scenario RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 4-49
include fire or explosion. The following scenarios have been identified that could impact the
operational phase of the project:
▪ Release of Biogas at the Anaerobic Digesters
▪ Release of Upgraded Biogas at Gas Grid Entry Unit
▪ Release of LPG from LPG tank
▪ Extreme heat or cold weather resulting in structural damage
▪ Storm events resulting in structural damage
▪ Flooding
The impact and likelihood of these scenarios is assessed in the Major Accidents and Disasters Chapter.
Considering the design of the Proposed Development and the mitigation measures described within
the chapter, it is concluded that there are no likely impacts to off-site receptors, as a result of the
proposed development, during the construction and operational phase in relation to major accidents
and disasters.
As outlined in Section 4.6.9, there is a negligible risk of external natural disasters; including seismic
activity, volcanic activity, and sea level rise. With reference to EPA Maps, there is a negligible risk of
landslides in the vicinity of the site.
COMAH related impacts are considered negligible as there are no COMAH establishments within 10km
of the Proposed Development. With reference to the Major Accidents and Disasters Chapter, the
Proposed Development will be a sub-COMAH facility, as the quantities of potentially dangerous
substances stored at the site are below the qualifying quantities for a COMAH facility.
As stated in the Stage 1 FRA completed by AWN and Section 4.6.9, the site is located entirely within
Flood Zone C. The overall flood risk to and from the development is minimal.
The potential effect is therefore imperceptible, and unlikely, in respect of Major Accident Hazards or
Natural Disast ers on Population and Human Health during construction of the operational Phase of
the proposed development.
4.12 Worst Case Scenario
Worst-case assessments have been undertaken within the specialist chapters referred to within this
chapter, to evaluate the maximum credible effects of the proposed development. This considers the
full extent, scale, and all operational elements.
The assessments focus on effects under normal operational conditions and excludes low-probability
events, such as major accidents or disasters.
With respect to Landscape and Visual impacts, Air Quality, Noise and Vibration, and Traffic, the
residual effects to human health identified are considered representative of the worst-case scenario
from a population and human health perspective. These chapters have used the worst-case scenario
for modelling of impacts to residential receptors and/or the study area. With respect to Land & Soils
and Water & Hydrology impacts on human health, in a worst-case scenario, if mitigation measures are RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 4-50
not implemented there is the potential for contamination and/or pollution during the construction
and operational phases. In the absence of mitigation there is no potential for significant impacts on
human health and populations during the construction and/or operational phases. The mitigation
measures set out in Section 4.9 are in place to prevent negative impacts associated with the Proposed
Development.
On the basis of the foregoing, it is considered that the residual effects identified in this chapter are
considered representative of the worst-case scenario from a population and human health
perspective.
4.13 Interactions
Please refer to Chapter 18.
4.14 Monitoring
Monitoring measures are contained within the corresponding specialist chapters; Land & Soils
Chapter; Water & Hydrology Chapter; Air Quality Chapter, the Major Accidents and Disasters Chapter;
Noise and Vibration Chapter; Landscape and Visual Impact Chapter; and the Traffic and Transportation
Chapter.
4.15 Summary of Mitigation and Monitoring
The following Table summarises the Construction Phase mitigation and monitoring measures.
Table 4-11 Summary of Construction Phase Mitigation and Monitoring
Aspect Likely Significant Effect Mitigation Monitoring
Biogas Plant Soil and groundwater,
dust emissions, noise
generation, traffic,
landscape and visual
impacts
Implementation of
mitigation measures as set
out in the specialist
chapters
Implementation of
monitoring measures as set
out in the specialist
chapters
Gas Grid Soil and groundwater,
dust emissions, noise
generation, traffic,
landscape and visual
impacts
Implementation of
recommended mitigation as
set out in the specialist
chapters
Implementation of
recommended monitoring
measures as set out in the
specialist chapters
The following Table summarises the Operational Phase mitigation and monitoring measures.
Table 4-12 Summary of Operational Phase Mitigation and Monitoring RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 4-51
Aspect Likely Significant Effect Mitigation Monitoring
Biogas Plant Landscape and Visual
Impacts
Implementation of
mitigation measures as set
out in the specialist
chapters
Implementation of
monitoring measures as set
out in the specialist
chapters
Biogas Plant Air Quality Implementation of
mitigation measures as set
out in the specialist
chapters
Implementation of
monitoring measures as set
out in the specialist
chapters
Biogas Plant Traffic Generation Implementation of
mitigation measures as set
out in the specialist
chapters
Implementation of
monitoring measures as set
out in the specialist
chapters
Biogas Plant Noise Emissions Implementation of
mitigation measures as set
out in the specialist
chapters
Implementation of
monitoring measures as set
out in the specialist
chapters
4.16 Conclusion
The assessment presented in this chapter has considered the potential impacts of the proposed
project on Populations and Human Health across both construction and operational phases, including
cumulative effects with surrounding developments. Baseline conditions for the site and its environs
were established in Section 4.6, and potential impacts were evaluated in Section 4.8.
Following the application of the mitigation measures detailed in Section 4.9 and within relevant
specialist chapters, the residual effects of the Proposed Development are generally imperceptible,
slight, or moderate in magnitude and localised in extent. Construction-phase effects such as dust,
noise, vibration, traffic, and landscape and visual impacts are predicted to be short-term and
temporary. Operational-phase effects, including landscape and visual impacts, air quality, traffic
generation, and noise, are predicted to be largely not significant or slight in magnitude, with any
residual effects being manageable and within acceptable environmental thresholds.
Overall, provided all mitigation measures are implemented as outlined, the Proposed
Development/Project is not expected to result in any significant adverse effects on human health or
populations. The development is therefore considered compatible with the surrounding community,
and any residual impacts are unlikely to compromise health, well-being, or quality of life. This
conclusion supports the broader environmental sustainability and social acceptability of the project.
RECEIVED: 28/08/2026
August 2026 | 4-52
4.17 References and Sources
• CIRIA (2001). Control of Water Pollution from Construction Sites, Guidance for Consultants
and Contractors.
• CIRIA (2005). Environmental Good Practice on Site (C650).
• CIRIA (2007). CIRIA 697: The SUDS Manual.
• Department of Housing, Planning & Local Government (2018). River Basin Management Plan
for Ireland 2018 – 2021.
• Water Action Plan 2024 - A River Basin Management Plan for Ireland, (Department of Housing
Local Government & Heritage, Sept 2024).
• Eastern Regional Fisheries Board (2006). Fisheries Protection Guidelines: Requirements for the
Protection of Fisheries Habitat during Construction and Development Works at River Sites.
• Enterprise Ireland (n.d.). Best Practice Guide BPGCS005: Oil Storage Guidelines.
• EPA (2023a). Guidelines on the Information to be Contained in Environmental Impact
Assessment Reports.
• EPA (2025). EPA Maps.
• GSI (2025). GSI Map Viewer.
• Institute of Geologists of Ireland (2013). Guidelines for the Preparation of Soils, Geology and
Hydrogeology Chapters of Environmental Impact Statements.
• NPWS (2025). Designations Viewer.
• NRA (2009). Guidelines on Procedures for Assessment and Treatment of Geology, Water &
Hydrology and Hydrogeology for National Road Schemes.
• OPW (2025). Flood Maps.
• OPW (2009). The Planning System and Flood Risk Management: Guidelines for Planning
Authorities.
• Teagasc (2025). Teagasc Map Viewer.
• National Roads Authority (NRA) (2009). Guidelines on Procedures for the Assessment and
Treatment of Geology, Water & Hydrology and Hydrogeology for National Road Schemes.
• Engineering service Report (McAdam, 2025)
• Ordinance Survey of Ireland (2024) GeoHive online mapping
RECEIVED: 28/08/2026